Patent Application
20080149326
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for handling a tubular string. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling a string elevator and a spider that handle and support the tubular string.
2. Background of the Related Art
When installing tubular strings, such as casing, the tubular string is alternately supported by a string elevator and spider. The string elevator is controlled by a driller and raised or lowered by a drawworks. The string elevator may include a set of slips that selectively grip or release the tubular string. The spider is controlled by a spider operator and also includes a set of slips that releasably grip or the tubular string, but the spider is not capable of being raised or lowered under the load of supporting the tubular string. Therefore, the stepwise advancement of a tubular string into a borehole requires coordinated use of the string elevator and the spider. Specifically, the spider supports the tubular string while an add-on tubular segment is coupled to the tubular string, and the string elevator supports the tubular string as the drawworks lowers the tubular string further into the borehole. This general process is repeated until the desired length of tubular string has been made up and run into the hole.
However, this process is greatly complicated by the immense load of the tubular string, the extent of damage that can be caused to the rig and the borehole by mishandling the string, and the tremendous investment of equipment and labor involved in operating the rig. The handling of the tubular string must be reliable, efficient, and safe at all times.
One specific challenge in the process of running the tubular string into the borehole is the need to get the internally threaded “box-end” at the proximal end of the tubular string as close as possible to the spider before transferring the load of the tubular string from the elevator to the spider. When the string elevator releases the string and an add-on tubular segment is being coupled, the threaded box should be easily accessible to the crew on the rig floor for making up the threaded connection without the need to scaffold up above the rig floor. Even with a flush mounted spider, the threaded box can be unsuitably high unless the string elevator is controllably lowered to an elevation that invades the operating zone of the spider.
Specifically, the spider typically includes a timing ring that is coupled to the slips within the spider and extends upward as much as two feet above the spider body when the slips are retracted to disengage the tubular string. When the slips of the spider are set to engage and grip the tubular string, however, the timing ring is substantially retracted into or immediately adjacent to the spider body. This “operating zone” defined by the range of vertical movement of the timing ring above the spider presents an opportunity to further descend the string elevator, and thus the threaded box, if the final portion of the descent of the elevator is properly coordinated with the setting of the spider slips. In fact, a driller and spider operator work hard to coordinate control of the elevator and spider so that the elevator can at least partially descend into the operating zone as the spider is actuated.
For example, when the driller lowers a tubular string into the borehole with the string elevator, instead of stopping right above the timing ring on the spider, the driller may continue to lower the elevator. At the same time, the spider operator may actuate the slips on the spider just before the arrival of the descending string elevator to vertically lower the timing ring. The driller may continue the descent of the string elevator such that it follows the timing ring downwardly through at least an upper portion of the operating zone until the spider slips are set on the casing string. As a result, the height of the internally threaded box-end on the proximal end of the tubular string is lowered by one or two feet more than if the string elevator simply stops short of the operating zone of the timing ring. This critical distance makes subsequent operations easier and safer by positioning the connection to be made up near the rig floor.
It is critical during this type of procedure that there be good communication between the driller (controlling the string elevator) and the spider operator. If communication fails, the string elevator may collide into the timing ring on the spider and result in damage to one or both pieces of equipment and lost rig time. Accordingly, the process is subject to operator error.
What is needed is a device and method for enabling the strategic and coordinated handling and positioning of the tubular string using the string elevator and the spider to facilitate the make up of the threaded connection between the proximal end of the tubular string and an add-on tubular segment. What is needed is a device and method for reliably and optimally positioning of the proximal end of the tubular string when the spider slips are set. It is desirable for the device and method automatically setting the spider slips when the string elevator has been lowered to a predetermined position in close proximity to the spider. It is also desirable to have a detector for reliably determining when a descending string elevator is close to contacting the spider.
