Patent Grant
9525384
1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates generally to a supply modulator (SM) used for radio transmitters in communication systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Battery power consumption is considered to be a very important aspect of applications for radio communication terminals. Thus, a highly efficient radio frequency (RF)/analog output amplifier is required for long battery use. With the evolution from 2G to 3G/4G, highly efficient characteristics are required with a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Furthermore, 4G communication channels demand terminals having hardware for high linearity and high bandwidth. The RF/analog output amplifier required in terminals for RF communication has procedural and circuit-structural limitations that make it difficult to satisfy all of the above-described requirements.
The efficiency of an RF power amplifier (RF PA) decreases as the PAPR of an input signal increases. Since high PAPR characteristics require a high 1 dB gain compression point (P1 dB) and saturated power of the RF PA, all existing RF PAs operating with limited fixed supplies, such as, for example, batteries, have low power efficiency in peak power and back-off power regions.
Therefore, to improve the low power efficiency in the back-off power region, an average power tracking (APT) technology has been developed to control a fixed supply voltage while tracking an average power. However, when the APT technology is applied, the fixed supply voltage is unable to instantaneously catch up with an envelope signal, and thus, the RF PA suffers additional power loss.
In an attempt to rectify the additional power loss, an envelope tracking (ET) technology has been developed. The ET technology increases the RF PA efficiency, improving the efficiency of the RF PA by instantaneously following an input envelope signal. Accordingly, to apply the ET technology to the RF PA, a supply modulator (SM) is required to normalize battery power for an envelope signal. The SM is required to have both a high bandwidth and a high efficiency, and thus, typically employs a hybrid structure in which a linear regulator including a linear amplifier and a switching regulator are combined.
Referring to
The RFIC 120 outputs an RF signal by modulating the transmit signal into carrier waves of the system band, and an RF PA 130 amplifies the RF signal to a required power level and transmits the amplified RF signal through an antenna.
The SM 140 delivers battery power to the RF PA 130 in the procedure of amplifying and normalizing the envelope signal input from the modem 110. The SM 140 controls the fixed supply power provided from the battery based on the envelope signal, so that the SM 140 and the RF PA 130 may have optimum linearity and efficiency.
Furthermore, the SM 140 of
The RF PA 130 tracks the saturated power and amplifies an output signal of the RFIC 120 with the power supplied from the SM 140. In this regard, the RF PA 130 operates in an average power tracking (APT) mode or an envelope tracking (ET) mode, depending on the output power. Specifically, if the output power is less than a predetermined value, the RF PA 130 operates in the APT mode and uses an output of a buck-boost converter within the SM 140 as the fixed power. On the contrary, if the output power is greater than or equal to the predetermined value, the RF PA 130 operates in the ET mode and uses an output of the SM 140 of the hybrid structure as the fixed power.
The efficiency of a power amplifier is determined by the product of an efficiency of the SM and an efficiency of the power amplifier itself. Since the efficiency of the SM decreases and the ET effect is reduced as the output power is backed off, the efficiency of the power amplifier in the APT mode becomes higher than the efficiency of the power amplifier in the ET mode below a certain value (back-off power). Accordingly, to widen the dynamic range of the ET mode, both the ET effect and the back-off power efficiency of the SM should be improved.
Furthermore, to maximize the efficiency of the power amplifier in the ET mode, the SM tracks a saturated voltage by controlling the supply voltage of the RF PA. In this regard, due to the tracking of the saturated voltage and a knee voltage effect, additional shaping of an output voltage of the SM is required. A shape table that is optimized for back-off power values is required to improve the back-off effect of the power amplifier in the ET mode by adaptively controlling the output voltage of the SM based on the back-off power. However, output voltage shaping by power control requires an increase in the complexity of the operation of the communication system and an RF driver.
Furthermore, the output voltage of the hybrid SM is scaled down in proportion to the back-off power. In other words, there is an efficiency loss of a linear amplifier in proportion to a ratio of output voltage to fixed supply voltage, which reduces the entire efficiency of the SM due to the back-off power. Since the maximum fixed supply voltage of the linear amplifier is determined by a peak output voltage, the fixed supply voltage of the linear amplifier, which is high in the back-off power region, affects the entire efficiency of the SM.
