Patent Application
20190232155
Embodiments of this application relate to a user device for use in playing a computer implemented game.
Some embodiments may relate to engaging users or players in a computer game executable in an online environment.
The embodiments may have particular, but not exclusive application in the field of computer implemented applications including for example games, in an online or offline environment, and computing devices therefor.
In the field of computer-implemented games, there are many technical challenges facing the designer of such games when considering how, for example, the user interface is to be controlled in the context of computer devices available to play the game.
One technical challenge can involve allowing a game to be fun and compelling even when there is limited display resource available, such as when a game is being played on a smartphone, tablet or other minicomputer. Another significant challenge is that of user engagement. Engagement involves designing gameplay to be engaging and rewarding to players. This typically requires games to be easily understood at their simplest or introductory levels, providing rewarding gameplay with quite simple game mechanics, but becoming progressively more challenging so that players are not bored, but remain engaged and develop rewarding skills. Effective engagement requires various forms of feedback to reinforce player sense of success and accomplishment.
A common genre of casual games is so-called match games. This is a type of tile-matching game where the player manipulates tiles or game objects according to a matching criterion.
A match-three game is a type of casual puzzle game where the player is required to find patterns on a seemingly chaotic board. The player then has to match three or more of the same type of game element on the game board and those matched elements will then disappear. An existing type of match-three game is a so-called “switcher” game. In a switcher game, the player switches place of two adjacent game elements on the game board so that one or both of them create a chain of at least three adjacent game elements of the same type. Those matched game elements will then disappear. The game board is then repopulated with game objects.
One such known match three-type game is known by the trade name Candy Crush Saga. In that game, the game board is repopulated with game elements which are perceived as falling downwards onto the game board from the top edge of the screen from which the game is played.
Another known type of game is “linker game”, where a sequence of game elements are linked to form a known sequence. Another type of game is a ‘clicker’ game, in which matches can be made in a board by clicking a group of adjacent game elements.
A technical challenge exists when introducing complexity into such match games. A technical challenge may arise for example when there is limited display resource available and/or in the providing of effective user engagement, such as described previously.
This patent specification describes not only various ideas and functions, but also their creative expression. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document therefore contains material to which a claim for copyright is made and notice is hereby given: Copyright King.com Limited 2018 (pursuant to 17 U.S.C. 401). A claim to copyright protection is made to all screen shots, icons, look and feel and all other protectable expression associated with the games illustrated and described in this patent specification.
The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but reserves all other copyright rights whatsoever. No express or implied license under any copyright whatsoever is therefore granted.
According to an aspect, there is provided a computer device comprising: a display configured to display game elements in a game board of a computer implemented game, the game elements comprising a first type of game elements and a second type of game elements, each of the first type of game elements being associated with a plurality of matching characteristics of an ordered set of matching characteristics, the ordered set comprising at least two different matching characteristics; a user interface configured to detect user input when a user engages with a game element in a move; and at least one processor configured to determine that at least three game elements have at least one common matching characteristic to satisfy a match condition and at least one of said game elements satisfying said match condition is of the first type, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine for the or each of the game elements of the first type satisfying the match condition if a current matching characteristic is a last matching characteristic of the respective ordered set and if so to remove the respective game element of the first type from the game board and if not change at least one matching characteristic of the respective game element of the first type to a next characteristic of the set of matching characteristics.
The match condition may occur in response to the detected user input.
In some embodiments, the match condition may occur in response to movement of game elements due to a previous match condition.
The display may be configured to display the or each game element of the first type with information associated with a current matching characteristic of the respective ordered set.
The display may be configured to display the or each game element of the first type with a current matching characteristic of the respective ordered set.
The display may be configured to display the or each game element of the first type in a same position before and after the match condition is satisfied.
When at least one of game elements satisfying the match condition is of the second type, the at least one processor may be configured to remove the or each game element of the second type satisfying the match condition from the game board.
When at least one of the game elements satisfying the match condition is of the second type, the at least one processor may be configured to remove the or each game element of the second type satisfying the match condition from the game board and to generate replacement game elements.
The at least one processor may be configured, for at least one subsequent match of a respective game element of the first type, to cause the at least one characteristic to change to a next at least one characteristic of the set.
