The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications and more particularly to a method and apparatus for tuning a communication device for multiband operation.
Communication devices are being designed to transmit and receive in multiple frequency bands, also referred to herein as multiband operation, to take advantage of techniques such as transmit and receive diversity and carrier aggregation. However, the current design approaches for multiband operation have some shortcomings. For example, in one conventional radio architecture design approach, as the number of active frequency bands increases, the number of dedicated paths between a transceiver and antennas and, hence, the number of components needed for the radio to operate in multiple frequency bands, with or without carrier aggregation, quickly becomes impractical. An alternative cognitive design approach uses fewer dedicated paths and components but requires unreasonable levels of isolation and attenuation from the components.
The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.
The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
Generally speaking, pursuant to the various embodiments, the present disclosure provides for a wireless communication device adapted for multiband operation. The wireless communication device includes multiple antennas. Each antenna is coupled, through a diplexer, to a first signal path that communicates signals over frequencies selected from a set (e.g., a plurality) of high frequency bands and to a second signal path that communicates signals over frequencies selected from a set (e.g., a plurality) of low frequency bands. Each signal path includes a set of notch filters. Within each set of notch filters, each notch filter is tunable to attenuate a different blocker frequency. A controller coupled to the notch filters performs a method to tune the notch filters, in general, based on a plurality of operating frequency bands and, more specifically, based on a plurality of operating frequencies allocated from the plurality of operating frequency bands. Moreover, at least some of the signal paths are receive paths, wherein the wireless communication device further includes a wideband filter within each receive path, wherein half of the wideband filters are configured to filter frequencies outside of the set of low frequency bands, and the other half of the wideband filters are configured to filter frequencies outside of the set of high frequency bands.
Accordingly, using the present teachings, a wireless communication device design is provided that enables simultaneous operation in multiple frequency bands for both transmit and receive diversity and carrier aggregation. This can be accomplished while minimizing the number of dedicated signal paths and components needed in the wireless communication device and while eliminating the need for unrealistically high performance components, for instance, in terms of attenuation and isolation requirements.
Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to
The wireless communication device 100, in one example, is a radio telephone, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant, a gaming console, a remote controller, an electronic book reader, or any other type of electronic device capable of communicating in conformance with various wireless standards including, but not limited to, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, including Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, High Speed Packet Access+(HSPA), and the like. Those skilled in the art, however, will recognize and appreciate that the specifics of this example are merely illustrative of some embodiments and that the teachings set forth herein are applicable in a variety of alternative settings. For example, since the teachings described do not depend on the particular device within which the teachings are implemented or the wireless access protocols used, the teachings can be applied to any type of electronic device capable of communicating signals using any suitable wireless access protocols, although a wireless communication device 100 is shown for illustrative purposes. As such, other alternative implementations using different types of devices, including infrastructure devices such as base stations, and different wireless access protocols are contemplated and are within the scope of the various teachings described.
As shown, the wireless communication device 100 includes: a first antenna 102; a first diplexer 106 coupled to the first antenna 102 and configured to pass signals within a first set of frequency bands and a second set of frequency bands; and first and second signal paths 180, 182 coupled to the first diplexer 106, wherein each signal path 180, 182 includes a set of notch filters 164, 166, respectively, and each signal path 180, 182 is configured to communicate signals within a different one of the first and second sets of frequency bands. The wireless communication device 100 also includes: a second antenna 104; a second diplexer 108 coupled to the second antenna 104 and configured to pass signals within the first and second sets of frequency bands; and third and fourth signal paths 184, 186 coupled to the second diplexer 108, wherein each of the third and fourth signal paths 184, 186 includes a set of notch filters 168, 170, and each of the third and fourth signal paths 184, 186 is configured to communicate signals within a different one of the first and second sets of frequency bands. Furthermore, the wireless communication device 100 includes a transceiver 140 coupled to each signal path 180-186 and a controller 158 coupled to the transceiver 140 and to the sets of notch filters 164-170.
