Method and apparatus for testing engines

Abstract

A scramjet has a cowl, a center structure, and a plurality of wide pylons connecting the cowl to the center structure, with scramjet engines positioned between adjacent pylons. Leading surfaces of adjacent pylons converge to one another to provide side wall compression to air entering the engines. The center structure includes a fore body, a center body and an aft body that, with the pylons, define a basic structure either formed entirely from one piece or several securely connected pieces. A method of testing the scramjet projectile comprises using a gun to accelerate the scramjet projectile to the takeover velocity of the engines.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] Embodiments of the invention relate to high velocity engines and projectiles. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to testing procedures and apparatuses for high velocity engines and projectiles.

[0004] 2. Description of Related Art

[0005] Ramjet and supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) technology has been the subject of extensive research and development. In this application, the term ramjet is intended to include scramjets, where appropriate. Scramjet engines provide propulsion at hypersonic speeds (i.e. above Mach 5) by capturing atmospheric air to bum onboard fuel. For hypersonic propulsion, these air breathing engines are more efficient than rocket motors and can allow longer duration hypersonic flight with greater payload.

[0006] Testing scramjet engines has, in the past, been an extremely expensive undertaking. This is due to the need to accelerate a scramjet to its takeover velocity, the velocity at which the engine begins to be able to operate. The takeover velocity is at supersonic or hypersonic speeds. One mainstream thought regarding methods of accelerating a scramjet engine to the takeover velocity involves a first stage vehicle being lifted to flight level by a jet aircraft and released. The first stage vehicle then accelerates the scramjet vehicle beyond the takeover velocity, at which point the scramjet engine ignites and testing can begin. The costs associated with one such test can be on the order of magnitude of $10 million. The high cost of such testing has proved to be prohibitive in many cases, resulting in insufficient testing of scramjet technology.

[0007] As a low cost alternative, it has been proposed to use a gas gun to accelerate to supersonic speeds a projectile having a scramjet engine. Many problems exist with the prior art ramjet test projectile and with methods for launching such a ramjet test projectile from a gas gun. For example, the acceleration forces to which a ramjet, and particularly a scramjet, projectile is subjected during a gas gun launch is more than 5000 G's and is more typically on the order of 10,000 G's, that is, 10,000 times the force of gravity, or more. Launches from other types of guns can subject a scramjet or other projectile to 60,000 or 70,000 G's. At accelerations as high as these, the projectile must be G-hardened to withstand the loads resulting from the acceleration. Conventional mechanical fasteners often used in the prior art cannot withstand such forces. Moreover, the basic structural design of prior art ramjet projectiles is incapable of withstanding such forces. Prior ramjet test projectiles typically include a heavy center body surrounded by a cowl. Thin pylons are used to hold the center body and cowl together. When a projectile having such a construction is subjected to the high acceleration forces present during gun launch, the thin pylons break and the test projectile disintegrates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] A projectile structure is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the projectile structure comprises a cowl and a center structure. A plurality of wide pylons connects the cowl to the center structure. At least one engine is provided, the engine being located between adjacent pylons. The cowl, the center structure and the plurality of pylons form an integral structure. The pylons define, in part, the inlet to the engine, providing side wall compression to a fluid provided to the engine.

[0009] Embodiments of the invention greatly increase the feasibility of ramjet, and particularly scramjet, technology research and development. By using a gas gun to launch a scramjet projectile, embodiments of the invention reduce the launch cost of a scramjet projectile by two orders of magnitude compared to aircraft-released and/or rocket acceleration.

[0010] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention overcome the problems in the prior art. Embodiments of the invention use strong materials, such as titanium, for the projectile. The scramjets of the invention have a basic structure formed from a single piece or constructed from a small number of parts connected securely, such as by welding or threaded connections. For example, particular embodiments of the invention are constructed from four titanium parts welded together.