The ordered set of matching characteristics associated with at least one of the first type of game elements may have n matching characteristics, where n is an integer greater than or equal to 2, and the at least one processor may be configured when the first type of game elements has been associated in turn with n of the matching characteristics, to cause the respective game element of the first type to be removed from the game board as a result of a subsequent match.
A plurality of game elements of the first type may be provided, at least two of the game elements of the first type being associated with a same ordered set.
A plurality of game elements of the first type may be provided, at least two of the first game elements of the first type being associated with a different ordered set
The game elements of the first type may be displayed in a visually distinct manner from the game elements of the second type.
The matching characteristic may comprise one or more of a colour characteristic; a shape characteristic; and an object characteristic.
At least one game element of the first type may be displayed with information indicating a number of matching characteristics in the ordered set of matching characteristics.
At least one game element of the first type may be displayed with information indicating a remaining number of matching characteristics in the ordered set of matching characteristics.
At least one game element of the first type may be displayed with information indicating a number of matching characteristics in the ordered set of matching characteristics which have been used.
The at least one processor may be configured to determine a triggering of a third type of game element, the third type of game element, when triggered, causing at least one respective game element of the first type to change to a next characteristic of the set.
The at least one processor may be configured to determine a triggering of a second type of game element, the second type of game element, when triggered, causing at least one respective game element of the first type to change to a next matching characteristic of the ordered set.
The at least one processor may be configured to provide a reward when said first game element has had each of said characteristics of said ordered set.
The reward may comprise a game element of the second type. The game element of the second type may be of the type which when triggered provides a special effect. The game element of the second type may not be of the type which can be triggered.
According to another aspect, there is provided a computer device having: a display configured to display game elements in a game board of a computer implemented game, the game elements comprising a first type of game elements and a second type of game elements, each of the first type of game elements being associated with a plurality of matching characteristics of an ordered set of matching characteristics, the ordered set comprising at least two different matching characteristics; a user interface configured to detect user input when a user engages with a game element in a move; and at least one processor configured to receive the detected user input and in response thereto determine that at least three game elements have at least one common matching characteristic to satisfy a match condition, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine for the or each of the game elements of the first type satisfying the match condition if a current matching characteristic is a last matching characteristic of the respective ordered set and if so to remove the respective game element of the first type from the game board and if not change at least one matching characteristic of the respective game element of the first type to a next characteristic of the set of matching characteristics.
According to another aspect, there is provided a computer implemented method comprising: a displaying, by a display, game elements in a game board of a computer implemented game, the game elements comprising a first type of game elements and a second type of game elements, each of the first type of game elements being associated with a plurality of matching characteristics of an ordered set of matching characteristics, the ordered set comprising at least two different matching characteristics; detecting, via a user interface, user input when a user engages with a game element in a move; determining by at least one processor that at least three game elements have at least one common matching characteristic to satisfy a match condition; and determining by the at least one processor for the or each of the game elements of the first type satisfying the match condition if a current matching characteristic is a last matching characteristic of the respective ordered set and if so removing the respective game element of the first type from the game board and if not changing at least one matching characteristic of the respective game element of the first type to a next characteristic of the set of matching characteristics.
The method may comprise displaying by the display the or each game element of the first type with information associated with a current matching characteristic of the respective ordered set.
The method may comprise displaying by the display the or each game element of the first type with a current matching characteristic of the respective ordered set.
The method may comprise displaying by the display the or each game element of the first type in a same position before and after the match condition is satisfied.
When at least one of game elements satisfying the match condition is of the second type, the method may comprise removing the or each game element of the second type satisfying the match condition from the game board.
When at least one of the game elements satisfying the match condition is of the second type, the method may comprise removing the or each game element of the second type satisfying the match condition from the game board and generating replacement game elements.
The method may comprise, for at least one subsequent match of a respective game element of the first type, causing the at least one characteristic to change to a next at least one characteristic of the set.
The ordered set of matching characteristics associated with at least one of the first type of game elements may have n matching characteristics, where n is an integer greater than or equal to 2, and the method may comprise when the first type of game elements has been associated in turn with n of the matching characteristics, causing the respective game element of the first type to be removed from the game board as a result of a subsequent match.
