Patent Application
20150245291
Advances in hardware and wireless network technologies have led to creation of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional sensor devices of varying sizes and functionalities. Sensor devices can include, or can be employed by, various consumer products or other devices to facilitate communicating data with one or more nodes over a wireless network, where the communications can relate to status or health data of the product, parameters for configuring or controlling the product, and/or the like. Many sensor devices are small in size and operate independently of a fixed power source, such as by battery power. Moreover, due to the small size, the battery may be small as well, such as a coin-cell battery, and/or may not be replaceable or rechargeable in many cases. Thus, saving power consumption at the sensor device can be a paramount concern in sensor networks.
In current sensor network configurations, sensor devices (also known as leaf nodes) may be constantly or frequently tuned to receive communications from upstream nodes (such as relay nodes, sink nodes, etc.), as the sensor devices do not know when the upstream nodes will transmit data to the sensor devices. Listening and also receiving communications from the upstream nodes can result in a majority, or at least a significant portion, of power consumption at the sensor devices (e.g., as compared to transmitting and/or other operations). In Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, which is used for communicating by some sensor devices, transmitting typically requires power on the order of 10 milliamperes (mA) while receiving typically requires power on the order of 20 mA. In addition, in BLE, a duration for transmitting is typically on the order of 7 milliseconds, while a duration for receiving is usually much longer since the sensor device may wish to receive packets from other nodes. Some attempts at sensor device power conservation reduce receiving durations and/or periodicity at the sensor devices in an attempt to conserve power, but as receiving opportunities are reduced, delay and/or errors can become more prevalent in the communications.
Thus, improvements in sensor devices and sensor networks are desired.
The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
In accordance with some aspects, a method for communicating in a sensor network is provided. The method includes transmitting an indication of a receiving opportunity at a sensor device, providing the receiving opportunity at the sensor device based at least in part on transmitting the indication, and disabling communication resources at the sensor device for a duration of a sleep time following the receiving opportunity.
In accordance with some aspects, an apparatus for communicating in a sensor network is provided. The apparatus includes an indication transmitting component operable for transmitting an indication of a receiving opportunity at a sensor device, a receiving opportunity providing component operable for providing the receiving opportunity at the sensor device based at least in part on the indication transmitting component transmitting the indication, and a resource disabling component operable for disabling communication resources at the sensor device for a duration of a sleep time following the receiving opportunity.
In accordance with some aspects, another method for communicating in a sensor network is described. This method includes generating information for communicating to a sensor device, receiving an indication of a receiving opportunity from the sensor device, and transmitting the information to the sensor device during the receiving opportunity based at least in part on receiving the indication.
In accordance with some aspects, an apparatus for communicating in a sensor network is described. The apparatus includes an information providing component operable for generating information for communicating to a sensor device, an indication receiving component operable for receiving an indication of a receiving opportunity from the sensor device, and a communications component operable for transmitting the information to the sensor device during the receiving opportunity based at least in part on receiving the indication.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
The disclosed aspects will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit the disclosed aspects, wherein like designations denote like elements, and in which:
Various aspects are now described with reference to the drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects. It may be evident, however, that such aspect(s) may be practiced without these specific details.
Aspects described herein relate to providing power efficient downstream communications in sensor networks without introducing significant receiving delays. In an example, a sensor device (e.g., a leaf node in a sensor network) can transmit communications to indicate a receiving opportunity at the sensor device, during which an upstream node may transmit information to the sensor device. The sensor device can then perform a sleep operation during which communication resources are powered down or at least power limited. By notifying of the receiving opportunity, the sensor device need not continuously or frequently attempt to receive communications in the sensor network and/or can lessen a duration of the receiving opportunity. Shortening the frequency and duration of the receiving opportunities at the sensor device can lessen power consumption at the device.