[0011] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention utilize wide pylons as structural members of the projectile. The use of wide pylons as structural members is enabled by also using the pylons to form part of the scramjet engine inlet. Otherwise, wide pylons would adversely affect engine performance. When used as part of the scramjet engine inlets, the pylons provide tangential compression to the inlet airflow. The arrangement of the pylons at the inlet, along with a tapered fore body, provides a radial and tangential flow to incoming air, that is, flow of air radially outward from the longitudinal axis of the scramjet and in directions tangential to the scramjet. Thus, the arrangement of the pylons in the scramjet according to the present invention provides a three-dimensional airflow. The three-dimensional air flow leads to improved scramjet performance compared to the two-dimensional air flow achieved by the high aspect ratio slit used for the inlet flow area in the prior art. Thus, the structure and design of the pylons in the present invention provide structural integrity to the test projectile, as well as improved scramjet engine performance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a projectile structure in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

[0013] FIG. 2 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1;

[0014] FIG. 3 is a front view of the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2;

[0015] FIG. 4 is a rear view of the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2;

[0016] FIGS. 5-8 are schematic views of an example of a testing apparatus of the invention; and

[0017] FIG. 9 is a rear view of another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] FIGS. 1-4 show an example of a scramjet projectile in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, a projectile structure 100 has primary structural members including: a conical fore body 110, a center body 114, an aft body 125, together defining a center structure, and an annular member, or cowl, 140. The conical fore body 110 is connected to the center body 114. The conical fore body 110 includes an external surface 115 extending from its tip towards the cowl 140. The external surface 115 is configured to compress the fluid (air) through which the projectile passes. The aft body 125 is connected to the center body 114 at an end opposite the conical fore body 110. A plurality of pylons 120 extend radially from the center body 114 and aft body 125 to the cowl 140. The pylons serve to segregate adjacent internal flow passages 200, each of which is part of a respective scramjet engine. The cowl 140 encloses the scramjet engines. In this example, each pylon 120 has a leading edge 124, two side surfaces 126 and an aft end adjacent to the aft end of the projectile structure 100. The flow passages 200 are each defined by side surfaces 126 of adjacent pylons 120, center body 114, aft body 125, and cowl 140. Although described herein as separate members connected together by, for example, welding or threaded connections, the fore body 110, the center body 114, the aft body 125 and the pylons 120, or combinations thereof, can be formed as a monolith, that is, a single piece, for example, by casting or by machining a billet.

[0019] Two flow passages 200 are shown in cross-section in FIG. 2. The flow passages 200 extend longitudinally through the projectile. Inlets 190 to flow passages 200 are each defined by leading portions of side surfaces 126 of adjacent pylons 120 and by center body 114. The inlets 190 are preferably not enclosed by the cowl 140. As shown in FIG. 3, leading portions of side surfaces 126 of adjacent pylons 120 are arranged opposite each other to define inlets 190. The side surfaces 126 of the pylons 120 are arranged to converge toward opposing side surfaces of adjacent pylons and thereby provide sidewall compression to the air entering inlet 190. Accordingly, the air entering the inlet of flow passages 200 is compressed by the external surface 115 of the conical fore body 110 and also by leading portions of the side surfaces 126 of the pylons 120. Preferably, the external surface of the conical fore body 110 and leading portions of the side wall surfaces 126 are configured to have certain angles to compress and turn the air as it enters the inlets 190, thus, raising the pressure of the air flow.

[0020] In the illustrated embodiment, the pylons 120 and the leading edge of cowl 140 define notches 130 at the inlets 190. The notches 130 here are V-shaped and have leading points 134, at the leading edges 124 of the pylons 120, and rear points 132. The notches 130 may have other shapes, for example, U-shape, elliptical or hyperbolic, but are usually generally scalloped in shape. The objective of the shape of the leading edge of the cowl 140 is to achieve a shock wave at the rear points 132 for the design Mach number, and allow self-starting inlet. The leading edge of the cowl 140 is arranged to intersect a conical shock wave set up by the conical fore body 110. The shapes of the notches 130 are designed such that the leading edge of the cowl 140 also conforms to planar shock waves set up by the leading portions of the side wall surfaces 126 of the pylons 120. These provisions maximize the performance of the engines. Each notch 130 is the leading edge of an exterior surface 210. Although exterior surfaces 210 are shown as having both concave and convex surfaces, other shapes for exterior surfaces 210 are also appropriate.

