The present invention relates to methods, systems, and corresponding apparatus for dispensing liquids, and more particularly to methods, systems, and corresponding apparatus for dispensing liquids.
In the medical industry, there is a high rate of overdose of liquid medication in infants. Liquid acetaminophen (also called paracetamol) is an example of a drug on which infants can commonly overdose. Almost 70.000 infants are admitted to the emergency room yearly in the U.S. for liquid acetaminophen overdose. Studies have attributed this high rate of overdose to errors in dosing, which can often arise from two primary categories of challenges. First, measuring devices, namely syringes and measuring caps, that are commonly distributed with liquid medication can have errors in the markings due to poor quality control, manufacturing, or repeated use. Such measurement errors can give rise to approximately 85% of error cases. Second, caregivers often struggle to accurately measure and dispense the required volume due to limitations in education, device usability, cognition, fatigue, etc.
Further, although syringes and measuring caps are theoretically easy devices to use, these devices do not always have inherent mechanisms to ensure that the desired volume is precisely measured and/or dispensed. Furthermore, such measurement means cannot be easily initialized at a specific volume that can be used for multiple future applications without having to be reset.
Finally, current devices used for medication measuring and dispensing are often not engineered for high viscosity fluids (e.g., fluid having suspension levels in which most drugs are offered) and, therefore, can suffer losses in delivery of viscous fluid to this endpoint. There can also be spillage and leaking from the device, which can lead to incorrect dosing and possibly lead to attempts to compensate for this by purposely overdosing.
Further, in automobile, chemical, processing, and food/cooking industries, there is a broad need for obtaining measurements of viscous fluids (e.g., viscous oils and syrups) in exact volumes for either proper machine performance or completion of recipes. However, commonly used measurement cups can be very inaccurate because they cannot be used to set and/or memorize a desired volume. Measurements obtained with these devices can also be vulnerable to human errors due to factors, such as negligence or product-illiteracy of the user. Product loss can further occur due to viscous fluids not being fully cleared from the measurement device.
The present disclosure advantageously fills the aforementioned deficiencies by providing methods, systems, and apparatus that can measure fluids and dispense fluids while minimizing liquid volume loss.
In one aspect, a device comprising a cap and a detachable dispenser is disclosed. The cap comprises a first port configured to be coupled to a container holding a fluid therein and receive the fluid from the container, a second port, and an air reservoir configured to facilitate movement of the fluid through the cap. The detachable dispenser is coupled to the second port of the cap and configured to receive the fluid from the cap.
In another aspect, a container cap for closing a container holding a fluid therein is disclosed. The container cap comprises a first port configured to be coupled to the container and receive the fluid from the container, an air reservoir configured to facilitate movement of the fluid through the container cap, and a second port comprising at least one valve configured to close the container cap and prevent movement of fluid therefrom.
In other examples, any of the aspects above, or any system, method, or apparatus described herein can include one or more of the following features.
The detachable dispenser can comprise rounded corners. For example, the detachable dispenser can comprise a spoon-like configuration.
The device can further comprise an adjustable volume control component coupled to the detachable dispenser. The adjustable volume control component can be an adjustable screw configured to adjust volume of the fluid received from the cap by the detachable dispenser. The fluid can be a viscous fluid. Further. The adjustable volume control component can be configured to adjust volume of the fluid to a predetermined volume. Furthermore, the adjustable volume control component can include one or more markings for adjusting the volume of the fluid to one or more specific volumes. The one or more markings are etched into the adjustable volume control component. Additionally or alternatively, the adjustable volume control component can comprise a seal configured to prevent leakage.
The container can be a screw top container and the first port of the device can be configured to be coupled to threads of the screw top container to close the container.
Further, the detachable dispenser can comprise a barrel disposed at an angle less than 90 degrees with respect to normal.
In some embodiments, the cap can further comprise a display configured to alert a user of at least one of amount of the fluid to dispense using the device and time for dispensing the fluid using the device. Additionally or alternatively, the device can comprise at least one of a visual or an audio indicator configured to alert a user to use the device at predetermined time intervals. By way of example, the visual indicator can be an LED lamp configured to turn on or off at the predetermined time intervals.