Additionally, in this example, when the upstream node (e.g., a relay node, sink node, etc.) is ready to transmit to the sensor device, the upstream node can await the transmission from the sensor device, and then can transmit to the sensor device during the related receiving opportunity. This transmission can occur immediately following receipt of the transmission from the sensor device and/or in a time period indicated in the transmission from the sensor device, etc. It is to be appreciated that the power required for the sensor device to transmit the indication of the receive opportunity and to subsequently perform the receive opportunity is less than that typically required of one or more receive opportunities without the indication, as such opportunities without the indication can require longer receive durations due to asynchronous communications between the sensor devices and upstream nodes.
For example, in some deployments, sensor devices 102, 104, 106 may exist at a similar location (e.g., within a range of the relay node 112), and can communicate with relay node 112 using one or more wired or wireless communication mediums. In one example, sensor devices 102, 104, 106 can participate in a local area network (LAN) with relay node 112 such to facilitate communications therebetween. For example, the devices 102, 104, 106, and/or relay node 112 can communicate via a router, switch, hub, etc., an ad-hoc network, and/or the like accessed via a wired or wireless connection. In another example, device 102, 104, 106, and/or relay node 112 can communicate using a Bluetooth technology, which may include Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), near-field communications, or substantially any peer-to-peer or ad-hoc wireless technology. Moreover, in an example, devices 102, 104, 106, and/or relay node 112 can communicate using cellular technologies, such as third generation partnership project (3GPP) defined technologies over one or more mobile networks. In any case, relay node 112 can act as a relay or gateway to sink node 118 for devices 102, 104, 106.
In a specific example, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 can operate in conjunction with appliances or other products. Sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 can include temperature sensors, motion sensors, ambient light sensors, accelerometers, barometers, pressure sensors, audio sensors, wearable technology devices, and/or any device capable of measuring a physical quantity and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g., a temperature). In addition, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 can exist within specific products or appliances to allow monitoring and/or controlling of the products or appliances, such as within kitchen appliances, door locks, safety lighting, power circuits or outlets in electrical service, sporting goods, diapers, and/or substantially any product that can be monitored or controlled.
In this regard, for example, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 can transmit upstream communications to the sink node 118, via one or more relay nodes 112, 114, 116 or otherwise, where the upstream communications can include information such as health or status of the device 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 or the specific product or appliance to which the device relates, or information relating to what is sensed by the device. In addition, for example, devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 can receive downstream communications from the sink node 118 via one or more relay nodes 112, 114, 116, or otherwise, where the downstream communications can include information related to controlling the device 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 or its related specific product or appliance, configuring the device 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 or its specific product or appliance, and/or the like. In some cases, for example, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 may not always be within access of the sink node 118 (e.g., via one or more relay nodes or otherwise), and thus may not always be able to communicate therewith. This can mostly occur, for example, where the sensor device is, or is related to, a non-stationary device. In this example, the sensor device can communicate with the sink node 118 when within range of the node 118 or one or more relay or other nodes in the sensor network 100.
In any case, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 may operate under power limitations as these devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 may be battery-powered. Relay nodes 112, 114, 116 and sink node 118, however, may be powered using a power outlet or other power supply where power conservation is not as much of a concern as it is for battery-powered devices. In addition, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 may be relatively small such that battery size, and thus power capacity, is further limited. With the foregoing in mind, aspects presented herein aim to lower power utilization by the sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 based on the sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 indicating information regarding receiving opportunities at the devices by transmitting an indication to respective relay nodes 112, 114, 116 and/or sink node 118.
In this regard, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 need not operate to provide receiving opportunities at periodic intervals for long durations, as typically required by existing technologies so that transmissions from relay nodes 112, 114, 116, and/or sink node 118 are not missed. For example, in BLE, current typical transmission times can be on the order of 7 milliseconds and require around 10 milliamperes (mA) to be performed, whereas providing receiving opportunities can currently be for a larger duration and can require 20 mA or more. The larger duration may be due to typically asynchronous communications between the sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 and their upstream nodes (e.g., relay node 112, 114, 116 and/or sink node 118).