The present invention provides a method of handling a tubular string using a string elevator and a spider on a rig. One embodiment of the method comprises the steps of descending the string elevator and supported tubular string, both relative to the spider, detecting that the string elevator has reached a predetermined proximity to the spider as the string elevator and supported tubular are lowered, and automatically initiating the process of slowing the descent of the string elevator and then setting the spider slips into engagement with the tubular string in response to detecting the predetermined proximity of the string elevator. A similar embodiment comprises these same steps with an additional step of descending the string elevator further, after the spider slips are set into engagement with the tubular string, to unload the string elevator.
An alternate embodiment of the method of the present invention comprises descending the string elevator and supported tubular string relative to the spider, detecting that the string elevator has reached a predetermined proximity to the spider as the string elevator and supported tubular string are lowered, and alerting the driller that the predetermined proximity of the string elevator to the spider has been achieved. The alert to the driller may be automatic. Another alternate embodiment of the method of the present invention comprises descending the string elevator and supported tubular string relative to the spider, detecting that the string elevator has reached a predetermined proximity to the spider as the string elevator and supported tubular string are lowered, alerting the driller that the predetermined proximity of the string elevator to the spider has been achieved, automatically slowing the descent of the string elevator, and automatically transferring control of the rate of descent of the string elevator to the driller. The predetermined position of the string elevator may be detected as a quantitative measurement that reaches a predetermined set point, or as a discrete indicator.
Each embodiment of the method of the present invention may further include the step of automatically unloading the string elevator after the spider slips have been set. For example, the string elevator may be unloaded by a step selected from the group consisting of: descending the string elevator a predetermined distance after the slips of the spider have been set; descending the elevator until detecting either a predetermined string elevator load set point or a predetermined spider load set point, or both; descending the string elevator until the elevator slips are determined to be opened; descending the string elevator until detecting a second proximity of the string elevator to the spider; and combinations thereof. Preferably, the method will further comprise the steps of automatically slowing and then terminating descent of the string elevator in response to detecting that the spider has begun to set or has set, and automatically releasing the string elevator from the tubular string. Interlocking the string elevator controls and the spider controls may be desirable so that neither the string elevator nor the spider can release the tubular string unless the other of the string elevator or spider grips and supports the tubular string within the borehole.
In a preferred method, the step of detecting the position of the elevator includes the step of monitoring the position of a slack line having a first end in a fixed elevated position and second end coupled to any component traveling vertically with the string elevator. For example, the second end of the slack line may be secured to the string elevator, a top drive, bails, or the drawworks. The slack line may be any tube, cable, hose, cord, rope, chain, combinations thereof, or bundles thereof, but is most preferably selected from a Kelly hose, a hydraulic hose bundle, and a pneumatic hose bundle. Because a slack line hangs under gravity in a known and repeatable manner, the step of monitoring the position of a slack hose may include the step of monitoring the tilt angle at a selected point along the length of the slack line. Optionally, the tilt angle is monitored by a tilt switch secured to the hose at the selected point along the length of the slack line. Typically, the selected point may be empirically determined by lowering the elevator into the desired position relative to the spider and securing the tilt switch to the hose at a point where the tilt switch will repeatably produce a signal at a selectable position achieved during the downward travel of the string elevator toward the spider.
The present invention also provides an apparatus for handling a supported tubular string. The apparatus comprises a string elevator with a set of slips and an actuator for releasably gripping the tubular string, a drawworks supported by a rig for controllably raising and lowering the string elevator, and a spider with a set of slips and an actuator for releasably gripping the tubular string. The apparatus further comprises one or more string elevator position detectors for detecting the position of the string elevator as the string elevator and supported tubular string descend, a spider engagement detector for detecting that the spider has been set, and a controller in communication with the string elevator position detector, the spider engagement detector, the elevator slips actuator, the drawworks, and the spider slips actuator. The controller automatically actuates the spider actuator forcing the spider slips into engagement of the tubular string in response to a signal from the elevator position detector indicating the position of the string elevator. The controller also instructs the drawworks to slow the descent of the string elevator in response to a signal from the spider engagement detector indicating that the spider has begun to set or has been set. Furthermore, the controller may automatically actuate the string elevator actuator to retract the string elevator slips from engagement with the tubular string in response to detecting that the load of the tubular string has been successfully transferred to the spider.