In some embodiments, the cap and the detachable dispenser can comprise complementary features configured to couple the detachable dispenser to the second port of the cap. The detachable dispenser can comprise one or more features configured to catch spills and leaks of the fluid received from the cap.
Additionally or alternatively, the device can include a processor configured to control operation of the device. The processor can be configured to control at least one of amount of the fluid to dispense using the device and time for dispensing the fluid using the device.
Further, the device can include a communications interface configured to connect the device to at least one of a nearby communications interface of another device of a communications network. By way of example, the communications interface can be a Bluetooth chip.
In some embodiments, the device can comprise a timer configured to monitor a time at which the fluid is dispensed. The timer can be configured to alert a user at predetermined time interval to dispense the fluid using the device. Additionally or alternatively, the timer can be configured to activate to monitor the time upon attachment of the cap to the detachable dispenser.
In some embodiments, the cap can further comprise a sensor configured to monitor at least one of amount of the fluid to dispense using the device and time for dispensing the fluid using the device. The sensor can be at least one of an infrared sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a mechanical switch, and an electrical switch.
The second port of the container cap can connect to a detachable dispenser. The at least one valve can be configured to open to allow movement of the fluid out of the cap and into the detachable dispenser. The cap and the detachable dispenser comprise complementary features configured to couple the detachable dispenser to the second port of the cap.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention can become apparent from the following drawings and description, all of which illustrate the principles of the invention, by way of example only.
Features and advantages of the invention described herein, together with further advantages, may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead is generally placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
The present disclosure relates to methods and corresponding system and apparatus for dispending fluids such as liquids. Although described generally in terms of viscus fluids, embodiments disclosed herein can be used with any type of fluids having varying viscosities. The pediatric population (i.e., children younger than eight years of age) is often especially sensitive to medication overdose, given the low bodyweight range and systemic delivery of common medications. In fact, children can be three times more susceptible to overdose and related complications than adults. For example, a report from the American Association of Poison Control Centers and American Academy of Pediatrics demonstrates that in 238 cases of medication error for children six years and younger, incorrect dosing was the most common error and also most prevalent among children less than one year of age. Such errors appear to be more common when less than 1 mL of the medication is to be given. Furthermore, studies have reported narrow therapeutic windows for drugs such as acetaminophen, where hepatotoxicity may result from a single acetaminophen dose of 120 to 150 mg/kg of body weight in children. There exists a large volume of literature describing pediatric overdose and resulting negative sequelae due to acetaminophen, astemizole, xylometazoline, and ketamine. Adverse effects can include liver failure, heart failure, and possibly death.
Most medications for the pediatric population are formulated as liquid suspensions or colloids, as they are easier to administer to infants than pills or capsules. Consequently, the responsibility of accurately measuring the dose is often shifted to the caretaker. The primary measuring devices used today are oral syringes and measuring cups, which have remained unchanged for decades and lack inherent functionality to ensure accurate, consistent dosing of liquid medication. Furthermore, both the syringe and measuring cup rely heavily on a user's handling for proper functionality.
Dosing errors can lead to over 70,000 yearly pediatric overdose cases landing in the emergency department in the U.S. Furthermore, reports appear to indicate that the reported rate of accidental medication poisoning has doubled from 36% to 64% since 2006. This high incidence with both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications can result from parents' difficulty in understanding non-uniform units (e.g., milligrams, milliliters, ounces) and often insufficient unit labels on standard dosing cups and syringes. Additionally, factors such as possible manufacturing defects and frequent washing between uses can cause the markings on many plastic syringes to fade, become inaccurate or visually invisible.
Medication errors can generally be classified into four different categories based on their error-origins: (1) prescribing errors. (2) transcribing errors. (3) dispensing errors, and (4) administering errors. Dispensing errors are the typically the predominant source of medication overdose in pediatric patient population.
Embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods, systems, and apparatus for precise dispensing of medications that can improve dosing accuracy and precision and reduce errors in dispensing and administration of medications.
The device 100 can optimize the handling of various fluids. Further, the device 100 can be configured such that it can fit onto standard medication bottles directly and/or possibly replace existing medication bottle caps. The device 100 can further enable a user to dispense the medication directly, without requiring secondary measurement means such as cups and syringes, thereby preventing fluid losses that can occur during transfer from the bottle to the measurement means and while dispensing using the measurement means to the person receiving the medication.
