Patent Grant
11323946
The earliest version of the IEEE 802.11 standard provided a data rate of 1 Mbps. In a subsequent amendment, namely IEEE 802.11b, a physical layer data rate of 11 Mbps was provided. With the introduction of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in the IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11a amendments for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands respectively, the data rates supported were increased to 54 Mbps at the physical (PHY) layer. The IEEE 802.11n amendment increased the data rates supported to 100 Mbps on top of the MAC layer.
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) with very high throughput (VHT) of greater than 100 Mbps on top of the MAC layer are being designed. VHT WLANs may also include features such as multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) techniques, coding features, power save features, and the like. MU-MIMO technology enables simultaneous transmission to multiple WTRUs on the same frequency, and also simultaneous reception from multiple WTRUs on the same frequency. VHT protection features for VHT packet transmission and legacy packet transmission will also be needed. In a scenario with densely deployed VHT APs, overlapping basic service set (OBSS) management is necessary because of high interference from neighboring BSSes. In a television white space (TVWS) scenario, independently operated networks/devices, (and even dissimilar networks/devices in radio technology), are expected to coexist and operate in the same common TVWS frequency spectrum. These are just a sample of the features and capabilities needed in VHT WLANs.
A method and apparatus provides capability signaling for operation in wireless local area networks (WLANs). An access point (AP) may control the operation of wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) in a basic service set (BSS) by sending operation or capabilities information. A WTRU may also send operation or capability information to the AP.
A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example and to be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The term “wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)” includes but is not limited to a station (WTRU), a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computer, a mobile internet device (MID) or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment.
When referred to hereafter, the terminology “AP” includes but is not limited to a base station (BS), a Node-B, a site controller, or any other type of interfacing device capable of operating in a wireless environment.
The embodiments are described generally in a WLAN context, but the various embodiments may be implemented in any wireless communication technology. Some example types of wireless communication technologies include, but are not limited to, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), 802.xx, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA2000), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), or any future technology.
Infrastructure Discussion
As shown in
The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network 106, the Internet 110, and/or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.
The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In another embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.
The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
In another embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).
In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
The base station 114b in
The RAN 104 may be in communication with the core network 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. For example, the core network 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in
The core network 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.
Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links. For example, the WTRU 102c shown in
The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While
The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
In addition, although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in
The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, for example.
The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).
The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and the like.
The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 140a, 140b, 140c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 140a, 140b, 140c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 140a, 140b, 140c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 140a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.
Each of the eNode-Bs 140a, 140b, 140c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in
The core network 106 shown in
The MME 142 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 142a, 142b, 142c in the RAN 104 via an Si interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 142 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 142 may also provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.
The serving gateway 144 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 140a, 140b, 140c in the RAN 104 via the Si interface. The serving gateway 144 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The serving gateway 144 may also perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
The serving gateway 144 may also be connected to the PDN gateway 146, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. An access router (AR) 150 of a wireless local area network (WLAN) 155 may be in communication with the Internet 110. The AR 150 may facilitate communications between APs 160a, 160b, and 160c. The APs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be in communication with WTRUs 170a, 170b, and 170c.
The core network 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the core network 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the core network 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway, (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server), that serves as an interface between the core network 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the core network 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the networks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
As shown in
In addition to the components that may be found in a typical WTRU, the WTRU 102 includes a processor 115, a receiver 121, a transmitter 117, a memory 113 and an antenna 119. The memory 113 is provided to store software including operating system, application, etc. The processor 115 is provided to perform, alone or in association with the software, a method and apparatus for providing very high throughput operation signaling for WLANs. The receiver 121 and the transmitter 117 are in communication with the processor 115. The antenna 119 is in communication with both the receiver 121 and the transmitter 117 to facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless data.
In addition to the components that may be found in a typical base station, the AP 140 includes a processor 125, a receiver 131, a transmitter 127, and an antenna 129. The processor 125 is configured to perform a method and apparatus for providing very high throughput operation signaling for WLANs. The receiver 131 and the transmitter 127 are in communication with the processor 125. The antenna 129 is in communication with both the receiver 131 and the transmitter 127 to facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless data.