Aspects of the present disclosure provide a structure and method for improving respective efficiencies of the peak power and the back-off power of a power amplifier operating in an ET mode, by using an SM to adaptively control an envelope shape table and a supply voltage of the SM in respective APT and ET modes to suit the desired level of output power. In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, an SM is provided for supplying power from a wireless transmitter to an RF power amplifier. The SM includes a power controller configured to receive a power control signal input from a modem and output a reference voltage. The power controller changes an operating mode of the SM by controlling a level of the reference voltage. The SM also includes a buck booster configured to receive the reference voltage from the power controller and output a voltage based on the level of a reference voltage. The SM additionally includes a combiner configured to combine a first output signal from a linear regulator and a second output signal from a switching regulator to obtain a combined result, and to output the combined result. The first output signal is based on the voltage from the buck booster. The SM further includes a switch having a first end connected to a power supply end of the RF power amplifier and a second end that is switchable between the buck booster and the combiner, and configured to change the operating mode of the SM to an ET mode or an APT mode based on whether the second end is connected to the buck booster or the combiner.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided for supplying power from a wireless transmitter to a RF power amplifier by an SM. A power control signal input from a modem is received. A reference voltage is determined. An operating mode of the SM is changed by controlling a level of the reference voltage. A voltage is determined based on the level of a reference voltage. When the operating mode of the SM is an ET mode, a first output signal from a linear regulator and a second output signal from a switching regulator are combined to obtain a combined result, and the combined result is output. The first output signal is based on the voltage. When the operating mode of the SM is an APT mode, the voltage based on the reference voltage is output.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, an article of manufacture is provided for supplying power from a wireless transmitter to a RF power amplifier by a SM. The article of manufacture includes a non-transitory machine readable medium containing one or more programs which when executed implement the steps of: receiving a power control signal input from a modem; determining a reference voltage, wherein an operating mode of the SM is changed by controlling a level of the reference voltage; determining a voltage based on the level of a reference voltage; when the operating mode of the SM is an envelope tracking (ET) mode, combining a first output signal from a linear regulator and a second output signal from a switching regulator to obtain a combined result, and outputting the combined result, wherein the first output signal is based on the voltage; and when the operating mode of the SM is an average power tracking (APT) mode, outputting the voltage based on the reference voltage.
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Embodiments are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same or similar components may be designated by the same or similar reference numerals although they are illustrated in different drawings. Detailed descriptions of constructions or processes known in the art may be omitted to avoid obscuring the subject matter of the present invention.
The terms “include”, “comprise”, and their derivatives, as used herein, are defined as non-exclusive inclusion. The term “and/or”, as used herein, includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The phrases “associated with”, “associated therewith”, and/or their derivatives, as used herein, are substantially equivalent to ‘include’, ‘be included within’, ‘interconnect with’, ‘contain’, ‘be contained within’, ‘connect to or with’, ‘couple to or with’, ‘be communicable with’, ‘cooperate with’, ‘interleave’, ‘juxtapose’, ‘be proximate to’, ‘be bound to or with’, ‘have’, ‘have a property of’, etc. The term “controller” refers to a device, a system, or a part of the device or the system that controls at least a piece of the operation, and may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, and/or a combination thereof. It is noted that any functionality associated with a particular controller may be centralized or distributed, or locally or remote-controlled. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having meanings that are consistent with their meanings in the context of the relevant art, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Terms, which are described in detail below, are defined by taking into account functionalities of embodiments of the present disclosure, but may vary depending on certain practices or intentions of users or operators. Accordingly, the definitions of such terms should be made based on the descriptions herein.
It is to be understood that the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Accordingly, for example, a “component surface” may include one or more component surfaces. It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or section from another region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.
A terminal, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, may have a communication functionality. For example, the terminal may be embodied as a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile phone, a video phone, an e-book reader, a desktop PC, a laptop PC, a netbook PC, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), an MP3 player, a mobile medical instrument, a camera, a wearable device (e.g., a head-mounted device (HMD)), an electronic cloth, an electronic bracelet, an electronic necklace, an electronic appcessory, an electronic tattoo, a smart watch, etc.
In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the terminal may also be embodied as a smart home appliance with the communication functionality. For example, the smart home appliance may be a television, a digital versatile disc (DVD) player, an audio player, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a vacuum cleaner, an oven, a microwave oven, a washer, a dryer, an air purifier, a set-top box, a TV box, a gaming console, an electronic dictionary, a camcorder, an electronic photo frame, etc.