As shown in
The dispenser portion 120 can be a detachable dispenser that includes an end portion 150 configured for dispensing the fluid (e.g., medication). For example, the end portion 150 of the detachable dispenser 120 can include a spoon-like feature (not shown) that can be used to directly dispense the medication to a patient (not shown). The detachable dispenser 120 can be used to tune the dispensed dosage volume to any desired volume. For example, the detachable dispenser 120 can operate between 1-5 ml, which is a common dosing volume for common medications used for children.
As noted, the cap 110 can be configured such that it can fit onto standard/common liquid container (medication bottle) threads. Once connected to a liquid container, the device 100 can be titled to allow for transfer of fluid from the container to the dispenser 120, through the cap 110. The dispenser 120 can include a beveled barrel or tube 125 (e.g., beveled cylindrical tube), which is beleveled at an angle less than 90 degrees with respect to normal and configured to receive the fluid once the device and/or container is tilted. The barrel or tube 125 can be configured at any suitable angle with respect to normal. For example, the barrel 125 can form a 45 degree angle with normal. This angle θ, shown in
The volume control component 160 can include one or more features 161 for setting and/or holding the volume and one or more volume lock features 162. For example, the features 161 can give haptic feedback to the user while setting the volume by feeding the volume control component 160 into the beveled cylinder 125. To prevent accidental volume changes, the flexural feature 162 (or the volume lock feature 162) provides a child lock functionality. This flexural feature 162 requires the user to apply more force to unlock the volume control component 160 from its position, thereby preventing a child from accidentally opening unlocking the volume control component 160. The child lock functionality can further be configured to require simultaneous application of a downward force and sideways twisting of the cap 110.
The volume control component 160 can also include one or more features for leak prevention. For example, as shown in
The connection interface between the barrel 125 and the cap 110 and/or the connection interface between the barrel 125 and the volume control component 160 can include one or more valves 199. The valves can be arranged such that once the dispenser 120 is detached from the cap 110, the leftover fluid in the cap 110 returns into the bottle. Specifically, the valves 199 can serve as stoppers that prevent excess fluid from flowing out of the cap 110. The valves can be configured such that they remain open while the dispenser 120 and the cap 110 are coupled, thereby leaving open a path for the fluid to flow from the cap 110 to the dispenser 120. The valves 199 can further be configured such that they close once the dispenser 120 is detached from the cap 110, thereby preventing excess fluid from flowing out of the cap 110.
The device 100 can further be configured such that once a desired volume is set (e.g., using the volume control component 160), the volume need not be changed across dosing cycles, precluding the user from having to reset the volume. Alternatively or additionally, this volume can be locked on setup to prevent the user from changing the dispensed volume. The interface of the beveled cylinder 125 to the main cap 110 can contain one or more additional flow control features, configured to prevent leakage and spillage as fluid from the top of the device 100 settles down. For example, spillage can be reduced by a seal or an optional valve at the port where 125 interfaces with 110. This spillage is also reduced by a lip like feature embossed onto the edge of the interface such that the excess fluid is directed back into the container, preventing potential spills.
As noted, the volume control 160 can be preset to a predetermined volume and configured to limit the amount of fluid transferred from the cap 110 into the dispenser 120. Therefore, upon tilting the container and/or the device 100, a predetermined amount of fluid (as limited by the volume control 160) is transferred from the fluid container through the cap 110 to the dispenser 120. The device 100 can include one or more features configured to indicate whether a sufficient amount of liquid has entered the device 100. For example, the device 100 can include one or more features 134 that can be used to assist the user in determining whether a sufficient amount of fluid has been moved from the container into the device 100. In one embodiment, at least one feature can be an indicator that shows the progression of fluid transfer. For example, the arrow 134 shown on
As noted, the dispenser 120 can be an integrated, detachable, spoon-like dispenser 120 that can be coupled to the cap 110 and removed and/or detached to dispense liquids. The cap 110 can include a lip feature 128 that is configured to catch spills and leaks during measurement (when the cap 110 is coupled to the dispenser 120) and while dispensing (when the dispenser 120 is detached from the cap 110 and used for dispensing). Additionally or alternatively, the dispenser 120 can include an adjustable volume component, formed by the barrel 125 and the volume control component 160 that is configured to control and limit the volume of the liquid dispensed using the dispenser. Further, the walls of the dispenser 120 can be rounded and configured to promote fluid flow and prevent fluid retention. Additionally or alternatively, the dimensions of the cylindrical interface 125 of the dispenser 120 can be optimized to prevent airlock and force fluid down a natural gravitational gradient.