Thus, to avoid providing such periodic and lengthy receiving opportunities, which can consume more power than transmitting, sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 can transmit an indication of an upcoming receiving opportunity, where the receiving opportunity is of a relatively short duration, to the relay nodes 112, 114, 116, and/or sink node 118. When the relay nodes 112, 114, 116, and/or sink node 118 have information to transmit to the devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, the relay nodes 112, 114, 116, and/or sink node 118 can wait to receive the indication from sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 and can transmit the information based on receiving the indication. Thus, the relay nodes 112, 114, 116, and/or sink node 118 acquire information as to an upcoming receiving opportunity at the sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, and can thus transmit the information during the receiving opportunity.
Sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 can transmit the indication and provide the corresponding receiving opportunity periodically, while disabling or otherwise lowering power consumption of communication resources when not transmitting the indication or providing the receiving opportunity. Because the relay nodes 112, 114, 116, and/or sink node 118 are notified of the receiving opportunity, the receiving opportunity can be shortened at the sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 with the expectation that the relay nodes 112, 114, and/or sink node 118 are aware of the receiving opportunity and can send information during the shortened receiving opportunity if so desired. Thus, though additional power is utilized to transmit the indication, the power savings of the shortened receiving opportunity and of disabling or reducing power consumption of the communication resources when not transmitting or providing the receiving opportunity can result in an overall savings in power consumption at the sensor devices 102, 104, 106, 108, 110.
In a particular aspect, a system 200 (
Sensor device 202 may include a processor 206 for carrying out processing functions associated with one or more of the components and functions described herein. Processor 206 can include a single or multiple set of processors or multi-core processors. Moreover, processor 206 can be implemented as an integrated processing system and/or a distributed processing system.
Sensor device 202 further includes a memory 208, such as for storing data or instructions related to functions described herein that may be executed by processor 206. Memory 208 can include any type of memory usable by a computer, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), tapes, magnetic discs, optical discs, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and any combination thereof.
Further, sensor device 202 may include a communications component 210 that can establish and maintain communications with one or more parties utilizing hardware, software, and services as described herein. Communications component 210 may carry communications between components on sensor device 202, as well as between sensor device 202 and external devices, such as devices located across a sensor network and/or devices serially or locally connected to sensor device 202. For example, communications component 210 may include one or more buses, and may further include transmit chain components and receive chain components associated with a transmitter and receiver, respectively (not shown), operable for interfacing with external devices such as upstream node 204 using one or more communication technologies.
Additionally, sensor device 202 may optionally include a data store 212, which can be any suitable combination of hardware and/or software, that provides for mass storage of information, databases, and programs employed in connection with aspects described herein. For example, data store 212 may be a data repository for applications not currently being executed by processor 206. In some aspects, data store 212 may be located within memory 208.
Sensor device 202 may additionally optionally include an interface component 214 operable to receive inputs (e.g., as a graphical user interface (GUI) with elements for inputting information, as an application programming interface (API) with functions allowing for specifying inputs, etc.), and may be further operable to generate outputs (e.g., for display on the GUI, as a return from an API call, etc.). Interface component 214 may include one or more input devices, including but not limited to a keyboard, a number pad, a mouse, a touch-sensitive display, a navigation key, a function key, a microphone, a voice recognition component, a still camera, a video camera, an audio recorder, and/or any other mechanism capable of receiving an input, or any combination thereof. Further, interface component 214 may include one or more output devices, including but not limited to a display, a speaker, a haptic feedback mechanism, a printer, any other mechanism capable of presenting an output, or any combination thereof.
The remaining components of sensor device 202 are described in conjunction with example operations presented in
In any case, the indication can be used to indicate that the sensor device 202 performs an immediate receiving opportunity such that the upstream node 204 can expect the sensor device 202 to receive communications following transmission of the indication. In another example, the indication may include information related to a receiving opportunity the sensor device 202 may perform in the future, such as a start time (which can be an explicit start time or a time related to the time the indication is transmitted), a duration, and/or the like.