[0021] Utilizing the pylons 120 to compress the incoming air flow allows the pylons to be made wider than in prior art scramjet projectiles. In previous projectile structures, wide pylons would have inhibited air flow into the scram jet engines and affected the performance of the engines. However, by using the pylons to compress the air entering the engines in accordance with the present invention, it is possible to have wide pylons that provide structural integrity to the projectile. For example, a profile width of the pylons 120, the width between adjacent flow passages at the throat of the flow passages, can be made as great as and even greater than a profile width of the engines, the width of the flow passages 200 between adjacent pylons 120 being from 1 to 12 times as great, preferably 2 to 5 times as great. These relative widths, as described, are taken at the throat, the minimum flow area of the flow passages 200. Pylons having such thicknesses provide the structural integrity needed for the test projectile to withstand the high acceleration forces, G forces, generated during gas gun launch. The key is to have wide pylons to give structural integrity while at the same time using those wide pylons constructively to yield high engine performance.

[0022] FIG. 3 is a frontal view of the projectile structure 100 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 4 is a rear view of the projectile structure 100 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. As can be seen from FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, the illustrated embodiment has eight pylons 120 and eight flow passages 200. As can be seen from FIGS. 3 and 4, the thickness of the pylons 120 in a circumferential direction about the center line of the projectile structure is preferably greater than the width of the flow passages 200 along the same direction. As discussed further below, in alternate embodiments, this relatively large volume of the pylons 120, can be used, in part, for additional storage. For example, if the pylons 120 are made hollow adjacent leading edges 124, these volumes can be used to store fuel or munitions, including explosives, 215, or boosters 400 (FIG. 9).

[0023] As can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, each flow passage 200 has at its rearmost portion a nozzle 150. In addition, each flow passage 200 has a flame holder 160 and fuel supply ports 170. Primary storage area 180 is provided in aft body 125. Fuel can be stored in primary storage body 180 and supplied to each of the flow passages 200 by fuel valve 220 and fuel system 230. Fuel valve 230 may be an inertially activated valve of a known type that is triggered by high G forces to allow fuel to flow. The fuel can be a compressed or liquefied gas or a solid fuel. In this example, fuel system 230 supplies fuel through apertures 240 and passages (not shown) through the center body 114 and the pylons 120 to fuel supply ports 170 in the pylons. The throat of each flow passage 200 is preferably located upstream of the point at which fuel is introduced into the flow passage. Also shown in FIG. 2 is a secondary storage volume 190, which can store, for example, additional fuel, navigational or communications instrumentation, or munitions.

[0024] In operation, air is compressed, turned and introduced to flow passages 200. As discussed above, the pylons 120 are arranged to provide side wall compression. The turning of the air is performed by the pylons 120 and conical fore body 110, with the pylons preferably providing about two-thirds of the turning and the conical fore body 110 providing the remaining one-third. The external surface of the conical fore body 110 can have an angle, from the longitudinal axis to the surface, of, for example, about 8 degrees to perform compression and turning of the air.

[0025] The temperature of the air rises due to the heat of compression. As the compressed air passes fuel supply ports 170, fuel is introduced by fuel supply ports 170 and ignited, for example, by spontaneous combustion due to compression or by other ignition. As the burning air/fuel mixture progresses along flow passages 200, it expands and exits projectile structure 100 through nozzles 150, thereby creating thrust to move the projectile forward. In the illustrated embodiment, each flow passage 200 is an independent scramjet engine. The fuel supply ports 170 of all of the flow passages 200 can be controlled together so that, when fuel flows, it flows to all of the flow passages simultaneously. Thus, the outputs of all of the engines can be controlled together. In preferred embodiments, the fuel supply ports 170 of each flow passage 200 are independently controlled so that the amount of thrust generated by each flow passage is controllable independently of the thrust of other flow passages. As a result, the output of each engine is controllable independently, and the projectile structure 100 can be steered during flight by independently controlling the amount of fuel supplied to each flow passage 200.

[0026] FIGS. 5-8 illustrate an example of a testing apparatus 300 used to economically test ramjet and scramjet technology. The testing apparatus is able to simulate flight and operation of the scramjet test projectile at altitude. A two-stage gas gun 305 employing a light gas may be used as the testing apparatus. The gas gun 305 is used to accelerate the test projectile to supersonic speeds necessary to test the scramjet engines. The gas gun 305 has a pump tube 310 in which a piston 320 is arranged. The piston 320 moves in the longitudinal direction of pump tube 310. A gun barrel 330 is connected to pump tube 310 by a transitional section 315. Transitional section 315 transitions between the cross-sectional area of pump tube 310 and the smaller cross-sectional area of gun barrel 330. The gun barrel has, for example, a diameter of about 4-8 inches and a length of about 80-130 feet.

