This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 365 of International Application PCT/EP01/12971 filed Nov. 9, 2001, which claims the benefit of European Application No. 00250390.2, filed Nov. 18, 2000.
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for processing video pictures especially for false contour effects compensation. More general, the invention is closely related to a kind of video processing for improving the picture quality of pictures which are displayed on matrix displays like plasma display panels (PDP) or display devices with digital micro mirror arrays (DMD).
Although plasma display panels are known for many years, plasma displays are encountering a growing interest from TV manufacturers. Indeed, this technology now makes it possible to achieve flat colour panels of large size and with limited depths without any viewing angle constraints. The size of the displays may be much larger than the classical CRT picture tubes would have ever been allowed.
Referring to the latest generation of European TV sets, a lot of work has been made to improve its picture quality. Consequently, there is a strong demand, that a TV set built in a new technology like the plasma display technology has to provide a picture so good or better than the old standard TV technology. On one hand, the plasma display technology gives the possibility of nearly unlimited screen size, also of attractive thickness, but on the other hand, it generates new kinds of artefacts which could reduce the picture quality. Most of these artefacts are different from the known artefacts occurring on classical CRT color picture tubes. Already due to this different appearance of the artefacts makes them more visible to the viewer since the viewer is used to see the well-known old TV artefacts.
In the plasma display technology field a specific new artefact is known, which is called “dynamic false contour effect” since it corresponds to disturbances of gray levels and colors in the form of an apparition of colored edges in the picture when an observation point on the matrix screen moves. This kind of artefact is enhanced when the image has a smooth gradation like when the skin of a person is being displayed (e. g. displaying of a face or an arm, etc.). In addition, the same problem occurs on static images when observers are shaking their heads and that leads to the conclusion that such a failure depends on the human visual perception and happens on the retina of the eye.
Two approaches have been discussed to compensate for the false contour effect. As the false contour effect is directly related to the sub-field organization of the used plasma technology one approach is to make an optimization of the sub-field organization of the plasma display panels. The sub-field organization will be explained in greater detail below but for the moment it should be noted that it is a kind of decomposition of the 8-bit gray level in 8 or more lighting sub-periods. An optimization of such a picture encoding will have, indeed, a positive effect on the false contour effect. Nevertheless, such a solution can only slightly reduce the false contour effect amplitude but in any cases the effect will still occur and will be perceivable. Furthermore, sub-field organization is not a simple matter of design choice. The more sub-fields are allowed the more complicated will the plasma display panel be. So, optimization of the sub-field organization is only possible in a narrow range and will not eliminate this effect alone.
The second approach for the solution of above-mentioned problem is known under the expression “pulse equalization technique”. This technique is a more complex one. It utilizes equalizing pulses which are added or separated from the TV signal when disturbances of gray scales are foreseen. In addition, since the fact that the false contour effect is motion relevant, we need different pulses for each possible speed. That leads to the need of a big memory storing a number of big look-up tables (LUT) for each speed and there is a need of a motion estimator. Furthermore, since the false contour effect depends on the sub-field organization, the pulses have to be re-calculated for each new sub-field organization. However, the bid disadvantage of this technique results from the fact that the equalizing pulses add failures to the picture to compensate for a failure appearing on the eye retina. Additionally, when the motion is increasing in the picture, there is a need to add more pulses to the picture and that leads to conflicts with the picture contents in case of very fast motion.
The invention deals with a specific new problem which is called “appearing area” since it corresponds to missing information for controlling pixels of a display by shifting time periods from one pixel to another pixel for compensating dynamic false contour effects.
In a first approach there has been disclosed a method for compensating the false contour effect using a motion estimator which determines motion vectors for the pixels. The resulting motion vectors are utilized for re-coding the pixels of the block wherein in the re-coding step a step of shifting the time periods of pixels is included. The time periods define the time during which the pixels are activated for sending out light. The time periods are hereinafter also called “sub-fields”. The so calculated data for activating the pixels are used to display the picture instead of displaying the original pixel data.
There are situations in which a block and a background are moving in different directions and therefore the shifting of the sub-field code word entries for the pixels of the moving front object and the moving background object in the two different directions generates a lack of light pulses for pixels of the appearing area.
As a conclusion the shifting of sub-fields as it is disclosed in the document EP 0 978 817 A1 generates in certain situations mistakes in the video pictures.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to disclose a method and an apparatus for processing video pictures which improves the picture quality without affecting the picture content and which is easy to implement.