In one embodiment, the elevator position detector is a tilt switch attached to a fixed point along the length of a flexible line hanging between the rig and any component that descends vertically with the string elevator, wherein movement of the string elevator to a predetermined height causes a change in the angle of the flexible line at the point of attachment that initiates a signal from the tilt switch indicating the position of the string elevator.
The present invention further provides an apparatus for monitoring the position of a first member relative to a second member. The apparatus comprises a flexible line hanging freely between a first end secured to a first member and a second end secured to a second member, wherein at least one of the first and second members travels along a known path that changes the distance between the first and second ends. A tilt switch is attached to a fixed point along the length of the flexible line, wherein movement of the traveling member to a predetermined point along the known path causes a change in the cable angle at the point of attachment that initiates a signal from the tilt switch.
The flexible line may be selected from a tube, cable, hose, cord, rope, chain, combinations thereof, or bundles thereof. Preferably, the flexible line hangs in a dynamically-repeatable and catenary-like manner.
In an optional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a second tilt switch attached to a second point along the length of the flexible line, wherein movement of the traveling member to a second predetermined point along the known path causes a change in the angle of the flexible line at the second point of attachment that initiates a signal from the second tilt switch to the controller indicating the position of the string elevator.
In another optional embodiment, a tilt switch comprises two or more misaligned chambers for initiating two or more signals, each related to a distinct position of the switch, each for initiating a signal to the controller. The misaligned chambers may be joined or separate.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing wherein like reference numbers represent like parts of the invention.
The present invention provides a method of handling a supported tubular string with a string elevator and a spider on a rig. The method comprises descending the string elevator and supported tubular string relative to the spider, and detecting that the string elevator has reached a predetermined position above the spider as the string elevator and supported tubular string are lowered. One embodiment of the method of the present invention comprises the step of automatically alerting the driller that the string elevator has reached a predetermined proximity to the spider so that steps can be taken by the driller to coordinate movement between the string elevator and the spider. In an alternate embodiment of the method of the present invention, the method comprises the step of automatically initiating the process of slowing the rate of descent of the string elevator toward the spider. In another alternate embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises the step of initiating the setting of the spider into engagement of the tubular string in response to detecting a predetermined proximity of the string elevator. This method may further comprise monitoring the status of the spider, determining when the spider slips have begun to set and automatically terminating the descent of the string elevator either after the string elevator has been lowered a predetermined distance after the spider slips began to set or upon detecting of a second predetermined position of the string elevator. Alternately, the method comprises descending the string elevator and supported tubular string relative the spider, detecting that the string elevator has reached a predetermined proximity to the spider as the string elevator and supported tubular string are lowered, and automatically initiating the process of slowing the descent of the string elevator and transferring control of the descent of the string elevator to the driller. Another embodiment of the method of the present invention includes the step of alerting the spider operator that the string elevator has invaded the operating zone of the spider, which indicates that the proximal end of the tubular string is positioned at or near its optimal elevation.
The predetermined proximity of the string elevator may be identified as an absolute position or elevation relative to the rig, or the position of the string elevator may be identified as a relative position or proximity relative to the spider. In most instances, these two configurations can yield the same results. For example, since the spider is typically stationary, such as a flush-mounted spider, the absolute position of the spider relative to the rig does not change during operations. Therefore, movement of the string elevator is the same whether that movement is measured or detected relative to the spider or the rig. This makes it is possible and entirely practical to simply detect the position of the string elevator, or other component in the same translating assembly, with respect to another point on the rig to identify one or more points at which the string elevator approaches the known position of the spider. An advantage of this approach is that the detector can be located away from the spider, the string elevator, and the zone there between, where a detector may interfere with operations or become damaged.
