Patent Grant
8167047
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for wellbore fluid treatment and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for selective flow control to a wellbore for fluid treatment.
An oil or gas well relies on inflow of petroleum products. When drilling an oil or gas well, an operator may decide to leave productive intervals uncased (open hole) to expose porosity and permit unrestricted wellbore inflow of petroleum products. Alternately, the hole may be cased with a liner, which is then perforated to permit inflow through the openings created by perforating.
When natural inflow from the well is not economical, the well may require wellbore treatment termed stimulation. This is accomplished by pumping stimulation fluids such as fracturing fluids, acid, cleaning chemicals and/or proppant laden fluids to improve wellbore inflow.
In one previous method, the well is isolated in segments and each segment is individually treated so that concentrated and controlled fluid treatment can be provided along the wellbore. Often, in this method a tubing string is used with inflatable element packers thereabout which provide for segment isolation. The packers, which are inflated with pressure using a bladder, are used to isolate segments of the well and the tubing is used to convey treatment fluids to the isolated segment. Such inflatable packers may be limited with respect to pressure capabilities as well as durability under high pressure conditions. Generally, the packers are run for a wellbore treatment, but must be moved after each treatment if it is desired to isolate other segments of the well for treatment. This process can be expensive and time consuming. Furthermore, it may require stimulation pumping equipment to be at the well site for long periods of time or for multiple visits. This method can be very time consuming and costly.
Other procedures for stimulation treatments use tubing strings without packers such that tubing is used to convey treatment fluids to the wellbore, the fluid being circulated up hole through the annulus between the tubing and the wellbore wall or casing.
The tubing string, which conveys the treatment fluid, can include ports or openings for the fluid to pass therethrough into the borehole. Where more concentrated fluid treatment is desired in one position along the wellbore, a small number of larger ports are used. In another method, where it is desired to distribute treatment fluids over a greater area, a perforated tubing string is used having a plurality of spaced apart perforations through its wall. The perforations can be distributed along the length of the tube or only at selected segments. The open area of each perforation can be pre-selected to control the volume of fluid passing from the tube during use. When fluids are pumped into the liner, a pressure drop is created across the sized ports. The pressure drop causes approximate equal volumes of fluid to exit each port in order to distribute stimulation fluids to desired segments of the well.
In many previous systems, it is necessary to run the tubing string into the bore hole with the ports or perforations already opened. This is especially true where a distributed application of treatment fluid is desired such that a plurality of ports or perforations must be open at the same time for passage therethrough of fluid. This need to run in a tube already including open perforations can hinder the running operation and limit usefulness of the tubing string.
Some sleeve systems have been proposed for flow control through tubing ports. However, the ports are generally closely positioned such that they can all be covered by the sleeve.
In accordance with a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for fluid treatment of a borehole, the apparatus comprising: a tubing string having a long axis and an upper end, a first port opened through the wall of the tubing string, a second port opened through the wall of the tubing string, the second port axially offset from the first port and positioned between the first port and the upper end, a third port opened through the wall of the tubing string, the third port axially offset from the second port and positioned between the second port and the upper end, a first packer operable to seal about the tubing string and mounted on the tubing string to act in a position offset from the first port along the long axis of the tubing string, a second packer operable to seal about the tubing string and mounted on the tubing string to act in a position between the first port and the second port along the long axis of the tubing string; a third packer operable to seal about the tubing string and mounted on the tubing string to act in a position between the second port and the third port along the long axis of the tubing string; a first closure positioned relative to the first port, the first closure being actuable relative to the first port between a closed port position and a position permitting fluid flow through the first port from the tubing string inner bore; a second closure being actuable relative to the second port between a closed port position and a position permitting fluid flow through the second port from the tubing string inner bore; and a third closure being actuable relative to the third port between a closed port position and a position permitting fluid flow through the third port from the tubing string inner bore; a closure actuating mechanism for actuating the first closure and the second closure together from their closed port positions to their positions permitting fluid flow, while the third closure remains in the closed port position.
In view of the foregoing there is provided a method for fluid treatment of a borehole, the method comprising: providing an apparatus for wellbore treatment according to one of the various embodiments of the invention; running the tubing string into a wellbore in a desired position for treating the wellbore; setting the packers; moving the closure actuating mechanism for the first closure and the second closure to release the closures to move from their closed port positions to their positions permitting fluid flow, while the third closure remains in the closed port position; and introducing wellbore treatment fluid out through the first and second ports.