According to the present principles, the improvement of the picture quality is achieved by checking whether there is an area in a video picture which is currently hidden but which appears in a next video picture. If such an area is detected, then the sub-field code words of pixels from the appearing area in the current picture are updated by utilizing sub-field code word entries of pixels from the appeared area in a next video picture. Therefore, the invention uses information from the next video picture in order to make an correction of the pixels in the previous video picture. With this method it is possible to improve the quality of the false contour compensation at the border of crossing objects. Further, the algorithm avoids “black holes” or double edges at those locations. In addition, it globally improves the quality of the picture by a respect of strong transitions combined with a false contour compensation of such edges: the sharpness of the picture is enhanced.
For the case that a picture improvement is made by shifting sub-field code word entries in the direction of a motion vector, it is advantageous to update the code words of the pixels from the appearing area in the current picture by taking over sub-field code word entries of corresponding pixels from the appeared area in a next video picture. This corresponds to a “hole filling” in the appearing area.
For the case that a picture improvement is made by dragging sub-field code word entries to a current pixel from pixels in the direction of a motion vector, it is advantageous to drag sub-field code word entries of corresponding pixels in a next video picture along the motion vector direction to a current pixel in the current video picture. This compensates for the artifact of edge doubling at the borders of object crossings.
For detecting an appearing area in a picture it is advantageous to analyse whether for pixels located on the mirror transformed motion vector arrow of the current pixel motion vectors are assigned, which do not have a similarity with the motion vector of the current pixel. This is very simple to implement and gives reliably the information for a pixel whether it belongs to an appearing area or not.
For an apparatus according to the invention it is advantageous that the apparatus comprises an appearing area detector in which it is checked in the current picture whether there is an area which is currently hidden but appears in a next video picture, and wherein the apparatus comprises a further processing unit in which the sub-field code words of pixels from the appearing area in the current picture are compensated by utilizing sub-field code word entries of pixels from the appeared area in a next video picture.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and are explained in more detail in the following description.
In the figures:
A plasma display panel utilizes a matrix array of discharge cells which could only be switched on or off. Unlike a CRT or LCD in which grey levels are expressed by analogue control of the light emission, in a PDP the grey level is controlled by modulating the number of light pulses per frame. This time modulation will be integrated by the eye over a period corresponding to the eye-time response. When an observation point (eye focus area) on the PDP screen moves, the eye will follow this movement. Consequently, it will no more integrate the light from the same cell of a frame period (static integration) but it will integrate information coming from different cells located on the movement trajectory. Thus, it will mix all the light pulses during this movement which leads to a faulty impression of the signal information. This effect will now be explained in more detail. In the field of digital video processing, all 8-bit (256) RGB-levels are represented by a combination of the 8 following bits:
For clarification it is added, that a sub-field period is a sub-period of a frame period and consists of three phases, namely addressing period, sustaining period and erasing period. During the addressing period the cells which need to be activated according to a sub-field code word are written (precharged) with a defined voltage. It is a prerequisite that the charge stored in a cell remains stable for a certain time period. After all cells have been written, the cells are subjected to the sustaining phase, where additional charge is loaded into the cells in small pulses. This leads to an ignition of those cells, previously being written in the addressing phase. UV-radition is produced during ignition and in consequence, the phosphorous material of the cells is excited and light is output. It follows an erasing phase for all the cells to transform the cells back to a neutral state.
Without motion, the eye of the observers will integrate over about a frame period these small lighting pulses and catch the impression of the right gray level/colour level.
In the field of plasma video encoding, the use of more than 8 sub-fields to represent the 256 original video levels is very common. This aims at reducing the level of the MSBs which are directly linked to the maximum level of false contour generated. A first example of such a sub-field organisation based on 10 sub-fields is shown in
The light generation in a PDP according to this sub-field organization still shows image quality degradation corresponding to disturbances of grey levels and colours in case of moving transitions. As already explained, these disturbances are defined as so-called dynamic false contour effect since the fact that it corresponds to the appearance of coloured edges in the picture when an observation point on the PDP screen moves. The observer has the impression of a strong contour appearing on a homogeneous area like a skin.
The artefact due to the false contour effect is shown in
The degradation is enhanced when the image has a smooth gradation and also when the light emission period exceeds several milliseconds. So, in dark scenes the effect is not so disturbing as in scenes with average grey level (for example luminance values from 32 to 223).
In addition, the same problem occurs in static images when observers are shaking their heads which leads to the conclusion that such a failure depends on the human visual perception.
To better understand the basic mechanism of visual perception of moving images, a simple case will be considered. The discussion is made for a transition between the luminance levels 128 and 127 moving at a speed of five pixels per video frame and the eye is following this movement.
It is here noted that luminance is only exemplarily mentioned. More generally speaking is to say “signal level” which means in particular the signal level of an RGB colour component. As mentioned before, in a colour PDP there are three cells for each pixel. For generating the right colour of a pixel, three sub-field code words are required corresponding to the three cells of a pixel.