In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the terminal may be embodied as a medical device (e.g., a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) device, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device, a computed tomography (CT) device, an imaging device, or an ultrasonic device), a navigation system, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, an event data recorder (EDR), a flight data recorder (FDR), an automotive infotainment device, a marine electronic device (e.g., a marine navigation system, a gyroscope, or a compass), an aviation electronic device, a security device, an industrial or consumer robot, etc.
The terminal, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, may also be embodied as furniture, a part of a building/structure, an electronic board, an electronic signature receiver device, a projector, any of various measuring devices (e.g., a water meter, an electricity meter, a gas meter, or a meter for electromagnetic radiation), etc., each having communication functionality. According to various embodiments of the present invention, the terminal may be a combination of the aforementioned devices. However, the electronic device is not limited thereto.
A method and an apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, may be applied to various communication systems, e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 ac communication systems, IEEE 802.16 communication systems, digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) services, mobile broadcasting services such as digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) services and advanced television systems committee mobile/handheld (ATSC-M/H) services, digital video broadcasting systems, such as, for example, Internet protocol television (IPTV) systems, Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) media transport (MMT) systems, evolved packet systems (EPSs), long term evolution (LTE) mobile communication systems, LTE-advanced (LTE-A) mobile communication systems, high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) mobile communication systems, 3rd generation partnership project 2 (3GPP2) high rate packet data (HRPD) mobile communication systems, 3GPP2 wideband code divisional multiple access (WCDMA) mobile communication systems, 3GPP2 code divisional multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication systems, mobile IP systems, etc.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method and an apparatus are provided, by which an SM adaptively operates in an ET mode or an APT mode depending on a fixed supply voltage and an output voltage, and accordingly, controls the output voltage in order to improve an efficiency of an RF power amplifier used in a transmitter of a terminal for radio communication. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method is provided for an SM to supply an optimal fixed supply voltage by taking into account changes in input signal characteristics, and changes in gain and offset of the SM for efficiently handling the changes in input signal characteristics.
Referring to
The gain/offset controller 201 serves to improve back-off power efficiency in the ET mode, and controls a gain and an offset of an output voltage of the SM 200 based on output power of an RF PA 210 operating in the ET mode by receiving a power control signal PW_Ctrl from a modem and sending a reference signal to the AC coupling/DC feedback controller 206.
The power controller 202 determines the ET mode or the APT mode of the RF PA 210 depending on the level of the power control signal PW_Ctrl input from the modem, and adaptively controls output voltage of the buck booster 203 by controlling reference voltage Vref input to the buck booster 203.
The buck booster 203 controls the output voltage based on the level of the reference voltage Vref input from the power controller 202, and provides the fixed supply voltage to the linear regulator 204 in the ET mode, while providing the output voltage straight to the RF PA 210 via the switch 207 in the APT mode. Contact of the switch 207 is controlled by an external control signal.
The linear regulator 204 receives a fixed supply voltage from the buck booster 203, amplifies an envelope signal input from the modem, and sends the amplified envelope signal to the AC coupling/DC feedback controller 206.
The AC coupling/DC feedback controller 206 combines an AC-coupled signal from the signal output from the linear regulator 204, and a signal output from the switching regulator 205 at a combiner 208, and provides the combined result to the RF PA 210 as the fixed supply voltage. Furthermore, the AC coupling/DC feedback controller 206 outputs a signal to control the switching regulator 205 by detecting a DC signal from the output signal from the linear regulator 204.
A digital to analog converter (DAC) is required between the output of a digital circuit and the input of an analog circuit, and the DAC may be located in the digital circuit or connected to the output end of the digital circuit as a separate circuit.
Referring to
The LUT 301 includes shape tables having a number of curve values. The values of the LUT 301 may be determined by a simulation, stored in the fixed form in the hardware design stage, or stored by receiving them from the modem in an initial setting stage. The comparator 305 compares the power control signal PW_Ctrl input from the modem with a predetermined reference value, and sends the comparison result to the controller 303. The controller 303 separates and converts data values stored in the LUT 301 into gains and offsets based on the comparison result received from the comparator 305. The controller 303 outputs the results to the power controller 202 and AC coupling/DC feedback controller 206.