Whether the receiving opportunity occurs immediately after transmission of the indication or based on information in the indication, method 300 includes, at Block 304, providing the receiving opportunity based at least in part on transmitting the indication. For example, sensor device 202 can include a receiving opportunity providing component 218 for providing the receiving opportunity. Receiving opportunity providing component 218 can provide the receiving opportunity immediately after indication transmitting component 216 transmits the indication and/or at a time based on information provided in the indication, as described. In either case, receiving opportunity providing component 218 can activate communication resources that allow for receiving communications from one or more nodes in the sensor network 200, such as upstream node 204. For example, receiving opportunity providing component 218 can activate one or more receive chain components and/or related processors or other resources of communications component 210 to facilitate receiving communications for a period of time according to the communication technologies employed by sensor device 202.
A duration of the receiving opportunity, for instance, can be a limited period of time configured at the sensor device 202 (e.g., by hardcoding, received network configuration, and/or the like). In one example, this duration may be specified in the indication transmitted by indication transmitting component 216. In one example, receiving opportunity providing component 218 can receive the duration from the upstream node 204 in a prior communication, where the upstream node 204 can configure aspects of the receiving opportunity provided by the sensor device 202. In an case, the duration can be on the order of milliseconds and can be less than a typical receiving opportunity is one or more wireless technologies to facilitate power conservation at the sensor device 202.
Method 300 optionally includes, at Block 306, receiving a communication during the receiving opportunity. For instance, the communications component 210 can receive communications from upstream node 204 during the provided receiving opportunity. The communications, as described, can relate to configuring operation of the sensor device 202, controlling the sensor device 202 to perform one or more functions (e.g., power on or off), other information related to the upstream node 204, sensor network 200, sensor device 202, other devices or nodes in the sensor network 200, etc., and/or the like, and processor 206 may perform the one or more functions based on the communications.
Method 300 optionally includes, at Block 308, transmitting an acknowledgement of receiving the communication. For instance, sensor device 202 optionally includes a receipt acknowledging component 220 for generating an acknowledgement of receiving the communication for sending to upstream node 204 via communications component 210. In one example, receipt acknowledging component 220 can generate and transmit the acknowledgement immediately after receiving the communication, once the receiving opportunity provided by receiving opportunity providing component 218 has ended, etc. In addition, for example, receipt acknowledging component 220 can send the acknowledgement to the upstream node 204 based on whether communications component 210 properly received and/or is able to decode or otherwise process the communication received from upstream node 204.
Method 300 also includes, at Block 310, disabling communication resources for a duration of a sleep time following the receiving opportunity. For instance, sensor device 202 can include a resource disabling component 222 for disabling the communication resources for the duration of the sleep time. Resource disabling component 222 can thus include a sleep timer component 224 for initializing and managing a sleep timer set to the duration of the sleep time. In this example, resource disabling component 222 can initialize the sleep timer component 224 to begin the timer for the sleep time, and can disable, limit, or otherwise suspend communication resources of the sensor device during the duration of the sleep time. For example, communications component 210 can power down the transmitter and/or receiver chains, corresponding processors, and/or the like during the sleep time to conserve power at sensor device 202.
In one example, resource disabling component 222 can initiate the sleep timer component 224 after receiving opportunity providing component 218 is finished providing the receiving opportunity, though receipt acknowledging component 220 may still transmit an acknowledgment during the duration of the sleep time. In this example, resource disabling component 222 can await transmission of the acknowledgment before suspending communication resources for the remainder of the sleep time. Moreover, for example, the sleep time can be on the order of seconds (e.g., 10 seconds), in one example, and may depend on the power specifications of the sensor device 202 itself. In an example, the sleep time can also be configured by the upstream node 204 (e.g., in a communication from the upstream node 204). The upstream node 204 can configure the sleep time along with the duration of the receiving opportunity, in one example. Likewise, in an example, the upstream node 204 may configure operation of the sensor device 202 to utilize the optimizations described herein (e.g., transmitting an indication of a receiving opportunity followed by disabling communication resources), as described.