A plurality of game elements of the first type may be provided, at least two of the game elements of the first type being associated with a same ordered set.
A plurality of game elements of the first type may be provided, at least two of the first game elements of the first type being associated with a different ordered set
The method may comprise displaying game elements of the first type in a visually distinct manner from the game elements of the second type.
The matching characteristic may comprise one or more of a colour characteristic; a shape characteristic; and an object characteristic.
At least one game element of the first type may be displayed with information indicating a number of matching characteristics in the ordered set of matching characteristics.
At least one game element of the first type may be displayed with information indicating a remaining number of matching characteristics in the ordered set of matching characteristics.
At least one game element of the first type may be displayed with information indicating a number of matching characteristics in the ordered set of matching characteristics which have been used.
The method may comprise determining a triggering of a second type of game element, the second type of game element, when triggered, causing at least one respective game element of the first type to change to a next characteristic of the set.
According to some aspects, there is provided a program product comprising a computer-readable storage device including a computer-readable program for providing a computer-implemented game, wherein the computer-readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform any one or more of the method steps described previously.
According to another aspect, there is provided a computer readable non-transitory storage medium carrying one or more computer executable instructions which when run on at least one processor cause: displaying of game elements in a game board of a computer implemented game, the game elements comprising a first type of game elements and a second type of game elements, each of the first type of game elements being associated with a plurality of matching characteristics of an ordered set of matching characteristics, the ordered set comprising at least two different matching characteristics; detecting user input when a user engages with a game element in a move; determining that at least three game elements have at least one common matching characteristic to satisfy a match condition; and determining for the or each of the game elements of the first type satisfying the match condition if a current matching characteristic is a last matching characteristic of the respective ordered set and if so removing the respective game element of the first type from the game board and if not changing at least one matching characteristic of the respective game element of the first type to a next characteristic of the set of matching characteristics.
A computer program comprising program code means adapted to perform the method(s) may also be provided. The computer program may be stored and/or otherwise embodied by means of a carrier medium.
In the above, many different embodiments have been described. It should be appreciated that further embodiments may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the embodiments described above.
Various other aspects and further embodiments are also described in the following detailed description and in the attached claims.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of the accompanying drawings in which:
The terms user and player are used interchangeably throughout this document and no specific meaning is intended using one or the other unless the context suggests otherwise. In the following description of various implementations of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration various implementations in which the invention may be utilized. It is to be understood that other implementations may be utilized, and structural and functional modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
A person skilled in the art will realise that the different approaches to implementing the game is not exhaustive, what is described herein are certain preferred embodiments. It is possible to implement the way in a number of variations.
A schematic view of a user device 100 according to an embodiment is shown in
The graphics controller 125 is configured to provide a video output 135. The sound controller 130 is configured to provide an audio output 140. The controller 110 has an interface 145 allowing the device to be able to communicate with a network 150 such as the Internet or other communication infrastructure.
The video output 135 is provided to a display 155. The audio out 140 is provided to an audio device 160 such as a speaker and or earphone(s).
The device 100 has an input device 165. The input device can take any suitable format and can be one or more of a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, joystick or game controller. It should be appreciated that the display 155 may in some embodiments also provide the input device 165 by way of an integrated touch screen for example.
The blocks of the controller 110 are configured to communicate with each other by an interconnect such as a bus or any other suitable interconnect and/or by point to point communication.
It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the controller may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, at least in part.
The user device 100 is shown by way of example only. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the parts may be omitted. Alternatively or additionally, some embodiments may comprise one or more other parts. Alternatively or additionally, one or more parts may be combined.
The server 220 may communicate via, for instance, the internet 210 to one or more client or user devices 100, shown in
It should be appreciated that embodiments may be deployed in different system architectures. For example, the computer game may be implemented as a computer game that is stored in the memory of the user device and is run on the processor of the user device. However, the server 220 may handle some elements of the game in some embodiments. By way of example only, a Java game applet may be provided to the user device 100 and the locally running Java applet will generate, for example, the graphics, sounds, and user interaction for the game play on the user device. Some data may be fed back to the server to allow interaction with other players. The data which is fed back may alternatively or additionally allow scoring and/or cross platform synchronization.