[0027] Gun barrel 330 is connected to a blast tank 340, which is, in turn, connected to a range tank 350. A membrane 360 separates blast tank 340 and range tank 350. When the gas gun is fired, the air in the gas gun gets extremely hot. An inert gas should be provided in blast tank 340 to prevent any unwanted combustion during the firing of the gun. The air pressure in range tank 350 is reduced to simulate flight at altitude, for example, about 100,000 feet. Membrane 360 may include a fast acting valve that opens to allow the test projectile to pass through, then closes quickly to maintain the separation between blast tank 340 and range tank 350.

[0028] In operation, the test projectile 100 is arranged in gun barrel 330. Piston 320 is accelerated to the right in FIG. 5 to compress a light gas in pump tube 310. Examples of the gas that can be used in pump tube 310 are hydrogen and helium. Piston 320 can be accelerated by, for example, a gunpowder explosion behind piston 320 (to the left of piston 320 in FIG. 5) or any other appropriate means. FIG. 6 shows piston 320 being moved toward the right and compressing the gas in pump tube 310. Projectile structure 100 begins to move to the right under the force created by the compressed gas in pump tube 310. The test projectile may have a full bore structure. Therefore, some means of preventing the light gas from passing through the flow passages 200 of projectile 100 is preferably used. For example, a pusher plate 325 can be used behind projectile structure 100 between projectile structure 100 and the light gas. Alternatively, some means of protecting the rear and/or sides of projectile structure 100 (and possibly gun barrel 330) can be used. An example of such protection is a sabot 328, shown in FIG. 6. Sabots also provide a means to distribute the launch load onto a larger area of projectile structure 100. The pusher plate 325 or the sabot 328, whichever is used, separates from the projectile structure 100 at some point after the projectile structure exits the gun barrel 330. FIG. 7 shows piston 320 at its rightmost position and projectile structure 100 moving toward the right in gun barrel 330. Projectile 100 is preferably accelerated to takeover velocity in gun barrel 330. Projectile 100 then exits gun barrel 330 and proceeds through blast tank 340 and down range tank 350. FIG. 8 shows projectile structure 100 piercing membrane 360 after exiting gun barrel 330.

[0029] Instrumentation 370 is provided to detect and record the position of projectile 100 versus time during its flight through blast tank 340 and range tank 350. The instrumentation 370 can include x-ray stations to determine not only position vs. time, but also the structural integrity of the projectile. The instrumentation can also include photo stations for taking laser-illuminated digital photographs of the projectile; infrared stations to take infrared images of the exhausts of the engines, to determine engine efficiency; stations for ultraviolet imaging and shadowgraphs; and high speed video cameras, such as those produced under the trademark HYCAM. Projectile structure 100 may also be provided with instrumentation. The instrumentation included with projectile structure 100 can include RF transmitting/receiving capability in order to provide from the test projectile information concerning pressure, temperature, acceleration, etc. Both the instrumentation 370 and the instrumentation of the projectile structure record information about the performance of the projectile and its engines. The flight of projectile structure 100 is concluded as it impacts endwall 354 of range tank 350.

[0030] Although the method of testing according to the present invention has been described in connection with a gas gun employing a light gas, it is understood that the method is applicable to other guns, such as large military guns.

[0031] As mentioned above, the relative thickness of pylons 120 in preferred embodiments of the invention provide space that can be used to store, for example, fuel, munitions, instrumentation, booster engines or other appropriate material. As discussed above, ramjet and scramjet engines must reach a takeover velocity (usually Mach 2 or greater) before they will operate. In certain embodiments of the invention, pylons 120 can be made hollow in order to allow placement of a booster, for example a solid or other rocket booster, that can be used to accelerate the ramjet or scramjet engine up to the takeover velocity. A booster can be provided in each pylon or only in selected pylons. For example, if the projectile structure 100 has eight pylons, any number from one to eight boosters may be used. However, it is preferable to space the boosters symmetrically so as to more easily create symmetrical thrust. FIG. 9 shows a rear view of a projectile structure using a rocket booster 400 in each of eight pylons.