However, the position of the string elevator may be detected as a more direct measure of the proximity between the string elevator and the spider. For example, a sensor, signal generator or switch may be mounted on the string elevator or on the spider, or on both, for generating a signal when the distance therebetween reaches a predetermined set-point. This type of installation might be useful where the spider includes a timing ring that moves vertically between the spider body and the string elevator. When trying to optimize positioning of the anticipated threaded connection between an add-on tubular segment and the tubular string suspended by the spider, while preventing the string elevator from making contact with any portion of the spider, such as the timing ring, it can be useful to recognize that the distance between the spider and string elevator is a function of the instantaneous positions of both the timing ring and the string elevator. For example, mounting a sensor on the timing ring and directing it at the string elevator, or mounting a sensor on the string elevator directed at the timing ring, enables direct information about the relative positions of these two components as they both move. Suitable sensors include, without limitations, a photo-electric sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, including but not limited to ultrasonic pulse echo device, a mechanical actuator, a laser distance measurement device, and a radar sensor.
The predetermined proximity of the string elevator to the spider may be detected as a quantitative measurement that reaches a predetermined set-point or as a discrete indicator. For example, a quantitative measurement may be made by an ultrasonic sensor continuously measuring the position of the string elevator, or the distance between the string elevator and the spider, for comparison of the measurement against a set-point to determine when predetermined position has been reached. Alternatively, a discrete indicator may be a proximity switch that generates a Boolean signal the instant that the predetermined position is reached. Such a Boolean signal may be either a “high” or “low” signal, but such signal is preferably selected to provide a fail-safe mode. For example, failure of the discrete indicator will preferably result in a “low” signal that causes the drawworks to substantially slow in its decent and the spider to prematurely set.
In one embodiment, a discrete indicator is implemented in the form of a “tilt switch” or “inclination sensor.” The tilt switch is adapted for being secured to a hose, such as a Kelly hose. The hose contains slack for accommodating the vertical reciprocation of a string elevator or a top drive relative to the rig. The tilt switch may comprise a chamber in which a body, such as a ball, is movably captured. The chamber may be sufficiently large to allow the body to move from one end of the chamber toward or to another end of the chamber as acted upon by gravity. The tilt switch may include one or more proximity sensors positioned near one or more ends or sides of the chamber for detecting the position of the movable body within the chamber.
The tilt switch is preferably attached to a segment of the hose in such a manner that the chamber is secured in a generally parallel relationship with the segment. Since the chamber is typically rigid and the hose is substantially more flexible, the relationship of the chamber to the hose might be described as a tangent to the curve of the hose segment. However, it is not essential that the chamber be either parallel or tangent, so long as the switch generates a signal when the string elevator reaches the predetermined position.
The positioning of a given tilt switch at point along the length of the hose is very important. The fixed point may be determined empirically by lowering the elevator into the desired proximity with the spider and securing the tilt switch to the hose at a point where the tilt switch will produce a signal at the desired movement during the downward travel of the elevator. If the tilt switch is attached with the chamber running tangentially to the hose, then the tilt switch will be attached almost exactly at the low point in the catenary-like path formed by the hanging hose when the string elevator is located at the predetermined position. This is the preferred position for attachment of the tilt switch, because the low point in a catenary-like path bends more at this point than any other point along the length of the hose. Accordingly, the tilt switch can achieve more accurate detection when positioned in this manner. Still, it should be recognized that the tilt switch could also be positioned at another point along the hose and attached at an “angle” relative to the hose, such that the tilt switch would still produce a signal when the string elevator reached the predetermined position during the downward travel of the elevator.
When the string elevator descends to the predetermined position, the inclination of the hose at the attachment point of the tilt switch changes and the inclination of the chamber in the tilt switch also changes. As the incline of the chamber moves past horizontal, the body moves within the chamber as acted upon by gravity. When the body moves away from a proximity sensor, a signal is generated indicating that the string elevator has reached the predetermined position. Preferably, this signal communicates with the controls of the spider which cause the spider slips to be set. This automatic control over the spider eliminates the driller having to communicate with spider operator regarding when to set the spider. The driller can just continue to controllably lower the elevator knowing that the slips on the spider will automatically begin to set when the elevator reaches the predetermined position.