Further, the device 100 can include one or more components configured to automatically provide a visual and/or audio reminder of the time at which a medication should be administered. For example, the device 100 can include an adjustable timer configured to alert a user at predetermined time intervals (e.g., every six hours) to administer the medication. The timer can be implemented using, for example, at least one of a magnetic switch, a pressure sensor, an electrical connection, an IR sensor, or a mechanical switch.
Additionally or alternatively, the device 100 can have integrated wireless capabilities that allows the device to communicate with other wireless enabled devices. For example, the device 100 can include Bluetooth capabilities that allow the device 100 to communicate with other wireless devices and receive instructions for dispensing and/or administering medication. The instructions can include at least one of the time to administer the medication, the amount of medication to administer, and/or time intervals for administering the medication.
Referring back to
The device 100 can also include one or more features configured to allow the user to comfortably and/or securely handle the device 100. For example, the device 100 can include one or more grip features that are configured to facilitate handling of the device 100. These features can be disposed on any suitable part of the device 100. For example, as shown in
Generally, the device 100 can be a manually operated device and/or an electrically powered device, such as a battery operated device. As noted, the device 100 can include one or more components to automatically provide a visual and/or audio reminder of the time at which a medication should be administered. The components that provide automatic functions to the device 100 can be battery operated (disposable and/or rechargeable) or configured to receive power from any other electric source known and available in the art. As shown in
The device 100 can further include one or more features that allow for secure coupling of the cap 110 to the dispenser 120. The connection between the cap 110 and the dispenser 120 can be made using any features known in the art. For example, the cap 110 and the dispenser 120 can include one or more complementary features that allow for secure coupling of the cap 110 to the dispenser 120. In some embodiments, these features can be snap fit features. For example, as shown in
The cap can also include one or more features 138 that are configured to facilitate mounting of the cap 140 to the dispenser 120. The mounting feature 138 can be any suitable mounting feature 138 available in the art. For example, the mounting feature 138 can be a mechanical snap-fit feature, a slot-pin feature, and/or a flexure mechanism.
As shown in
As shown in
One of the key challenges in designing an accurate measurement and dispensing system is ensuring adequate flow of liquids. This can be especially challenging in a closed system, where the lack of air return can prevent gravity-driven fluid flow. Small bottle orifices can be easily occluded by fluid during dispensing due to a block of airflow. Moreover, as long as surface tension forces at the fluid-air interface are not overcome, gravitational pressure alone is the driving force of fluid out of a bottle. Embodiments describe herein model this flow as a laminar Pouseille flow through the outlet nozzle (i.e., the outflow port of the bottle or the port in the cap, which connects to the inside of the detachable dispenser) driven by hydrostatic pressure of the fluid contained within the bottle based on the following relationship:
where ρ is the density of the fluid (e.g., 1 kg/m3), g is the gravitational constant (e.g., 9.8 m/s2), H is the height of the liquid in the bottle when inverted, μ is the viscosity of the liquid (e.g., 1.9 cP for water), L is the length of the nozzle (e.g., 0.5 cm), Q is the flow rate out of the nozzle, and r is the diameter of the nozzle.
As noted, the PMD device 100′ can use a spacious reservoir to overcome the problem of low flow rates due to air return. For example, a large outlet nozzle size and adequate supply of air within the cap can yield air return. The large outlet nozzle can prevent the clogging of the outflow port with fluid, maintaining a path for continuous air connection between inside the bottle and the atmospheric environment outside. Upon tilting of the device, air can flow into the chamber, allowing the fluid to flow out the outflow tract. The creation of the reservoir and maximization of outlet nozzle size in the PMD can effectively increase fluid flow rates and prevented air lock. For example, empirical tests (e.g., 35 different experiments) with different users can show flow rates between 0.5 ml/s and 1.7 ml/s under normal usage conditions across three different viscosities (e.g., cP, 450 cP, 1010 cP).