In addition, the wireless communication device 100 includes: a first wideband filter 110 configured to filter frequencies outside of the first set of frequency bands: and a second wideband filter 112 configured to filter frequencies outside of the second set of frequency bands. Each wideband filter 110, 112 is coupled to at least one of the first or the second diplexers 106, 108 and coupled within a different signal path. As shown in
In an embodiment, the signal paths 180-186 comprise: two transmit paths that send signals having data to the antennas 102 and 104 for transmission to other devices and two receive paths that receive signals having data from other devices via the antennas 102 and 104. In an embodiment, one of the transmit paths is a high frequency band (high band) path connected to a high band (HB) port of the transceiver 140, and one of the transmit paths is a low frequency band (low band) path connected to a low band (LB) port of the transceiver 140. In one embodiment, the low band includes a first plurality of frequency bands; and the high band includes a second plurality of frequency bands, wherein at least some of the frequency bands in the low band include lower spectrum frequencies than the frequency bands in the high band.
In one example, transition bands (which are not used for communications purposes) separate the low and high frequency bands. A wide transition band enables low loss in the diplexers 106, 108. In one embodiment, a single transition band separates the low band and high band. In a particular embodiment, the low band can include 3GPP bands 12 (uplink 698-716 MHz, downlink 728-746 MHz), 17 (uplink 704-716 MHz, downlink 734-746), 13 (uplink 777-787 MHz, downlink 746-756 MHz), 20 (uplink 832-862 MHz, downlink 791-821 MHz), 5 (uplink 824-849 MHz, downlink 869-894 MHz), 8 (uplink 880-915 MHz, downlink 925-960 MHz), and other bands within the range of frequencies between the lower end of 3GPP band 12 (699 MHz), and the upper end of the 3GPP band 8 (960 MHz). The high band can include 3GPP bands 3 (uplink 1710-1785 MHz, downlink 1805-1880 MHz), 4 (uplink 1710-1755 MHz, downlink 2110-2155 MHz), 2 (uplink 1850-1910 MHz, downlink 1930-1990 MHz), 1 (uplink 1920-1980 MHz, downlink 2110-2170 MHz), 7 (uplink 2500-2570 MHz, downlink 2620-2690 MHz), 41 (2496-2690 MHz) and other bands within the range of frequencies between the lower end of 3GPP band 3 (1710 MHz), and the upper end of the 3GPP band 41 (2690 MHz). In this embodiment, the transition band is between the highest frequency of band 8 (960 MHz), and the lowest frequency of band 3 (1710 MHz). These frequency bands are provided for the purposes of illustration. In other embodiments, other frequency bands are included in the low and high frequency bands. Also, a frequency band that is included in the low band in this embodiment is included in the high band of another embodiment, and a frequency band that is included in the high band of this embodiment is included in the low band of another embodiment.
Similarly, one of the receive paths is a high band path connected to a HB port of the transceiver 140, and one of the receive paths is a low band path connected to a LB port of the transceiver 140. Moreover, in accordance with the present teachings, each diplexer 106 and 108 is connected to both a high band path and a low band path. Whether these two signal paths are transmit or receive paths depends on the particular device architecture, examples of which are shown in
In addition to the set of notch filters, the two receive paths include a wideband filter, which is a single passband filter, coupled between the set of notch filters and the diplexer. Accordingly one wideband filter 110 attenuates or blocks frequencies outside of the first range of frequencies and passes frequencies within the first range of frequencies, e.g., the low band. The other wideband filter 112 attenuates or blocks frequencies outside of the second range of frequencies and passes frequencies within the second range of frequencies, e.g., the high band. By contrast, the notch filters are tunable to attenuate certain frequencies, referred to herein as blocking signals, or blockers, and having frequencies referred to herein as interfering frequencies, blocking signal frequencies or blocker frequencies. Blocking signals can cause an increase in the minimum power level of desired signals that can be received or detected by the transceiver 140, referred to herein as the sensitivity level, or sensitivity. The reduction in the sensitivity due to coupling of interfering signals into the transceiver 140 is referred to herein as “blocking”, “desensitization”, or “desense”. Blocking signals can be transmit signals coupled from the transceiver 140, interference signals coupled from the first or second antenna 102, 104, or from signal or noise sources within or external to communication device 100. Importantly, blocking signals can be caused by intermodulation (IM) of interference signals and/or transmit signals.