In some embodiments, the game may be implemented as a computer program that is stored in a memory of the system, for example the server, and which runs on a processor of the game server. Data streams or updates are supplied to the user device to allow the user device to render and display graphics and sounds in a browser of the user device. Such an approach is sometimes referred to as a web services approach. It should be appreciated, however, that such an approach does not necessarily require the use of the Internet.
It should be appreciated that some embodiments may be provided as stand-alone games on the user device.
In the known version of the match 3 switcher game, the aim of the game is to swap game elements in the shape of candies with each other to make moves on the game board. To gain points the player has to make moves that create matches of at least three of the same game element or candy. In doing so, the player gains points and the matched game elements are removed. As a result new game elements fall into place from the top of the game board in order to fill any spaces created. Assume in
Some embodiments may use so-called physics to control movement of game elements when replenishing a game board. For example, some embodiments may use the game physics used in Candy Crush Saga. In this game, game elements drop down from above the game board at a set speeds and from the top of the game board. In an alternative version of this game detailed in U.S. Ser. No. 14/316,274 and launched under the name Candy Crush Soda, the physics can vary so that the speed and direction of replacement game elements can alter. It should be appreciated that the game physics described are by way of example and in other embodiments any suitable game physics may be used. In some embodiments, the replenishment of a game board may be controlled without the use of game physics.
In the following, a game board is made up of game positions or tiles each of which is covered by a respective game element.
In some embodiments, one or more of the game elements of a first type is associated with an ordered set of matching characteristics starting with a first matching characteristic. These game elements of the first type will be referred to first game elements in the following. When a match is made with one or more these first game elements, the respective first game element will have the next matching characteristic of that set.
The set of characteristics comprises at least two matching characteristics. At least two of the matching characteristics will be different. In some embodiments, all the characteristics will be different. In some embodiments, the set of characteristics may have more than one of the same matching characteristic.
One example of a set of matching characteristics may be a blue matching characteristic and a yellow matching characteristic. The minimum number of matching characteristics in a respective set is two. In some embodiments, the minimum number of matching characteristics in a respective set which are different may be two.
Another example of a set of matching characteristics is a blue matching characteristic, a yellow matching characteristic, and a green matching characteristic. In this example, the set comprises three different matching characteristics. It should be appreciated that different number of characteristics may be provided alternatively or additionally, for example three or more.
Another example of a set may be a blue matching characteristic, a yellow matching characteristic, a blue matching characteristic. In this example, the set comprises two different matching characteristics and three different matching characteristics in the set.
In the above examples, colour is used as an illustrative example of a type of matching characteristic. In other embodiments, the type of characteristic may alternatively or additionally comprise shape, wording, numbering, object, tag, visual effect and/or the like.
In some embodiments, a combination of different types of characteristics may be used as a matching characteristic. For example, the shape and colour characteristics may be used. For example the matching characteristic may be red and square.
In some embodiments, the set of matching characteristics may comprise a plurality of different types of characteristics. For example the set of matching characteristics may comprise red, green, square and triangle. In this illustrative example, some characteristics are of the colour type and others are of the shape type. Of course in other embodiments, the different types of matching characteristic may be any suitable type of matching characteristics.
In one example embodiment, a first game element may have a particular shape and a colour associated with that particular shape. The matching characteristic may be shape and colour or the matching characteristic may be colour and the shape is used to help visually distinguish from game elements having a different colour as a matching characteristic.
It should be appreciated that a single set of characteristics may be used in the game. In some embodiments a plurality of different sets of matching characteristics may be provided. The number of characteristics in the different sets may be same or different. Different characteristics and/or different orders of characteristics and/or different types of characteristics may be provided in a set. The set or sets of characteristics which are used may be dependent on a level of a game.
In some embodiments, the first game element may be a so-called blocker. This means that the position of the first game element with respect to the game board is unchanged even if, for example a removable game element located below (if the direction of replenishment is from above) that blocker is removed. The removable game elements are game elements of a second type and will be referred to as second game elements. These second game elements will move in the game board if for example a game element below it (if the direction of replenishment is from above) is removed. It should be appreciated that one or more additional or alternative directions of replenishment may be used in different embodiments which will influence the movement of second game elements when game elements are removed from the game board.