The seal 530 can be a simple thin-walled tube having a predetermined strain. For example, the seal 530 can have a frictional force, f wherein:
dF=σdA,
f=μsF=μsE∈πDH.
Using the above relationships, the frictional force, f required to overcome this stress and remove the dispenser from the cap can be calculated. For a rubber-plastic interface, a coefficient of friction can be μ=0.8, and an elastic modulus can be E=2.5 MPa. The height H, and diameter, D, of the interface can be configured such that the seal 530 can undergo a 15%-25% strain once the spoon 528 is inserted. Under this strain, there is sufficient compression of the rubber to prevent fluid from leaking past the seal 530. Further, the resulting force required to detach the dispensing unit from the cap can be configured to be in the range of 13-19N, which is well within the bounds of force normally exerted to open bottle caps. Overall, this design can ensure a tight seal in the device without compromising the ease of detaching the components.
Further, addition of a top-heavy component to a plastic bottle (e.g., viscous liquid container) can form a potentially unstable system. As the bottle becomes emptier, the propensity to tip over can increase and potentially lead to a spill, if/when the dispenser was detached from the cap. The standard weighted center of mass equation can be used to formulate the critical angle at which the bottle can tip over:
where m is the mass of each component, x is the respective coordinate from a reference origin, and M is the total mass of the system. To maximize the tipping angle, while accounting for the other constraints of the design, the mass of the PMD around the central axis of the bottle can be symmetrically distributed. For example, the portion of cap 110 opposite to the side that interfaces with dispenser 120 can be weighted heavier, allowing for a more stable combined system. In some embodiments, the resultant tipping angle can be 23 degrees when the bottle is full and can reduce to 14 degrees when the bottle is empty.
The barrel part of the dispenser 625 can include five complete female-type threads. In the embodiment shown in
An O-ring 668 placed at the end of the screw part can act as a seal. Since the male type threads are always engaged after the O-ring, an intact seal can generated by combining an O-ring with the male-female threads.
As noted above, a PMD device according to some embodiments disclosed herein can also include one or more ergonomic features that facilitate handling of the device. For example, as shown in
Further, as noted previously, the dispenser 620 can include a rounded spoon 628 configured to minimize fluid loss. The edge of the dispenser 620 can be rounded and spoon-shaped to allow the user to directly administer the liquid (e.g., medication into the mouth of a patient). Moreover, the rounded edge 628 can prevent fluid adhesion when compared to similarly structured sharp or linear edges.
Furthermore, in some embodiments, the PMD can comprise a clear or transparent material (e.g., plastic) that enables the user to visualize the flow of fluid and confirm the level of fluid in the dispenser. The transparent material can be configured to allow easy detection of issues that may be present in the cap or dispenser. For example, the user can visually inspect the PMD device to determine if the bottle is empty, the cap is not properly functioning, or the detachable spoon is not entirely filled. This ability to visually confirm the dose can add a level of safety in administration of medications.
Moreover, the integrated measuring and administration components of the PMD device are configured to prevent loss and/or separation of device from medication. Syringes and measuring cups are commonly lost since they are not required to close the medication bottle. The PMD device inherently prevents the user from losing device parts that are essential to the measurement of dose because it can screw directly on the bottle and can require the dispensing spoon to be re-attached after use to close the system.
As shown in
Further, user study of 25 individuals using a PMD device as described herein to dispense 5 mL of fluid only demonstrated a single instance of spillage. In a separate trial (n=35), a syringe and the PMD device were used to measure volumes of water and liquid Motrin® medication ranging between 4-5 mL. In this volume range, the cap is most prone to problems associated with airlock and bubbles. When measuring water, bubbles were identified in 6 cases in the syringe and zero cases in the PMD device. Using liquid Motrin®, there were 14 cases of airlock in the traditional syringe, and 3 in the PMD device. Additionally, in 11 trials, the syringe failed to measure volumes within a tolerance of 25% of the intended volume due to airlock at the interface of the medication and the plastic tip. This experiment demonstrates the efficacy of the PMD device in preventing airlock.