The following blocker frequencies can be particularly problematic, listed in order of frequency from lowest to highest, where RX denotes the receive frequency and TX denotes the transmit frequency: a) “3rd order mix up”: |TX−RX|/2; b) “2nd order mix up”: |TX−RX|; c) “Receive divided by 3”: RX/3; d) “Receive divided by 2”: RX/2; e) “Duplex Image” or “Image”: 2TX−RX; f) “Half Duplex”: (TX+RX)/2; g) “2nd order mix down”: (TX+RX); h) “3rd order mix down”: 2TX+RX. Blocking signals caused by intermodulation of signals are referred to herein as intermodulation blockers. The “duplex image” and “half duplex” blocking signals can be especially problematic, since these occur closest to the receive frequency and may be difficult or impossible to attenuate with fixed or broadband filtering, such as wideband filters 110, 112. Notch filters 164-170 can be employed to attenuate blocking signals having interfering frequencies that are outside of the range of frequencies attenuated by the wideband filters.
In an embodiment according to the present teachings, the notch filters are tunable by the controller 158 based on a frequency band of operation for the transmitter or receiver connected to the signal path containing the notch filters. In a more specification embodiment, the notch filters are tunable by the controller 158 based on a carrier frequency of operation for the transmitter or receiver connected to the signal path containing the notch filters. For example, the notch filters 164-170 can provide low insertion loss in a receive band and attenuation at: a duplex image frequency being two times a transmit frequency minus a receive frequency; and at a half-duplex frequency being the sum of the transmit and receive frequencies divided by two. The notch filter can provide additional filtering, such as other blocker signal frequencies described above and other useful filtering.
As used herein, a signal path is a path that communicates signals between a transceiver and an antenna and that includes at least one filter component and at least one signal line between the filter components. A receive path extends between an antenna and a receive port of a transceiver. A transmit path extends between a transmit port of the transceiver and an antenna. A signal is a waveform (such as a radio wave) that carries a data stream, and a data stream is a sequence of digitally encoded data units (such as data packets containing data), which is used to transmit or receive information. A frequency band represents a range of frequencies from which channel or frequency allocation occurs for communicating, meaning transmitting and receiving, signals. A transmit frequency band is used for allocating channels having transmit carrier frequencies, and a receive frequency band is used for allocating channels having receive carrier frequencies. An operating frequency band is an active frequency band from which channels having active transmit and/or receive frequencies of operation are currently allocated to an electronic device for communicating data. A channel is the logical representation of radio frequency (RF) resources carrying data streams; and the channel is characterized by a transmit (carrier) frequency for transmitting data or a receive (carrier) frequency for receiving data and a capacity.
Turning again to the components of wireless communication device 100, controller 158, in one embodiment, is a baseband processor 158. For example, the controller 158 is comprised of one or more integrated circuit chips having data processing hardware, a memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM)) and firmware or software used to configure, e.g., program, the controller 158 to perform a number of radio control functions that require an antenna for data communications. The functions include, but are not limited to: encoding and decoding digital data; generating or parsing out certain control data such as acknowledges (ACKs), not-acknowledges (NACKs), channel quality indicators (CQIs), etc.; receiving indications of channel allocation from the network and/or applications within the device 100 and, responsively, providing frequency band selection to the transceiver; antenna match control; and notch filter tuning control. In an embodiment, the controller is coupled to the notch filters in the first, second, third, and fourth signal paths, wherein the controller is configured to tune the notch filters depending a set of frequency bands of operation within at least one of the first (e.g., low) or the second (e.g., high) frequency bands. In a further embodiment, the controller is configured to tune the notch filters depending on a set of allocated carrier frequencies of operation within at least one of the first or the second set of frequency bands.