In
The first game element 502 is included within this match with two second game elements 501a, in the example shown in
Reference is now made to
Again, the first game element is involved in a match with two adjacent second game elements 501b sharing the same matching characteristic (same colour and shape). The matching second game elements are removed and the matching characteristic of the first game element changes to the next one of the set (e.g. orange and oval). Thus a match-3 combination in the case of
In some embodiments, if there are no more characteristics in the set of characteristics remaining, then the first game element may be removed from the game board on making a match.
In some embodiments, the first game element may be visually distinguished from second game elements. For example, the first game element may appear to be under a translucent layer. It should be appreciated that any other suitable visual distinction may be used alternatively or additionally. For example, a particular background may be used and/or a tag and/or the like.
Reference is made to
In step S1, user input via the user interface which will a match to be made. This may be responsive to the user interacting with the game board via the user interface (for example a touch screen on which a game board of game elements is displayed). For example, the user may interact with the user interface to swap the position of two game elements to make a match.
In step S2, the game elements which are in the match are analysed to determine if any of game elements in the game elements of the match is a first game element. It should be appreciated that there may be more than one first game element in the match. All the game elements in a match may be first game elements.
If so, then the next step is step S3. In step S3, it is determined if there is a next characteristic in the set of characteristics. This will be carried out for each of the first type of game element in the match. If so, the next step is step S4 for any first game element for which there is a next characteristic in the set of characteristics.
In step S4, the characteristic of the first game element(s) for which there is a next characteristic in the set of characteristics is changed to the next characteristic of the set of characteristics.
If there is no next characteristic in the set of matching characteristics for a given first game element, then step S3 is followed by step S5 for that given first game element. In step S5, the first game element(s) of the match, for which there is no next characteristic in the set of characteristics, is removed.
In some embodiments, steps S4 and S5 may both be performed after a match has been made. In those embodiments, the steps may be performed at generally the same time or in any order.
Steps S4 and S5 are both followed by step S7 where the second game elements are removed and the game board is replenished. In some embodiments, step S7 may be part of step S4 and/or step S5.
If it is determined in step S2 that there are no first game elements in the match, then the next step is step S6 in which the second game elements of the match are removed and the game board is replenished.
Steps S6 and S7 are followed by step S8 in which it is determined if there are any further matches.
If there are, then the next step is step S2. If not, the next step is step S9 when the turn is ended.
In
Upon successfully involving the first game element in a match the top-left corner bubble 806a bursts, leaving the remaining three bubbles intact. This is shown in
Upon being involved in a match and removing a further layer, the top right-hand corner bubble 806b bursts, indicating that only two characteristics in the set of characteristics remain.
In some embodiments, a matching characteristic of the first game element may be changed if the first game element is effected by a special game element. A special game element may have game element removing properties with respect to the second game elements such as a line blast, row blast, bomb or the like. The special game element may be triggered by a match which does not include the first game element but still effects the matching characteristic of that first game element.
When the first game element has had all the matching characteristics of the set of matching characteristics, the first game element may be removed. In some embodiments, on a match being made with the first game element having the last characteristic of the set, the first game element maybe converted to a second game element. In some embodiments, the second game element may be a special game element, for example as previously mentioned. Alternatively or additionally another game reward may be provided. That reward may be extra points, a special character, extra time, an item or any other suitable reward.
A sound effect may be used to indicate each change in characteristic of a first game element.
In some embodiments, the first game element is visualised such that each matching characteristic of the set is considered to be a layer. The aim may be remove all the layers, that is to progress to the end of the ordered set.
In some embodiments, the first game element may be visualised as an object with a set of parts which are to be completed or acquired or consumed or lost. In some embodiments, the object may be visualised as having a set of segments which are to be completed or consumed. Such an object may be represented as a “pie” to be completed or to be consumed. In some embodiments, each part or each segment may represent one of the set of matching characteristics. The segment or part which is active, that is which has the match characteristic which is active may be displayed in a visually distinct way from the other segments or parts. Segments or parts which represent characteristics which have been used may be represented in a visually distinct way from those which are yet to be used.