The device can also be easily cleaned using soap and water to prevent contamination of the medication. In benchtop tests, numerous users washed the device under running water and left them out to dry. No residues or crystallization of compounds at any interface or surface was observed.
As shown in
The processor 910 can be any suitable processor available in the art. For example, as shown in
As noted, the system 901 can comprise to a processor 910 that carries out some of the functions described herein, such as PMD device data analysis, interpretation, tracking, and reporting. Generally these functions can be carried out and implemented by any suitable computer system and/or in digital circuitry or computer hardware. The processor 910 can implement and/or control the various functions and methods described herein. For example, the processor 910 can implement application software and procedures that obtain, record, analyze, and/or report information every time the PMD device 901 is operated and/or track the time intervals (e.g., dosing times) at which the PMD device 901 should be operated. The processor 910 can be connected to a main memory 920. The processor 910 and the main memory 920 can be included in or supplemented by special purpose logic circuitry.
The processor 910 can include a central processing unit (CPU, not shown) that includes processing circuitry configured to manipulate instructions received from the main memory 920 and execute various instructions. For example, the processor 910 can be a general and/or special purpose microprocessor and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, the processor 910 can be configured to receive instructions and data from the main memory 920 (e.g., a read-only memory or a random access memory or both) and execute the instructions. The instructions and other data can be stored in the main memory 920.
Further, as shown in
The main memory 920 can also hold application software 922. For example, the main memory 920 and application software 922 can include various computer executable instructions, application software, and data structures such as computer executable instructions and data structures that implement various aspects of the embodiments described herein. For example, the application software 922 can include various computer executable instructions, application software, and data structures such as computer executable instructions and data structures that can be used to track the times at which the PMD device 900 is used, track and/or limit the amount of fluid device, and alert the user every time the PMD device should be used to dispense liquid.
The main memory 920 can also be connected to a cache unit (not shown) configured to store copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory 920. The program codes that can be used with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented and written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a component, module, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be configured to be executed on a computer, or on multiple computers, at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communications network, such as the Internet.
The functions performed by the PMD device 900, such as measuring and dispensing appropriate amount of fluids can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry or in computer hardware that executes software, firmware, or combinations thereof. The implementation can be as a computer program product, for example a computer program tangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage device, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, for example a computer, a programmable processor, or multiple computers.
Further, as shown in
The system 901 can also include a display 930 that reports appropriate information (e.g., dosage, amount dispensed, time last used to dispense, future time for dispensing the fluid, etc.) to a user. The user can be any suitable person or entity. For example, the user can be a caregiver, a medical practitioner (e.g., a physician or a pharmacist), etc.
The display 930 can be any suitable display available in the art, for example a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) display. The display can further be a touch screen display that can receive instructions from a user.
The processor 910 can also control the functions of the PMD device 900 in response to instructions received from the main memory 920 and the software application 922. The software application 922 can further include software applications that can store and process the data obtained from the PMD device 900 or control the operations of the PMD device 900. Examples of such processing can include pre-processing, processing, interpreting, and reporting the data. The I/O interface 950 can further be connected to other peripherals, such as one or more speakers for acoustic output, a microphone for acoustic input, or any other suitable peripheral device known in the art.
The processor 910 can also be connected to a network interface 960. The communications interface 960 can provide the PMD device 900 with a connection to a communications network, such as the Internet. Transmission and reception of data, information, and instructions can occur over the communications network.
One skilled in the art should appreciate that the PMD device described herein can be configured for use for dispensing medication to one or more patients. The device can also be configured to monitor the amount of fluid (e.g., medication) in the bottle, the amount remaining in the bottle (e.g., based on receiving information about the amount in the original bottle and tracking the amount dispensed) and alert the user that a certain percentage of the fluid has been used (e.g., 10% medication remaining or 90% medication dispensed) and/or alert the user to replace the medication bottle.
Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes can be made to the above embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Although this specification discloses advantages in the context of certain illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, various changes, substitutions, permutations, and alterations may be made without departing from the scope of the specification as defined by the appended claims. Further, any feature described in connection with any one embodiment may also be applicable to any other embodiment.
This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/512,400, filed on May 30, 2017, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2018/035108 | 5/30/2018 | WO | 00 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62512400 | May 2017 | US |