[0032] While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments and examples, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications may be made thereto without significantly departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A projectile structure, comprising: an annular member; a center structure; a plurality of pylons connecting the annular member to the center structure, said pylons being spaced circumferentially from one another around the center structure; and at least one engine positioned between two adjacent ones of the pylons.

2. The projectile structure of claim 1, comprising a plurality of said engines.

3. The projectile structure of claim 1, wherein each of the engines has an output, and the output of all of the engines is controllable together.

4. The projectile structure of claim 1, wherein each of the engines has an output, and the output of a first of the engines is controllable independently from the output of a second of the engines.

5. The projectile structure of claim 4, wherein the output of each of the engines is controllable independently from the output of each of the other engines.

6. The projectile structure of claim 1, wherein each of the engines is a scramjet engine.

7. The projectile structure of claim 2, wherein each of the engines has a flow passage defining a throat at a minimum transverse cross sectional area of the flow passage.

8. The projectile structure of claim 7, wherein a profile width is defined as a width measured in a circumferential direction about a longitudinal axis of the projectile structure, and a profile width of at least one of the pylons at the throat is from 1 to 12 times a profile width of one of the engines at the throat.

9. The projectile structure of claim 8, wherein a profile width of each of the pylons at the throat is from 1 to 12 times a profile width of one of the engines at the throat.

10. The projectile structure of claim 9, wherein a profile width of each of the pylons at the throat is from 2 to 5 times a profile width of one of the engines at the throat.

11. The projectile structure of claim 1, wherein the engine has a flow passage having an inlet, and the inlet is defined in part by the adjacent pylons between which the engine is located.

12. The projectile structure of claim 11, wherein the projectile structure has a fore and an aft, and the inlet is defined in part by surfaces of the adjacent pylons, said surfaces converging toward one another from fore to aft.

13. The projectile structure of claim 12, wherein the center structure includes a tapered fore body, said inlet being defined in part by said tapered fore body.

14. The projectile structure of claim 7, wherein the annular member has a scalloped leading edge, the scalloped leading edge having a plurality of forward points, and a plurality of rearward points, wherein one of the forward points corresponds to each of the pylons, and one of the rearward points is positioned over each of the flow passages.

15. The projectile structure of claim 7, further comprising a plurality of boosters, wherein each of the boosters is located within a respective one of the pylons.

16. The projectile structure of claim 1, wherein the center structure and the pylons are formed of one piece.

17. The projectile structure of claim 1, wherein the annular member, the center structure, and the pylons comprise individually formed parts connected to one another by one of welding and threaded connections to define a basic structure having an engine.

18. The projectile structure of claim 17, wherein the basic structure is made of titanium.

19. The projectile structure of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of at least one pylon is hollow.

20. The projectile structure of claim 19, wherein the hollow portion contains fuel.

21. The projectile structure of claim 18, wherein the hollow portion contains munitions.

22. A method of testing a scramjet projectile having an annular member, a center structure, and at least one engine having a takeover velocity below which the engine does not operate, comprising: connecting the annular body to the center structure by a plurality of pylons capable of withstanding the G forces associated with using a gun to accelerate the scramjet projectile to the takeover velocity; using a gun to accelerate the scramjet projectile to the takeover velocity; and recording information about the scramjet projectile.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the step of recording includes recording information about the structural integrity of the scramjet.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the engine is positioned between two pylons, the engine has a flow passage defining a throat at a minimum cross sectional area of the flow passage, a profile width is a width measured circumferentially around the longitudinal axis of the scramjet, and wherein the step of connecting comprises connecting the annular body to the center structure by a plurality of pylons each having a profile width at least as great as the profile width of the passage at the throat.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the profile width of the pylon is from 1 to 12 times the profile width of the flow passage.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the profile width of the pylon is from 2 to 5 times the profile width of the flow passage.

27. The method of claim 22, wherein the annular body, the center structure and the pylons are together formed from one piece.

28. The method of claim 22, wherein the annular body, the center structure and the pylons are integral.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the one piece is made of titanium.

30. The method of claim 28, wherein the annular body, the center structure and the pylons are made of titanium.