In some embodiments where n adjacent first elements are provided and they all have the same current matching characteristic, the n first elements may be removed from the game board. N may be any suitable number and in some embodiments may be 3 or more. In some embodiments, all of the n adjacent first game elements having the same characteristic may be a result of for example various matches made by the user while playing the game and/or by the triggering of one or more special game elements. The n adjacent first game elements may have different initial matching characteristics.
Reference is made to
In some embodiments, the first game element may be replaced by a special game element or second game element once the first game element achieves the final matching characteristic of the set. In some embodiments, when the first game element achieves the final matching characteristic of the set, a special game element or second game element is provided elsewhere on the game board.
The data structure 1603 is responsible for controlling the game board displayed. Each game element has a game element ID 1605. The game element ID 1605 is used by the game engine. The game element ID may be allocated a particular position on a game board. The data structure may have information 1607 identifying the game element type 1607 (for example if the game element is a first game element, a second game element or a special game element. If the game element is a first game element, the game element may have a set ID 1609. This may be provided in those embodiments where a plurality of different sets of characteristics are provided. The set ID will identify which of the plurality of sets is associated with the first game element. The current characteristic field will indicate the current match characteristic for the first game element. This may take any suitable form. For example a bit may be provided for each characteristic with only the bit of the current characteristic being set. This data allows the rendering engine 1600 to generate a first game element with its current characteristic of the set.
After a move has been made or after there has been some change to the game board, the game engine will update this data. The current matching characteristic of the set is updated and the next characteristic of the set is now the current characteristic. The first game element will be rendered by the rendering engine and displayed with the updated characteristic of the set.
In some of the previously described embodiments, the first game element has been described as being a blocker. In other embodiments, the first game element may not be a blocker and thus may move in the same way as outlined in relation to the second type of game elements.
Reference is made to
The game engine 82 will process the information provided by the user input. The game engine 82 (for example a game model) will determine if a valid combination has been made.
Each game element has data associated therewith. The data 84 may be stored in any suitable memory location. In some embodiments, the data may be provided by the data structure described previously. In some embodiments, the data may be considered to be part of the game engine and in other embodiments may be considered to be outside the game engine. The data may provide information as to the properties of the game element such as described previously. The data may include the position data, that is, information representing the position of the game element in the displayed image.
In some embodiments, the game engine will check if the game elements satisfies the rule or rules for a valid match. The rule or rules which define whether or not a match condition has been satisfied. The match condition will be dependent on the game. In some embodiments, a match condition will be satisfied if the game elements are arranged to provide a sequence of at least three adjacent first objects sharing at least one same characteristic.
Thus, the game engine will be in control of the matching mechanism. The game engine will have access to data for game element including its position and will be able to determine if a match condition has been met.
It should be appreciated that in other embodiments, the game may use any type of match mechanic such as switching, sliding or linking. The game elements may be any suitable game element and in some embodiments may be letters. In that scenario a match will occur when the letters match a word. Preferably the word is at least three letters long.
A physics engine 808 is provided which is configured to control the movement of moving game elements on the display. The tiles are static is some embodiments.
The physics engine 808 may be part of the game engine 802.
A view function 806 uses of the data to provide the displayed image with which the user is able to view and/or interact.
Various methods and devices have been described. It should be appreciated that these methods may be implemented in apparatus or devices comprising any suitable circuitry. Some embodiments may be implemented by at least one memory and at least one processor. The memory is provided by memory circuitry and the processor is provided by processor circuitry. Some embodiments may be provided by a computer program running on the at least one processor. The computer program may comprise computer implemented instructions which are stored in the at least one memory and which may be run on the at least one processor. A computer program product may be provided which comprises computer program product comprising code embodied on a computer-readable medium which is configured to be executed on a processor of the computer or user device. In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage device may be provided to store program code instructions that, when executed by at least one processor causes any of the above described methods to be performed.
A person skilled in the art will realise that the different approaches to implementing the game is not exhaustive, what is described herein are certain preferred embodiments. It is possible to implement the way in a number of variations without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