The string elevator may continue to descend while the slips on the spider are being set. Since the spider slips are not set instantaneously, the string elevator may descend a significant distance of perhaps another 1 to 2 feet while the spider slips are being set into engagement with the tubular string. Where the spider includes an upwardly extending timing ring, the string elevator and timing ring may descend simultaneously. It is important that the string elevator does not hit or contact the timing ring and, preferably, the string elevator and timing ring may descend at about the same rate so that the string elevator invades the operating zone of the timing ring.
Once the spider slips are set, the string elevator may be unloaded. Unloading the string elevator means that the load of the tubular string is transferred to the spider. Since the spider slips are set at this point, the spider is ready to receive the load as the string elevator descends even a small distance further. The distance that the string elevator must descend to unload is typically small enough that the string elevator will still not hit or contact the spider while being lowered to its final descent position. Still, it is preferable that the string elevator stop descending as soon as the load of the tubing string is transferred to the spider. Optionally, the string elevator may begin stopping in response to detecting that the spider is set, such as by transmitting a signal to the drawworks safety system to initially slow, and then to stop the descent of the traveling block. The drawworks might also wait for a brief time delay, advance the string elevator a short unloading distance, or take other measures between receiving a signal that the spider is set and automatically stopping descent of the string elevator.
It is not necessary to have an exact indication of when the string elevator is unloaded and the spider is loaded. Rather, the slips on the string elevator may be urged to their retracted (unset) position, but retained in their engaged position by the load on the slips that resists the retracting force on the slips, and the elevator may continue descending until the slips on the string elevator disengage as a result of being substantially unloaded. In other words, the slips on the string elevator will disengage the tubular string and retract when the load is substantially off of the string elevator and transferred to the spider. However, on some string elevators that are powered by hydraulics, the string elevator may not have to be lowered much, if any at all, in order to unload the string elevator slips.
After the string elevator has released the tubular string, the string elevator is raised and removed from the tubular string, and may be manipulated to lift an add-on tubular segment into place for making up a connection to the tubular string. Typically, this means axially aligning and lowering the pin end of the add-on tubular segment into the upwardly disposed box end of the tubular string. As mentioned before, it is preferable that the connection of the add-on tubular segment occur at a strategically low elevation above the spider so that an operator can assist with the connection without strain or hazard. The automation made possible by the present invention allows a connection to safely and repeatably occur at a desirable elevation above the spider or the rig floor.
Therefore, the present invention enables the strategic handling of a tubular string to prevent damage to the spider or the string elevator while facilitating efficient and safe connection of add-on tubular segments into the tubular string. In one embodiment, the invention provides an automated device and method for preventing a string elevator from contacting and damaging a spider, particularly a spider with a timing ring or a top cover.
The chamber 39 inside the tilt switch 32 may be defined by an axial centerline 46 that may be generally described a tangent to the curvature in the Kelly hose 28 at the point of attachment. For reference, a horizontal line 48 is shown to indicate the inclination beyond which the tilt switch 32 will be actuated to generate a signal.
The exemplary tilt switch 32 has a main chamber 34 that can be made from a piece of PVC pipe. A detectable body, such as a ball 36, which may in one embodiment comprise a metal ball bearing, is captured within the chamber 39 before the PVC pipe is closed off by gluing PVC caps 38, 40 over each end of the chamber. A first end cap 40 has been modified to threadably receive a proximity sensor 42 capable of detecting whether or not the ball 36 is positioned against the proximity sensor wall 44. The chamber 39 may be filled with air, an inert gas, or a low viscosity fluid, such as oil, to protect the ball and sensor from environmental damage while still allowing the ball to reliably move from one end of the chamber 39 toward or to the other as acted upon by gravity.