A wireless local area network (WLAN) in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode has an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in and out of the BSS. Traffic sent to WTRUs that originates from outside the BSS, arrives through the AP and is delivered to the WTRUs. Traffic originating from WTRUs to destinations outside the BSS is sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destinations. Traffic between WTRUs within the BSS may also be sent to through the AP where the source WTRU sends traffic to the AP, and the AP delivers the traffic to the destination WTRU. Such traffic between WTRUs within a BSS is peer-to-peer traffic. Such peer-to-peer traffic may also be sent directly between the source and destination WTRUs with a direct link setup (DLS), such as that described in IEEE 802.11e regarding DLS or IEEE 802.11z regarding tunneled DLS.
VHT Operation Information
In VHT WLANs, certain VHT features in medium access control (MAC) and physical layers may be needed. These VHT features may be specific to the VHT WLANs being designed for data rates in excess of 100 Mbps on top of the MAC layer. A given VHT feature may have more than one parameter and option associated with it. Moreover, the feature parameter may take more than one value. Sometimes, the VHT feature itself may be optional. As a result, there could be more than one mode of operation for a VHT AP or VHT WTRU in an infrastructure BSS, based on the chosen feature option and parameters. This may be due to the different implementations of VHT AP and VHT WTRUs. This may, however, be true even if all VHT WTRUs have an identical implementation because of the different feature options and parameters chosen. So the VHT AP may be able to set the VHT features, VHT feature options, and VHT feature parameters in a dynamic way for the BSS operation to adapt to various operation scenarios.
By sending VHT operation information to the WTRUs in the BSS, a VHT AP may control the VHT WTRU's operation in the BSS and allow adaptation to various operation scenarios. These various operation scenarios may arise for example due to different traffic types, traffic loads or quality of service (QoS) requirements. For instance, in one scenario, a legacy WTRU, (i.e., a non-VHT WTRU from older technology), may associate with the BSS, and the VHT AP will need to indicate this as part of the VHT operation information so that VHT WTRUs will operate in a manner so as to coexist with the legacy WTRU.
The VHT operation information may be included by a VHT AP, in any new or existing management/control/data frames like in management frames such as the beacon, secondary/auxiliary beacon, or probe response frames.
The VHT operation information may be formatted as a newly defined VHT operation IE.
The VHT AP controls the operation of VHT WTRUs in a BSS by using a VHT operational IE. The VHT operation IE may be included by an AP, in any new or existing management/control/data frames, especially in management frames such as the beacon, secondary/auxiliary beacon, or probe response frames.
The VHT operation information or VHT operation IE may include information related to one or more VHT operation information items from Table 1 below. The VHT operation information may include parameters, options, and operation indication for each VHT operation information item in Table 1.
The VHT operation information or VHT operation IE may be included in signaling messages, such as a fast transition (FT) action request frame and an FT action response frame. The VHT operation information or VHT Operation IE may be included in signaling such as measurement pilot frame, AP channel request element, AP channel report element, neighbor report element, neighbor report request frame, a neighbor report response frame.
The optional subelements of the neighbor report element can include a VHT operation element (with the same format as the VHT operation IE) for the neighbor AP (being reported) with a subelement ID assigned to it. These modifications to the neighbor report element are shown in
The VHT operation information or VHT operation IE may be included in IEEE 802.11v signaling such as BSS transition management query/request/response frames.
The current VHT operation information may contain one or more bits to represent any of the VHT operation information, along with the HT operation information in a given frame.
VHT Capability Information
A given VHT feature may have more than one parameter and/or option associated with it. Moreover, the feature parameter may represent more than one value. The VHT feature itself may be optional. This may give rise to more than one mode of operation for a VHT AP or VHT WTRU, based on the chosen feature option and/or parameters.
Similarly, due to the optional features, more than one possible implementation of a VHT WTRU and a VHT AP may exist. This may give rise to a situation where a VHT AP or VHT WTRU supports a certain set of features and/or parameters, while another VHT AP or VHT WTRU supports a different set of features and/or parameters. Therefore, each VHT AP or VHT WTRU may advertise its capabilities, for example, a set of features and/or parameters, in order to establish a communication link. There may be negotiation of acceptable capabilities during the communication link setup based on the capabilities of the VHT devices (VHT APs and/or VHT WTRUs) involved in the communication link.
VHT WTRUs in an Infrastructure BSS, Independent BSS/Ad hoc, or Direct Link Setup scenario may indicate VHT capabilities. In an Infrastructure BSS scenario, VHT APs may indicate VHT capabilities as well.