After the duration of the sleep time, method 300 can include returning to Block 302 to transmit the indication of a subsequent receiving opportunity. For example, sleep timer component 224 of sensor device 202 can determine expiration of the sleep time, for example, and indication transmitting component 216 can then accordingly transmit the indication, and thus sensor device 202 can repeat the method 300. In this regard, sensor device 202 provides shortened receiving opportunities following indication of the opportunity transmitted in the sensor network (e.g., to upstream node 204), which can result in more efficient use of the receiving resources of the sensor device 202, and thus improved power efficiency.
In a particular aspect, a system 400 (
Upstream node 204 may include a processor 406 for carrying out processing functions associated with one or more of the components and functions described herein. Processor 406 can include a single or multiple set of processors or multi-core processors. Moreover, processor 406 can be implemented as an integrated processing system and/or a distributed processing system.
Upstream node 204 further includes a memory 408, such as for storing data or instructions related to functions described herein being executed by processor 406. Memory 408 can include any type of memory usable by a computer, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), tapes, magnetic discs, optical discs, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and any combination thereof.
Further, upstream node 204 may include a communications component 410 that can establish and maintain communications with one or more parties utilizing hardware, software, and services as described herein. Communications component 410 may carry communications between components on upstream node 204, as well as between upstream node 204 and external devices, such as devices located across a sensor network and/or devices serially or locally connected to upstream node 204. For example, communications component 410 may include one or more buses, and may further include transmit chain components and receive chain components associated with a transmitter and receiver, respectively (not shown), operable for interfacing with external devices such as sensor device 202 using one or more communication technologies.
Additionally, upstream node 204 may optionally include a data store 412, which can be any suitable combination of hardware and/or software, that provides for mass storage of information, databases, and programs employed in connection with aspects described herein. For example, data store 412 may be a data repository for applications not currently being executed by processor 406. In some aspects, data store 412 may be located within memory 408.
Upstream node 204 may additionally optionally include an interface component 414 operable to receive inputs (e.g., as a GUI with elements for inputting information, as an API with functions allowing for specifying inputs, etc.), and may be further operable to generate outputs (e.g., for display on the GUI, as a return from an API call, etc.). Interface component 414 may include one or more input devices, including but not limited to a keyboard, a number pad, a mouse, a touch-sensitive display, a navigation key, a function key, a microphone, a voice recognition component, a still camera, a video camera, an audio recorder, and/or any other mechanism capable of receiving an input, or any combination thereof. Further, interface component 414 may include one or more output devices, including but not limited to a display, a speaker, a haptic feedback mechanism, a printer, any other mechanism capable of presenting an output, or any combination thereof.
The remaining components of upstream node 204 are described in conjunction with example operations presented in
Method 500 includes, at Block 504, receiving an indication of a receiving opportunity from the sensor device. Upstream node 204 can include an indication receiving component 418 for obtaining the indication of the receiving opportunity. As described, the indication can be broadcasted by sensor device 202 and received by indication receiving component 418 in a broadcast message, or can be sent to upstream node 204 over a communication session established therewith, etc. The sensor device 202 can sent the indication, for example, in one or more bits or other values of a message, which can be an existing message in an associated wireless technology (e.g., such as a keep-alive message). The indication can indicate an immediate receiving opportunity and/or can specify details of a future receiving opportunity, such as a start time (e.g., explicit or relative to a current time or time at which the indication is transmitted), a duration, and/or the like.
As described, for example, the upstream node 204 can be set to continuously operate in a receive mode such to receive communications in the sensor network. Since this upstream node 204 is typically connected to an outlet or similar persistent power source, power conservation may not be as large of a concern as it is for the sensor device 202, and thus remaining in the receive mode is possible. Indication receiving component 418 can receive the indication of the receiving opportunity while operating in the continuous receive mode at the upstream node 204.
Method 500 further includes, at Block 506, transmitting the information to the sensor device during the receiving opportunity based on the indication. Information providing component 416 can transmit the information to the sensor device 202 during the receiving opportunity via communications component 410. As described, this can include the information providing component 416 waiting for the indication from the sensor node 202, and then transmitting the information immediately after receiving the indication. In another example, this can include transmitting the information based on one or more parameters specified in the indication, such as a start time, duration, etc. of the receiving opportunity such that the information is received at the sensor device 202 during the receiving opportunity.
