Patent Grant
6875356
The present invention relates to the recovery of metals from metal-containing support materials, and more particularly relates to a method and apparatus for recovering metals from support materials with hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria.
Precious metal ores such as gold ores can be categorized as either free milling or refractory. Free milling ores are those that can be processed by simple gravity techniques or direct cyanidation. Refractory ores, on the other hand, are not amenable to conventional cyanidation treatment. Such ores are often refractory because of their excessive content of metallic sulfides such as pyrite or organic carbonaceous matter. A large number of refractory ores consist of ores with a precious metal such as gold occluded in iron sulfide particles. The iron sulfide particles consist principally of pyrite and arsenopyrite. If gold or other precious metals remain occluded within the sulfide host, even after grinding, then the sulfides must be oxidized to liberate the encapsulated precious metal values and make them amenable to a leaching agent.
Conventional biological methods have focused on the recovery of precious metals using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. A conventional process includes the steps of distributing a concentrate of refractory sulfide minerals on top of a heap of material, biooxidizing the concentrate of refractory sulfide minerals, leaching precious metal values from the biooxidized refractory sulfide minerals with a lixiviant, and recovering precious metal values from the lixiviant.
Problems exist using sulfur-oxidizing organisms in bioleaching processes. These problems include nutrient access, air access, carbon dioxide access, the generation of sulfuric acid from reactions of the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and the generation of heat during the exothermic biooxidation reactions which can kill growing bacteria. Ores that are low in sulfide or pyrite, or ores that are high in acid consuming materials such as calcium carbonate or other carbonates, may also be problematic during heap biooxidation processes. The acid generated by these low pyrite ores is insufficient to maintain the low pH and high iron concentration needed for bacteria growth.
The bioremediation of various pollutants using butane-utilizing bacteria is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,888,396, 6,051,130, 6,110,372, 6,156,203, 6,210,579, 6,244,346 and 6,245,235, which are herein incorporated by reference.
In accordance with the present invention, metals such as precious metals are recovered from metal-containing support materials such as mineral ores. The support material is contacted with a solution containing a hydrocarbon which stimulates the growth of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. The hydrocarbon may comprise one or more alkanes, such as butane, methane, ethane and/or propane, or other types of hydrocarbons.
Gold, silver, platinum, copper, zinc, nickel, uranium, palladium and the like may be recovered using the present invention. One embodiment of the present invention provides for the treatment of metal-containing support materials in the form of slurries contained in lagoons, tanks or other vessels. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a bioleaching technique, which initially uses hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria under anaerobic conditions to pretreat ore-containing materials for subsequent biooxidation using hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria under aerobic conditions. The process can be used to biooxidize metal-containing support materials such as precious metal-bearing refractory sulfide ores. A further embodiment of the present invention provides a heap bioleaching process. In one embodiment of this process, ores that are low in sulfide minerals, or ores that are high in acid consuming materials such as calcium carbonate, may be treated.
In addition to precious metal-bearing sulfide minerals, there are many other sulfide ores that can be treated using the present process, such as copper ores, zinc ores, nickel ores and uranium ores. Biooxidation with hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria can be used to cause the dissolution of metal values such as copper, zinc, nickel and uranium from concentrates of these ores.
An aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of recovering a metal from a metal-containing support material. The method includes contacting the support material with a hydrocarbon to stimulate the growth of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria, and recovering the metal from the support material.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a system for recovering metal from a metal-containing support material. The system includes means for contacting the support material with a hydrocarbon to stimulate the growth of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria, and means for recovering the metal from the support material.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a system for metal recovery from a support material, wherein the system includes a source of hydrocarbon, a hydrocarbon injection system in communication with the hydrocarbon source and the support material, and a deposition material upon which the metal is deposited.
These and other aspects of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description.
In accordance with the present invention, hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria are used to liberate metals from metal-containing support materials such as mineral ores. The process may be used to biooxidize metals from ore-containing material using hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions only. Alternatively, the process may use anaerobic and aerobic processes to pretreat and biooxidize metals from ore-containing materials. The ore type and metal composition may determine which process would yield the most favorable metal recover. Under anaerobic conditions, the hydrocarbon may serve as an electron donor and carbon source while sulfate originating from the ore may serve as a final electron acceptor. Other electron acceptors may be used, such as nitrate, iron or carbon dioxide. Subsequently, aerobic hydrocarbon-utilizing organisms and their operative enzymes may be used to precipitate metals from solution, which may then be recovered.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a hydrocarbon such as butane may be utilized to drive a treatment process anaerobic, thereby encouraging the growth of anaerobic microorganisms capable of reducing sulfur-containing compounds. Under anaerobic conditions, sulfate and elemental sulfur may serve as electron acceptors while the hydrocarbon substrate is oxidized. The anaerobic processes may include, for example, desulfurization, sulfur respiration and dissimilatory sulfate reduction. A hydrocarbon such as butane may be used to enhance anaerobic microbiological processes thereby liberating precious metals from recalcitrant sulfide ore bodies. Subsequently, aerobic hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria may be used to precipitate (biooxidize) metals from solution, which may then be recovered.
The metal-containing support material may include sulfide-containing mineral ores, such as precious metal-containing ores, copper ores, zinc ores, nickel ores and uranium ores. The sulfide-containing minerals and ore material may be, for example, coarsely or finely ground ore. The support material may also include lava rock, gravel, sand deposits or any other geologic materials. The recovered metals may include gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc, nickel and uranium or any other metal or precious metal.