During a transmit operation, the controller 158 receives data, for instance, audio (e.g., voice) data from a microphone, video data from a recording device, or other data from an application in the device 100. The controller 158 supplies a digital information signal containing the data, also referred herein as a data stream, to one or more transmitters in the transceiver 140. The controller 158 also supplies to the one or more transmitters an indication of one or more frequency bands of operation depending on the one or more transmit frequencies of the one or more channels allocated to transmit the data. Each transmitter modulates the data stream onto a carrier signal at the corresponding transmit frequency and provides the modulated signal to a transmit port, which is connected to a transmit path for transmission to another device by the antenna 102 and/or antenna 104.
During a receive operation the reverse signal processing is performed. The antenna 102 and/or 104 receives (i.e., picks up) a signal having a data stream, which is processed by components in a receive path to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal before the signal is passed to one or more receive ports of the transceiver 140. One or more receivers within the transceiver 140 demodulate the signal, and the controller 158 decodes the demodulated data to enable other components in the device 100, for instance, to prepare the received data for storage and/or presentation to a user. The controller 158 also supplies to the one or more receivers an indication of one or more frequency bands of operation depending on the one or more receive frequencies of the one or more channels allocated to receive the data.
In an embodiment, the transceiver 140 has at least two transmitters and at least two receivers, each configured to operate within a particular frequency range, which comprises a set of frequency bands. In one embodiment, one transmitter is configured to operate over a first distinct plurality of frequency bands, such as a plurality of low bands. Another transmitter is configured to operate over a second distinct plurality of frequency bands, such as a plurality of high bands. One receiver is configured to operate over the plurality of low bands, and another receiver is configured to operate over the plurality of high bands.
Using the above-described architecture, the wireless communication device 100 of
In the embodiment shown, the wireless communication device 200 is configured such that the first signal path 280 comprises a first receive path; the second signal path 282 comprises a second receive path; the third signal path 284 comprises a first transmit path; and the fourth signal path 286 comprises a second transmit path 286. Accordingly, the first receive path 280 is coupled to a first receive port of the transceiver 240, which in this implementation is a LB receive port. The second receive path 282 is coupled to a second receive port of the transceiver 240, which in this implementation is a HB receive port. The first transmit path 284 is coupled via a power amplifier 236 to a first transmit port of the transceiver 240, which in this implementation is a LB transmit port. The second transmit path 286 is coupled via a power amplifier 238 to a second transmit port of the transceiver 240, which in this implementation is a HB transmit port.
Further, the first receive path 280 is configured to communicate signals within the first set of frequency bands and includes the first wideband filter 210 and further includes a first notch filter 220, a second notch filter 222, and a third notch filter 224 each coupled to the controller 258 and tunable to attenuate a different frequency. Similarly, the second receive path 282 is configured to communicate signals within the second set of frequency bands and includes the second wideband filter 212 and further includes a fourth notch filter 226, a fifth notch filter 228 and a sixth notch filter 230 each coupled to the controller 258 and tunable to attenuate a different frequency. The first transmit path 284 includes a first transmit notch filter 232 coupled to the controller 258; and the second transmit path 286 includes a second transmit notch filter 234 coupled to the controller 258. As can be seen, the receive paths and the transmit paths are coupled to different antennas. Nonetheless, depending on the operating or active frequency bands associated with each path, when transmit and receive paths are active at the same time (as is possible in these embodiments), the signals being communicated can create interfering frequencies, which are attenuated by the notch filters in the signal paths 280-286.