Method 500 optionally includes, at Block 508, determining whether an acknowledgement is received for the transmitted information. Upstream node 204 optionally includes an acknowledgement receiving component 420 to receive the acknowledgement and/or determine whether the acknowledgement is received. If the acknowledgement is received at Block 508, then the method 500 can include considering the information is received by the sensor device at Block 510. This can include, for example, information providing component 416 considering the information as received such that the information providing component 416 need not retransmit the information to the sensor device 202, indicate an error in transmitting the information, and/or the like. If the acknowledgement is not received at Block 508 (or at least is not received within a specified period of time during which the acknowledgement is expected), the method can proceed to Block 504 to receive an indication of another receiving opportunity from the sensor device, during which the information can be retransmitted at Block 506. In certain examples. this may continue until an acknowledgment is received at Block 508, for a specified number of attempts, and/or the like.
In this regard, when the upstream node generates or otherwise acquires information ready to transmit, shown at 612 on timeline 600, the upstream node can wait to transmit the information in a receiving opportunity for the sensor device. In this example, the upstream node waits until it receives a transmission from the sensor device indicating a receiving opportunity, such as transmission 614 indicating an immediate receiving opportunity 616 on timeline 602. Accordingly, the upstream node can transmit the information, shown at 618 on timeline 600, based on receiving the transmission 614. The sensor device can receive the transmission during the receiving opportunity 616. In addition, for example, the sensor device may transmit an acknowledgement of receiving the information, shown at 620 on timeline 602. It is to be appreciated, in an example, that the sensor device can transmit the acknowledgement 620 immediately following the receiving opportunity (which may be required where the sensor device employs a half-duplex radio) or at another time.
Various aspects are described herein in connection with a device or node, which can be a wired terminal or a wireless terminal. A terminal can also be called a system, device, subscriber unit, subscriber station, mobile station, mobile, mobile device, remote station, remote terminal, access terminal, user terminal, terminal, communication device, user agent, user device, node, a sensor, or user equipment (UE). Various aspects or features are presented in terms of systems that may include a number of devices, components, modules, and the like. It is to be understood and appreciated that the various systems may include additional devices, components, modules, etc. and/or may not include all of the devices, components, modules etc. discussed in connection with the figures. A combination of these approaches may also be used.
As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system” and the like are intended to include a computer-related entity, such as but not limited to hardware, firmware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a computing device and the computing device can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets, such as data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal.
Moreover, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from the context, the phrase “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, the phrase “X employs A or B” is satisfied by any of the following instances: X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form.
The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication systems such as peer-to-peer (e.g., mobile-to-mobile) ad hoc network systems often using unpaired unlicensed spectrums, 802.xx wireless LAN, BLUETOOTH and any other short- or long-range, wireless communication techniques. In addition, it is to be appreciated that the techniques can be used in conjunction with code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) and other systems. The terms “system” and “network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and other variants of CDMA. Further, cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). Additionally, cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2).
In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented with a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. The software may reside on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A non-transitory computer-readable medium includes, by way of example, a magnetic storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip), an optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a register, a removable disk, and any other suitable medium for storing software and/or instructions that may be accessed and read by a computer. The computer-readable medium may also include, by way of example, a carrier wave, a transmission line, and any other suitable medium for transmitting software and/or instructions that may be accessed and read by a computer. The computer-readable medium may be resident in the processing system, external to the processing system, or distributed across multiple entities including the processing system. The computer-readable medium may be embodied in a computer-program product. By way of example, a computer-program product may include a computer-readable medium in packaging materials. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality presented throughout this disclosure depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system.
While the foregoing disclosure discusses illustrative aspects and/or embodiments, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the described aspects and/or embodiments as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, although elements of the described aspects and/or embodiments may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect and/or embodiment may be utilized with all or a portion of any other aspect and/or embodiment, unless stated otherwise.