In
The effect that a lack of luminance will be perceived in the shown area is due to the fact that the eye will no more integrate all lighting periods of one pixel when the point from which eye receives light is in movement. Only some of the light pulses are integrated when the point moves. Therefore, there is a lack of corresponding luminance and the dark stripe will occur. At the left side of
Now the main idea of an invention disclosed in another European Patent Application of the applicant, see EP-A-0 980 059, is to anticipate the movement in the picture in order to position the different light pulses of a cell of the moving area on the eye integration trajectory. According to this the light pulses of some sub-fields of a pixel in a picture are shifted to another pixel or pixels in the current video frame, depending on the eye movement, to make sure that the eye will receive the right information at the right time during its movement. This principle is illustrated in
It is notified that the illustration is idealized in that respect that the stimuli integration curve is smoothed at the border areas of the transition. Another point to which attention is drawn is the fact, that the motion vector is defined in the conventional manner, i.e. it indicates where a pixel of a current frame is going to in the following video picture.
There appears a problem with this compensation method in the case that an object hides another object and both objects are moving relatively to each other. In such a case a new area will appear between the two moving objects. This phenomenon occurs in case of object crossing. The problem is enhanced, if the objects are moving in opposite direction. Obviously, the border between these two objects has to be compensated to provide a good sharpness. As explained above, the false contour effect will drastically reduce the sharpness. Nevertheless, if we have to compensate an area at the frontier of another object which is currently hidden, there will occur a blurred area with an extension depending on the motion vectors of the two moving objects.
This is illustrated in
If there is used the compensation method of subfield-shifting explained above then we get a shifting of the light pulses of the moving object to the left side and a shifting of the light pulses for the background pixels to the right side. This is depicted in the middle of
At the bottom of
According to the solution in this further application the compensation of the false contour effect is made by using motion vectors for the pixels in the video picture calculated in a motion estimator in a manner that the resulting motion vector determines for a current pixel from which location in a previous video picture the current pixel comes from. So, for each pixel or block of pixels in the current frame, a unique motion vector defines the source of this pixel in the previous frame. In addition, the vector is used in a different way. In other words, for each pixel from the current frame, the vector describes where the pixel is coming from in the previous frame. It is assured in the motion estimator itself, that only one vector is assigned to a pixel, even if there are several possibilities for one pixel. E.g. in the case that several pixels of a previous video picture move to the same location in the current picture, the possible vectors can be combined to one final motion vector. The sub-fields are not shifted away from a current pixel as in the previous embodiment, but they are dragged to a current pixel from neighboring pixels along a motion vector. This dragging produces a different artifact in case of object crossing and this is illustrated in
Also in this case we see new artifacts coming from the sub-field dragging in the case of objects crossing. In fact, the failure appears again in the appearing area since it corresponds to a new area that is currently hidden in the picture. A part of the background is hidden behind the grey coloured square which is the moving object.
For improving both compensating methods based on sub-field shifting and based on sub-field dragging, it has been invented a new 3D-processing which basically consists in the detection of an “appearing area” followed by a “hole filling” with information coming from the next frame. First, the improved compensation method for the sub-field shifting is explained in detail. This is illustrated in
With regard to the second compensation method based on sub-field dragging, the follwing modification is a solution for compensating the artifact shown in
For the improved compensation method something like an “appearing area” detector is required. There a various possibilities to detect appearing areas. In the following there is proposed a simple method to perform the detection of an appearing area. Let us assume, we dispose of a first motion vector {right arrow over (V)}l(x,y) which corresponds to the movement of the light gray rectangular of
An alternative concept is to combine a standard motion estimator with a distinct appearing area detector. E.g. the appearing area detector disclosed above can be used. This alternative concept is shown in
The embodiment of
At the output of the compensation unit 4 the compensated sub-field code words for the three colour components RGB occur. These sub-field code words are used for driving the display in the known manner.
The method and apparatus according to the invention is not only applicable for false contour effect compensation. E.g. in case of use of a new plasma display technology, in which the false contour effect is no longer an issue, the disclosed method and apparatus can be used for picture quality improvement, in particular sharpness improvement.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
00250390 | Nov 2000 | EP | regional |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP01/12971 | 11/9/2001 | WO | 00 | 5/16/2003 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
WO02/41291 | 5/23/2002 | WO | A |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
6476875 | Correa et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6961379 | Weitbruch et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
978 817 | Feb 2000 | EP |
980 059 | Feb 2000 | EP |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20040041949 A1 | Mar 2004 | US |