For example, when the second antenna 204 transmits signals using the first transmit path 284 in the set of low frequency bands, undesired transmission leakage from the first transmit path 284 may mix with external interferers to create intermodulation blockers, half duplex blockers and image frequency blockers in the first receive path 280, which is configured to receive signals in the set of low frequency bands. Similarly, when the second antenna 204 transmits in the set of high frequency bands, undesired transmission leakage from the second antenna 204 may mix with external interferers to create intermodulation blockers, half duplex blockers and image frequency blockers in the second receive path 282, which is configured to receive signals in high frequency bands. Such blockers cause desense in the receive paths. Accordingly, to attenuate these blockers, the communication device 200, in one embodiment, is configured such that, the first notch filter 220 is tunable to attenuate a first transmit frequency; the second notch 222 filter is tunable to attenuate a first half duplex blocker frequency; the third notch filter 224 is tunable to attenuate a first image blocker frequency; the fourth notch filter 226 is tunable to attenuate a second transmit frequency; the fifth notch filter 228 is tunable to attenuate a second half duplex blocker frequency; and the sixth notch filter 230 is tunable to attenuate a second image blocker frequency.
Moreover, transmissions from the LB transmit path 284 may cause noise in the LB receive path 280. Similarly, transmissions from the HB transmit path 286 may cause noise in the HB receive path 282. These undesirable signals may degrade the quality of the signal being received. Accordingly, the wireless communication device 200, in this example embodiment, is configured such that: the first transmit notch filter 232 is tunable to attenuate receive frequencies in the first, e.g., LB, set of frequency bands. Whereas, the second transmit notch filter 232 is tunable to attenuate receive frequencies in the second, e.g., HB, set of frequency bands.
Using the first antenna 202 for receiving signals and the second antenna 204 for transmitting signals creates isolation between the receive paths 280, 282 and transmit paths 284, 286. This mitigates the amount of interference occurring in the receive paths due to transmission interference. Further, because the receive paths 280, 282 and transmit paths 284, 286 are isolated, the attenuation requirements of the diplexer 206 and filters comprising the receive paths 280, 282 are lessened.
As the embodiment depicted in
In
Some forms of carrier aggregation involve transmitting and receiving signals in more than one set of frequency bands. Because the antennas 202, 204 each support transmission and receive operations in different sets of frequency bands, the embodiment depicted in
The wireless communication device 400, in this embodiment, further includes a third antenna path 430. The third antenna path 430 includes: a third antenna 402; and a third diplexer 406 coupled to the third antenna 402, via a third antenna match network 442 that is coupled to the controller 258. The third diplexer 406 is configured to pass signals within the first, e.g., LB, and the second, e.g., HB, sets of frequency bands. The third antenna path 430 further includes fifth and sixth signal paths 488 and 490, respectively, coupled to the third diplexer 406 and to the transceiver 440. The fifth signal path 488 comprise a third receive path, and the sixth signal path 490 comprises a fourth receive path 490.
Each of the fifth and sixth signal paths 488 and 490 includes a set of notch filters, and each of the fifth and sixth signal paths 488, 490 is configured to communicate signals within a different one of the first (LB) and second (HB) sets of frequency bands. The third antenna path 430 further includes a third wideband filter 408 coupled to the third diplexer 406 and included within the fifth signal path 488, wherein the third wideband filter 408 is configured to filter frequencies outside of the first set of frequency bands. Moreover, The third antenna path 430 includes a fourth wideband filter 416 coupled to the third diplexer 406 and included within the sixth signal path 490, wherein the fourth wideband filter 416 is configured to filter frequencies outside of the second set of frequency bands.