The AP and WTRUs may indicate VHT capabilities information, in any new or existing management/control/data frames, for example, in management frames such as Association, Reassociation, Probe or Beacon frames. The VHT capabilities information may be added to existing IEs, for example, 802.11 Capabilities IEs. Alternatively, the VHT capabilities information may be carried in a newly defined Cap abilities IE.
In one embodiment, the VHT capabilities information may be formatted as a VHT Capabilities IE.
The VHT Capabilities IE may be included by an AP or WTRU, in any new or existing management/control/data frames, for example, in management frames such as the Beacon, secondary or auxiliary beacon, Association Request, Association Response, Reassociation Request, Reassociation Response, Probe Request or Probe Response frames.
The VHT capabilities information or VHT Capabilities IE may include information related to one or more VHT capabilities information items from Table 3. The VHT Capabilities information may include parameters, options and capabilities indication for each VHT Capabilities Information item in Table 3.
The VHT capabilities information or VHT Capabilities IE may be included in signaling messages, such as a Fast Transition (FT) action request frame and an FT action response frame. The VHT capabilities information or VHT Capabilities IE may also be included in signaling such as measurement pilot frame, AP channel request element, AP channel report element, neighbor report element, neighbor report request frame, a neighbor report response frame.
In one embodiment, the BSSID IE in the Neighbor Report element may have one or more bits indicating VHT. When the BSSID IE is set to a given value, the AP represented by the indicated BSSID may be a VHT AP that has contents of its VHT Capabilities element identical to that of the AP sending the Neighbor Report element. In addition, the optional subelements of the Neighbor Report element may include a VHT Capabilities element (with the same format as the VHT Capabilities IE) for the neighbor AP being reported with a new subelement ID assigned to it.
These modifications to the Neighbor Report Element are shown in
The VHT capabilities information or VHT Capabilities IE may be included in signaling such as BSS Transition Management Query/Request/Response frames. The VHT capabilities information or VHT Capabilities IE may be included in any direct link setup (DLS), for example, tunneled DLS (TDLS) frames. For example, the VHT Capabilities IE may be included in the TDLS setup request/response frames. It may also be included in the DLS setup request/response frames.
In one embodiment, the 802.11 high throughput (HT) capabilities information may contain one or more bits to represent any of the VHT capabilities information in Table 3 along with the HT capabilities information in a given frame.
Many other variants are possible. A few variants may be generated by merely changing the order of newly added fields in the frame/message formats. Other variants are possible, by using only some of the fields proposed. It should be fully appreciated and noted that all such variants are within the scope of this invention.
Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements or in various combinations with or without other features and elements. The methods or flow charts provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable storage medium for execution by a general purpose computer or a processor. Examples of computer-readable storage mediums include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs).
Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), application specific standard products (ASSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine.
A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, mobility management entity (MME) or evolved packet core (EPC), or any host computer. The WTRU may be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software including a software defined radio (SDR), and other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a near field communication (NFC) module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any wireless local area network (WLAN) or ultra wide band (UWB) module.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/229,113 filed Dec. 21, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/835,623 filed Dec. 8, 2017, which issued Dec. 25, 2018 as U.S. Pat. No. 10,165,493, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/207,230 filed Jul. 11, 2016, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,854,498 on Dec. 26, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/733,226 filed Jun. 8, 2015, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,392,524 on Jul. 12, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/197,703 filed Mar. 5, 2014, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,055,510 on Jun. 9, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/945,278, filed Nov. 12, 2010, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,711,820 on Apr. 29, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/260,552, filed Nov. 12, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/260,639, filed Nov. 12, 2009, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200275341 A1 | Aug 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61260552 | Nov 2009 | US | |
| 61260639 | Nov 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16229113 | Dec 2018 | US |
| Child | 16871609 | US | |
| Parent | 15835623 | Dec 2017 | US |
| Child | 16229113 | US | |
| Parent | 15207230 | Jul 2016 | US |
| Child | 15835623 | US | |
| Parent | 14733226 | Jun 2015 | US |
| Child | 15207230 | US | |
| Parent | 14197703 | Mar 2014 | US |
| Child | 14733226 | US | |
| Parent | 12945278 | Nov 2010 | US |
| Child | 14197703 | US |