The hydrocarbon may comprise one or more alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, poly(alkene)s, poly(alkyne)s, aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbon polymers or aliphatic hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons preferably comprise at least one alkane such as butane, methane, ethane or propane. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon comprises butane which may serve as an electron donor under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The high solubility of butane facilitates dispersion of the hydrocarbon food source throughout the metal-containing support material. Furthermore, the high solubility of butane may accelerate the transformation of aerobic conditions to anaerobic by initially stimulating the growth of aerobic butane-utilizing microorganisms in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. As the oxygen is depleted and anaerobic conditions prevail, butane or another hydrocarbon may serve as an electron donor to enhance anaerobic microbiological processes that will aid in the leaching of metals from the metal-containing support material.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, butane is the most prevalent compound of the hydrocarbon substrate on a weight percent basis, and typically comprises at least about 10 weight percent of the hydrocarbon substrate. The other constituents of the hydrocarbon substrate may include other alkanes or other hydrocarbons, as well as inert gases such as nitrogen, helium or argon. The hydrocarbon substrate preferably comprises at least about 50 weight percent butane. More preferably, the hydrocarbon substrate comprises at least about 90 weight percent butane. In a particular embodiment, the hydrocarbon substrate comprises at least about 99 weight percent n-butane. The butane may contain straight (n-butane) and/or branched chained compounds such as iso-butane.
Suitable hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria may include the following Groups (in addition to fungi, algae, protozoa, rotifers and other aerobic and anaerobic microbial populations found in decaying materials):
In addition, suitable bacteria may include facultative anaerobes and microaerophilic anaerobes, which are capable of surviving at low levels of oxygen. These bacteria do not require strict anaerobic conditions such as the obligate anaerobes. Acidophilic, alkaliphilic, anaerobe, anoxygenic, autotrophic, chemolithotrophic, chemoorganotroph, chemotroph, halophilic, methanogenic, neutrophilic, phototroph, saprophytic, thermoacidophilic, and thermophilic bacteria may be used. Hydrocarbon and oxygen injection may encourage the growth of other microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa and algae that may be beneficial to the metal recovery process. The injected oxygen may be in the form of air (e.g., dry air comprising 20.9 percent oxygen), a gas stream with varying concentrations of oxygen, substantially pure oxygen, or the like.
Recovery of the metal involves the removal of at least a portion of the metal contained in or on the metal-containing support material. For example, from about one percent to substantially all of the metal contained in the support material may be recovered. Recovery may be achieved using various techniques such as heaps, slurries, precipitation lagoons and bioreactors. During the treatment process, metals may be deposited on a metal deposition material comprising, for example, a polymer, felt, rubber, metallic or natural fiber material that is porous or non-porous. The deposition material may be provided in sheet form or in other forms that provide increased surface area such as spheres and other geometric shapes.
After treatment in the bioleaching lagoon, the material is pumped 26 to a precipitation lagoon 28 equipped with mixers 30 and 31. A hydrocarbon/oxygen source 32 is connected to injectors 34 in the precipitation lagoon 28. A membrane 36 lines the precipitation lagoon 28. After treatment in the lagoon 28, liquid 38 comprising water and the support material is removed from the precipitation lagoon 28. Metal deposited on the membrane liner 36 may be recovered from the precipitation lagoon 28 at suitable intervals.
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
Based on the molecular weight of specific metals, the different metal precipitate out of solution at differing time intervals, thereby providing the opportunity to replace the membrane liners during successive depositional events. Alternatively, electrolysis methods may be employed to further separate the precipitating metals. The metals may then be easily assayed and further refined using conventional techniques.
Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/308,211, filed Jul. 27, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3242071 | Walker | Mar 1966 | A |
| 3969446 | Franklin, Jr. | Jul 1976 | A |
| 4033763 | Markels, Jr. | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4111808 | Fair | Sep 1978 | A |
| 4328175 | Roeckel et al. | May 1982 | A |
| 4454077 | Litz | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4522723 | Kauffman et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4637865 | Sergent et al. | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4645603 | Frankl | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4695378 | Ackman et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| RE32562 | Litz | Dec 1987 | E |
| 4729788 | Hutchins et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4740243 | Krebs-Yuill et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4822413 | Pooley et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4956080 | Josefik | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4987081 | Hackl et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5057221 | Bryant et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5061406 | Cheng | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5073309 | Bousquet et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5085809 | Stirling | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5089412 | Hackl et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5127942 | Brierley et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5314076 | La Place et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5494576 | Hoppe et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5688304 | Kohr et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5834294 | Brierley et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5888396 | Perriello | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5916491 | Hills | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5925290 | Hills | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5948375 | Stallknecht | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6051130 | Perriello | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6110372 | Perriello | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6146444 | Kohr | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6156203 | Anthony | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6210579 | Perriello | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6244346 | Perriello | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6245235 | Perriello | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6355175 | Green et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6361694 | Trost | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6383388 | Krauter et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6383458 | Brierley et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6387239 | Duyvesteyn et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6488850 | Perriello | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 20010023847 | Perriello | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20020012620 | Suzuki et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020066566 | Perriello | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020195389 | Perriello | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030034301 | Perriello | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030044966 | Perriello | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030062306 | Perriello | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030066322 | Perriello | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030084609 | Perriello et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030136735 | Perriello | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030167686 | Perriello | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030201227 | Perriello | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030034301 A1 | Feb 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60308211 | Jul 2001 | US |