Just as the first signal path 280 may experience blockers when the second antenna 204 transmits, the fifth signal path 488, which in this example is a third receive path, may similarly experience blockers. Also, the sixth signal path 490, which in this example is a fourth receive path, may experience similar blockers as experienced by the second receive path 282. Thus, in a further embodiment, the wireless communication device 400 is configured such that the third receive path 488 includes a seventh notch filter 410, an eight notch filter 412, and a ninth notch filter 414, each coupled to the controller 258 and tunable to attenuate a different frequency, such as a first transmit frequency, a half duplex blocker frequency and an image blocker frequency. Similarly, the fourth receive path 490 includes a tenth notch filter 418, an eleventh notch filter 420, and a twelfth notch filter 422, each coupled to the controller 258 and tunable to attenuate a different frequency, such as a second transmit frequency, a half duplex blocker frequency and an image blocker frequency.
The third antenna path 430, in one example, is used to provide spatial diversity reception of signals. Spatial diversity involves receiving multiple copies of a transmitted signal and using the multiple copies of the signal to, for instance, correct transmission errors that have occurred. Thus, in one example, first antenna 202 and the third antenna 402 are tuned to receive signals from the same channels of the same frequency bands, and the transceiver 440 communicates the duplicate received signals to a baseband processor that recreates the originally transmitted signal.
We now turn to a detailed description of the functionality of the wireless communication device 100-500 elements in accordance with teachings herein and by reference to the remaining figure,
Turning now to method 600 illustrated in
In one example implementation, the wireless communication device, at 602, receives an indication of: a first carrier frequency allocated from a first frequency band of a first set, e.g. plurality, of frequency bands, e.g., the LB; a second carrier frequency allocated from a second frequency band of a second set, e.g. plurality, of frequency bands, e.g., the HB; a third carrier frequency allocated from a third frequency band of the first plurality of frequency bands; and a fourth carrier frequency allocated from a fourth frequency band of the second plurality of frequency bands. The first, second, third, and fourth frequency bands can all be different or can include some common frequency bands. For example, the HB transmit and receive paths can have the same operating frequency band and/or the LB transmit and receive paths can have the same operating frequency band. However, the carrier frequencies are generally all different. The controller, at 604, responsively, adjusts first and second antenna match networks 242, 244, at a minimum, based on the corresponding frequency bands of operation. If the antenna has a very narrow bandwidth, the controller can adjust the antenna match networks based on the specific active carrier frequencies.
Moreover, the frequencies at which blockers (e.g., intermodulation, half duplex, and image frequency) in the receive path or interfering signals in the transmit path appear can change depending on the frequency band of operation for a particular signal path. Therefore, the controller may need to tune one or more sets of notch filters upon receiving the indication of the active carrier frequencies.
Accordingly, at 606, the controller tunes at least one filter within a first set of filters in a first signal path based on the first frequency band. At 608, the controller tunes at least one filter within a second set of filters in a second signal path based on the second frequency band. The first and second signal paths are coupled to a first antenna, and whether the first and second signal paths are transmit or receive paths depends on the particular wireless communication device architecture (examples of which are shown in
When the wireless communication device is configured as depicted in
When the wireless communication device is configured as depicted in
Tuning back to method 600, where at 614, the device architecture only includes the two antennas and four signal paths, the method returns to 602 until different channel allocations are made. If, however, the device architecture included a third antenna (as in
In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings.
The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.
Moreover in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has”, “having,” “includes”, “including,” “contains”, “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a”, “has . . . a”, “includes . . . a”, “contains . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment the term is defined to be within 10%, in another embodiment within 5%, in another embodiment within 1% and in another embodiment within 0.5%. The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically. A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.
It will be appreciated that some embodiments may be comprised of one or more generic or specialized processors (or “processing devices”) such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, customized processors and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the method and/or apparatus described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the two approaches could be used. Both the state machine and ASIC are considered herein as a “processing device” for purposes of the foregoing discussion and claim language.
Moreover, an embodiment can be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming a computer (e.g., comprising a processor) to perform a method as described and claimed herein. Examples of such computer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) and a Flash memory. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of generating such software instructions and programs and ICs with minimal experimentation.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20140185498 A1 | Jul 2014 | US |