A shape table for forming a single curve has traditionally been used, and thus, the gain and the offset have been fixed, resulting in the use of a restricted back-off section. In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, however, with shape tables including a number of curves, different gains and offsets may be set for a plurality of sections divided by power level, thereby improving the back-off efficiency of the RF PA operating in the ET mode. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, curves of supply power of the linear regulator may first be determined by experiments for respective output power regions in the ET mode. As the output power regions become finer, the shape is made more optimal, in which case, however, the number of tables to be stored in the LUT 301 increases and the processing time may become longer. Therefore, the appropriate number of output power regions should be made by taking into account a tradeoff between complexity and efficiency of the system. Once respective gains and offsets are determined by experiments for the plurality of output power regions, shape tables with the determined gains and offsets may be stored in the LUT 301. The number of columns of the LUT 301 is the same as the number of output power regions. The controller 303 extracts, from the LUT 301, values (a gain and an offset) in a column matched with a power region corresponding to the comparison result of the comparator 305.
In the ET mode, the output voltage of the buck booster 203 may be used as a fixed supply voltage of the linear regulator 204. The maximum output voltage of the buck booster 203 may be determined by a peak output voltage of the SM 200 while the minimum output voltage is determined by a minimum operating voltage of the linear regulator 204. Accordingly, in a range from the back-off power lower than a certain value to the power for conversion from ET mode to APT mode, maintaining the fixed supply voltage of the buck booster 203 may increase power efficiency. After conversion into the APT mode, the fixed supply voltage of the buck booster 203 must be linearly controlled.
Referring to
The subtractor 401 outputs a value obtained by subtracting a predetermined DC feedback (DCFB) value from the power control signal PW_Ctrl sent from the modem. The comparator 403 outputs a supply voltage Vref of the buck booster 203 by comparing the value from the subtractor 401 with a minimum voltage value (Vmin) for conversion from the APT mode to the ET mode. The minimum value Vmin is determined in advance. The subtractor 401 and the comparator 403 are activated in the ET mode but deactivated in the APT mode.
Referring to
The AC coupling capacitor 501 only outputs an AC-coupled signal from a signal sent from the linear regulator 204. The DC detector 503 detects a DC voltage across the AC coupling capacitor 501. The comparator 505 sends a DC feedback (DCFB) value to the switching regulator 205 by comparing a reference value Vos input from the gain/offset controller 201 and a voltage detected by the DC detector 503.
As shown in
Referring to
In addition, while the RF PA 210 is operating in the APT mode, the switch 207 is connected to the buck booster 203 and the buck booster is disconnected from the linear regulator 204. Accordingly, the SM 200 has the arrangement of
Referring to
In addition, while the RF PA 210 is operating in the ET mode, the switch 207 is disconnected from the buck booster 203 and connected to the combiner 208. Accordingly, the SM 200 has the arrangement as in
Furthermore, in the ET mode, the gain/offset controller 201 adaptively controls a gain and an offset of an output voltage of the SM 200 based on output power of the RF PA 210 operating in the ET mode, by receiving the power control signal PW_Ctrl from the modem and sending a reference signal to the AC coupling/DC feedback controller 206.
In
In the ET mode, since the output voltage of the buck booster is used as a fixed supply voltage for the linear regulator, the maximum output voltage of the buck booster is determined by an SM peak output voltage, and the minimum output voltage of the buck booster is determined by the minimum operating fixed supply voltage Vmin (Vmin_ET in
Output power of the communication system depends on channel conditions. The modem may generate the power control signal PW_Ctrl to suit the output power, and the power control signal PW_Ctrl may be input to the SM and PA. The SM may determine a mode by comparing the PW_Ctrl input from the modem, and Vmax_APT. If the PW_Ctrl value decreases and leaves a region for operating in the ET mode, the SM may be changed into the APT mode. The entire efficiency of the SM may be determined by the ratio between the input voltage and the output voltage, and the supply voltage for the linear regulator, having a large part of the SM, is included in the linear section of
Moreover, in accordance with the embodiment of the present disclosure, the entire SM efficiency may be improved with the use of the AC coupling capacitor. For example, if the range of output voltage of the conventional SM without use of the AC coupling capacitor is 1.5V˜5.0V, the fixed supply voltage of the linear regulator must have the peak voltage of 5.0V in consideration of a headroom voltage of a transistor. However, since power consumption increases with the fixed supply voltage, thereby decreasing the SM efficiency, lowering the supply voltage may reduce the power consumption. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the output voltage level of the linear regulator may be lowered by a DC offset value (DAC_DCFB of
The modem may change PW_Ctrl to suit a channel condition in every TTI section. In TTI 1 where the channel condition is good, a low fixed supply voltage is available, so the level of an envelope signal is low. In this case, the SM controls the power of the buck booster in the APT mode. In TTI 2 where the channel condition becomes worse, a high output power is required, and thus, the level of the envelope signal increases. In this case, the SM operates in the ET mode, comparing (PW_Ctrl−DAC_DCFB) and a Vmin value and outputting a bigger one as supply power for the buck booster. In
While setting different gains and offsets for different power regions, DC offset values (DAC_DCFB) may be set differently for the power regions by means of the AC coupling capacitor, according to changes in input signal characteristics, as described in detail above. This enables improvement in both the SM efficiency and the ET PA efficiency.