The tilt switch 32 is preferably attached to the Kelly hose 28 in a particular orientation such that the ball 36 is in contact with the wall 44 adjacent the proximity switch 42 as the string elevator descends toward the predetermined position. As the elevator descends, the tilt switch will rotate (and translate) due to the movement of one end of the hanging hose.
Alternately, the signal generated by the tilt switch 32 may be sent to an actuator in the drawworks control panel to automatically initiate the process of slowing the rate of descent of the string elevator 12 toward the spider 16, or the signal generated by the tilt switch 32 may be sent to an actuator in the driller's control panel to automatically alert the driller that the descending string elevator 12 has achieved a first proximity to the spider 16 that warrants action on his or her part to coordinate movements of the string elevator 12 and the spider 16.
After unloading the string elevator 12, the string elevator may be raised by the drawworks and removed from the proximal end of the tubular string and, optionally, used to lift an add-on tubular segment into position at well center for connection to the favorably positioned proximal end of the tubular string. The connection of an add-on tubular segment into the tubular string will be easier and safer with the precise positioning of the threaded connection above the spider by use of the present invention.
While the methods of the present invention may be implemented by directing individual signals to individual valves or through one or more local analog controllers, the methods may also be implemented partially or completely controlled by a digital computer that communicates between the driller's control panel, the drawworks control panel and the spider control panel, and other detectors, sensors, and the like.
Computer 80 further includes a hard disk drive 87 for reading from and writing to a hard disk 87, a magnetic disk drive 88 for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk 89, and an optical disk drive 90 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 91 such as a CD-ROM or other optical media. Hard disk drive 87, magnetic disk drive 88, and optical disk drive 90 are connected to system bus 83 by a hard disk drive interface 92, a magnetic disk drive interface 93, and an optical disk drive interface 94, respectively. Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk 87, a removable magnetic disk 89, and a removable optical disk 91, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, RAMs, ROMs, and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment. The drives and their associated computer readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer-executable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer 80. For example, the operating system 95 and application programs, such as a process control manager 96, may be stored in the RAM 85 and/or hard disk 87 of the computer 80.
A user may enter commands and information into personal computer 80 through input devices, such as a keyboard 100 and a pointing device, such as a mouse 101. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to processing unit 81 through a serial port interface 98 that is coupled to the system bus 83, but input devices may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port, a universal serial bus (USB), or the like. A display device 102 may also be connected to system bus 83 via an interface, such as a video adapter 99. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers.
The computer 80 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers 104. Remote computer 104 may be another personal computer, a server, a client, a router, a network PC, a peer device, a mainframe, a personal digital assistant, an Internet-connected mobile telephone or other common network node. While a remote computer 104 typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 80, only a display device 105 has been illustrated in the figure. The logical connections depicted in the figure include a local area network (LAN) 106 and a wide area network (WAN) 107. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and the Internet.
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 80 is often connected to the local area network 106 through a network interface or adapter 108. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 80 typically includes a modem 109 or other means for establishing high-speed communications over WAN 107, such as the Internet. A modem 109, which may be internal or external, is connected to system bus 83 via serial port interface 98. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to personal computer 80, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device 105. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. A number of program modules may be stored on hard disk 87, magnetic disk 89, optical disk 91, ROM 84, or RAM 85, including an operating system 95 and fragment manager 96.
The described example of a computer system does not imply architectural limitations. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be implemented in other computer system configurations, including multiprocessor systems, network personal computers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments, where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used in the claims and specification herein, shall be considered as indicating an open group that may include other elements not specified. The terms “a,” “an,” and the singular forms of words shall be taken to include the plural form of the same words, such that the terms mean that one or more of something is provided. The term “one” or “single” may be used to indicate that one and only one of something is intended. Similarly, other specific integer values, such as “two,” may be used when a specific number of things is intended. The terms “preferably,” “preferred,” “prefer,” “optionally,” “may,” and similar terms are used to indicate that an item, condition or step being referred to is an optional (not required) feature of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10893160 | Jul 2004 | US |
| Child | 11740481 | US |
