The invention concerns a method and apparatus for printing on non-planar beds.
Roll-to-roll printers employ several methods to prevent paper and other media from creasing, bulging, and arching upward in the print area. When a roll of paper or textile medium is loaded in the machine it is dry and void of ceases. The paper is unrolled over the printing area, usually a planar bed, of the machine and ink is jetted onto it. Essentially, the first part of the process has a dry medium which gets wetted upon printing and is usually dried right after, before being rolled again on another roller. Every medium, but especially paper, swells after absorbing the moisture from the ink. The swelling goes both ways, in the process direction, i.e. the direction in which the medium is unrolled and rolled on the machine, and in the cross-process direction, i.e. the width of the medium.
For a section of dry medium with normal width being L, the increase after water absorption is ΔE. The amplitude of ΔE depends on multiple factors such as the characteristics of the medium base material and the coating, the printing ink quantity, AND the printing speed and duration. The base material swells after the water absorbing medium absorbs water. The medium generates irregular vertical arching and bulging in the paper feeding direction because the width of the medium changes across the printing area, from L to L+ΔE. The increase in width is accommodated by local arching (creases) in the medium because the medium cannot slide to the sides to increase its overall width. Creases affect the printing picture quality because the medium is not flat when under the print heads. Furthermore, when the local bulging height is too great, the printing head may be scratched, and picture scrapping may be caused.
A common solution is applying vacuum on the bed of the printing area in an effort to constrain the medium and hold it down. This technique reduces the problem without eliminating it. It is also very dependent on the medium characteristics and requires a constant tweaking of the vacuum parameters. Furthermore, it always results in increased friction with other consequences for the print quality.
Another method is the use of convex rollers (also called banana rollers, bow rollers) both before and after the printing area, to flatten the medium. This creates tension and somewhat reduces the creases after the print before respooling the medium but does not resolve the issue on the printing area, where defects remain due to height difference in the medium.
Another method is the use of pinch rollers before the printing area, to press down the medium on a flat bed. These rollers mitigate the problem, but risk staining the medium as they act on the print side.
The height precision between the printing heads and the medium has an obvious influence on the printing effect. Conventional machine designs try to guarantee the smoothness and planarity of the printing bed on which the medium lies, reduce the distance between the print head and the printing bed, and guarantee parallel movement between the printing bed and a jet printing carriage. The flatness of the printing area allows the paper to crease and arch locally and propagate up to the respooling roller.
Embodiments of the invention provide a non-flat, arching printing platform printer to apply similar principles to those of the banana roller directly over the printing area. This is done in other printing applications such as label printing where a non-planar printing plane is used to generate lateral forces on the medium and force it to spread. However, to apply the same solution to a roll-to-roll printer, there is need of a method and system to keep a constant gap between the print heads and the medium. Without it, the print heads would be closer to the medium at the center of the printing area and higher on the sides. An arching printing platform creates an orthogonal tension that not only presses the medium against the print platform, but also stretches the medium toward the sides. The length increase after water absorption (ΔE) is thus absorbed and countered by allowing and inducing the medium to stretch to the sides, rather than upward in bulges. To do so requires a method to mitigate height differences between the print medium and the print heads. Differences in height can be millimeters; a non-negligible difference for the industry. In one embodiment, a way to achieve a constant height between print carriage and medium follows the curvature of the print platform with a z-axis motion of the carriage. A few millimeters of precise motion are enough to mirror the print platform along the carriage print axis motion. This allows for straight rails, possibly on different planes, and a simpler machine design/installation. Furthermore, a height sensor may be used to map the curvature of the print platform, adapting the system to different curvatures and print platforms.
In another embodiment, the same system may comprise an additional axis of rotation on the print carriage. This rotation would allow a more precise control of the printing gap between the print heads and the medium, by keeping the print heads perpendicular to the medium on the sides of the curved printing bed. This further axis would be required for high curvatures.
Furthermore, a similar approach could be used with conventional planar beds to adapt the height of the print heads to correct the imprecise planarity of each printing bed. This allows slacker tolerances on the manufacturing of the printing beds, while still guaranteeing a constant gap between print heads and medium.
The substrate can be divided in three portions: a dried portion 101 from the entry of the printer to before being printed; a wet portion 102 from the printing bed 105 to the drying element 107; and a dried printed portion 103 from drying element 107 to the exit roller 108. The geometric and physical differences between these portions of substrate are what cause creasing and bulging on the printing bed.
In the embodiment of
The curved rails 205, 206 allow carriage 201 to follow the curvature of the curved printing bed 208, thus keeping a constant gap between print heads 207 and medium 209 when carriage 201 reaches the ends of axis 210 in position 202 and 203 (represented by the dotted outline in
The embodiment of
Furthermore, a height sensor 315, 415 may be used to read the curvature of printing bed 308, 408 and automatically adjust the movement along axis 311. The sensor 315, 415 can be optical, for example a laser distance sensor, or mechanical, for example an indicator dial. Said sensor should be mounted on carriage 301 to swipe the entire print bed 308 and record its height. Once sensor 315, 415 has recorded the curvature of print bed 301, the printer electronics can feed this information to axis 411 and 412 to follow said curvature.
In the embodiment of
In
During a curvature compensation stage (509), the curvature shape is fed the axis 311, 312 (509). For each placement of the axis 310 there is an associated value of the axis 311, 312 that combined guarantee a constant height and perpendicularity of the print heads 307 to the print bed 308 (506).
The process of
The language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes. It may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the technology be limited not by this Detailed Description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of various embodiments is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the technology as set forth in the following claims.