While the power regions are classified into two regions in
Referring to
Otherwise, when the operating mode of the SM is determined the APT mode, the reference voltage Vref input to the buck booster 203 is controlled by the power controller 202 to suit the APT mode, and thus, the output voltage of the buck booster 203 may be controlled in step 1205. In addition, in step 1205, the switch 207 is connected to the buck booster 203. Accordingly, the RF PA 210 operates according to the output voltage of the buck booster 203 in step 1206.
As described above, in accordance with an embodiments of the present disclosure, entire SM efficiency may be improved by classifying output power into a plurality of power regions and adaptively controlling the fixed supply voltage of the linear regulator in each power region. Moreover, power efficiency in the ET mode may also be increased by controlling input signal characteristics and corresponding DC offset voltage across the AC coupling capacitor. Using different gains and offsets for different power regions may enable the use of low output voltage in a low power region for operating in the APT mode, thereby improving the back-off efficiency. In addition, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, complexity of an RF circuit of a communication terminal may decrease by performing power control with a hardware circuit comprised of a digital controller and a DAC.
Particular aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented as computer-readable codes embodied on a computer-readable recording medium from a particular perspective. The computer-readable recording medium is any data storage device that may store data readable to computer systems. Examples of the computer-readable recording medium may include read only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), compact disk-read only memories (CD-ROMs), magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical data storage devices, or carrier waves (e.g., data transmission via the Internet), etc. The computer-readable recording medium may be distributed by computer systems connected over a network, and thus, the computer-readable codes may be stored and executed in distributed ways. Furthermore, functional programs, codes, and code segments for achieving various embodiments of the present disclosure may be readily interpreted by skilled programmers in the art to which embodiments of the present disclosure are applied.
It will be appreciated that the embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in a form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. The software may be stored as program instructions or computer readable codes executable on the processor on a computer-readable medium, as described above. This media can be read by the computer, stored in the memory, and executed by the processor. The method in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure may be implemented by a computer or portable terminal including a controller and a memory, and the memory may be an example of the computer readable recording medium suitable for storing a program or programs having instructions that implement the embodiments of the present disclosure.
The present disclosure may be implemented by a program having codes for embodying the apparatus and method described in claims, the program being stored in a machine (or computer) readable storage medium. The program may be electronically carried on any medium, such as communication signals transferred via wired or wireless connection, and the present disclosure suitably includes its equivalent.
The electronic device in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure may receive and store the program from a program provider connected thereto via cable or wirelessly. The program provider may include a memory for storing programs having instructions to perform the embodiments of the present disclosure, information necessary for the embodiments of the present disclosure, etc., a communication unit for wired/wirelessly communicating with mobile devices, and a controller for sending the program to the mobile devices on request or automatically.
In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, efficiency of an SM, which is a key part of an ET power amplifier, may be improved in respective peak power and back-off power regions. Moreover, respective peak power and back-off power efficiencies of the ET power amplifier may be improved by implementing an optimized interface of an RF power amplifier and the SM. In addition, the improved back-off power efficiency leads to reduced battery consumption of a communication terminal, and thus, to increased operating hours of the terminal, and the improved peak power efficiency of the power amplifier leads to reduction in heat generation of the terminal.
While certain embodiments have been shown a described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2015-0061379 | Apr 2015 | KR | national |
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to a U.S. provisional application filed on Sep. 2, 2014 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No. 62/044,725, and under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to a Korean patent application filed on Apr. 30, 2015 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office and assigned Serial No. 10-2015-0061379, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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