In accordance with another broad aspect, there is provided an apparatus for fluid treatment of a borehole, the apparatus comprising:
a tubing string having a long axis and a wall defining an inner bore and an outer surface;
a first closure accessible from the inner bore of the tubing string, the first closure closing a first port extending through the wall of the tubing string and preventing fluid flow through the first port, but being openable to permit fluid flow through the first port;
a second closure spaced axially from the first closure and accessible from the inner bore of the tubing string, the second closure closing a second port extending through the wall of the tubing string and preventing fluid flow through the second port, but being openable to permit fluid flow through the second port, each closure openable independently from each other closure;
a packer disposed about the tubing string between the first port and the second port, the packer operable to seal fluid communication between the first port and the second port along the outer surface; and
a port-opening sleeve or actuator positioned in the tubing string and drivable through the tubing string to actuate the first closure to open the first port and the second closure to open the second port.
In accordance with another broad aspect, there is provided a method for fluid treatment of a borehole, the method comprising:
running into a wellbore with an apparatus for wellbore treatment including a tubing string having a long axis and a wall defining an inner bore and an outer surface; a first closure accessible from the inner bore of the tubing string, the first closure closing a first port extending through the wall of the tubing string and preventing fluid flow through the first port, but being openable to permit fluid flow through the first port; a second closure spaced axially from the first closure and accessible from the inner bore of the tubing string, the second closure closing a second port extending through the wall of the tubing string and preventing fluid flow through the second port, but being openable to permit fluid flow through the second port, each closure openable independently from each other closure; a packer disposed about the tubing string between the first port and the second port, the packer operable to seal fluid communication between the first port and the second port along the outer surface; and a port-opening actuator positioned in the tubing string and drivable through the tubing string to actuate the first closure to open the first port and the second closure to open the second port;
positioning the apparatus in the wellbore in a position for treating the wellbore;
setting the packer to create an annular seal between the first port and the second port;
moving the port-opening sleeve or actuator to act on the first closure to open the first port and the second closure to open the second port; and
forcing wellbore treatment fluid out through the first port and the second port.
A further, detailed, description of the invention, briefly described above, will follow by reference to the following drawings of specific embodiments of the invention. These drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. In the drawings:
a is a section through another wellbore having positioned therein another fluid treatment assembly according to the present invention, the fluid treatment assembly being in a first stage of wellbore treatment;
b is a section through the wellbore of
c is a section through the wellbore of
a is a section through a wellbore having positioned therein another fluid treatment assembly according to the present invention, the fluid treatment assembly being in a first stage of wellbore treatment;
b is a section through the wellbore of
c is a section through the wellbore of
d is a section through the wellbore of
a is a section through another wellbore having positioned therein another fluid treatment assembly according to the present invention;
b is a section through the wellbore of
c is a section through the wellbore of
d is a section through the wellbore of
a is a section through another wellbore having positioned therein another fluid treatment assembly according to the present invention;
b is a section through the wellbore of
A method and apparatus has been invented which provides for selective communication to a wellbore for fluid treatment. In one aspect, the method and apparatus provide for the miming in of a fluid treatment string, the fluid treatment string having ports substantially closed against the passage of fluid therethrough, but which are openable when desired to permit fluid flow into the wellbore. The apparatus and methods of the present invention can be used in various borehole conditions including open holes, lined or cased holes, vertical, inclined or horizontal holes, and straight or deviated holes.
In one embodiment, there is provided an apparatus for fluid treatment of a borehole, the apparatus comprising a tubing string having a long axis, a plurality of closures accessible from the inner diameter of the tubing string, each closure closing a port opened through the wall of the tubing string and preventing fluid flow through its port, but being openable to permit fluid flow through its port and each closure openable independently from each other closure and a port opening sleeve positioned in the tubing string and driveable through the tubing string to actuate the plurality of closures to open the ports.
The sleeve can be driven in any way to move through the tubing string to actuate the plurality of closures. In one embodiment, the sleeve is driveable remotely, without the need to trip a work string such as a tubing string, coiled tubing or a wire line.
In one embodiment, the sleeve has formed thereon a seat and the apparatus includes a sealing device selected to seal against the seat, such that fluid pressure can be applied to drive the sleeve and the sealing device can seal against fluid passage past the sleeve. The sealing device can be, for example, a plug or a ball, which can be deployed without connection to surface. This embodiment avoids the need for tripping in a work string for manipulation.
In one embodiment, the closures each include a cap mounted over its port and extending into the tubing string inner bore, the cap being openable by the sleeve engaging against. The cap, when opened, permits fluid flow through the port. The cap can be opened, for example, by action of the sleeve breaking open the cap or shearing the cap from its position over the port.
In another embodiment, the closures each include a port-closure sleeve mounted over at least one port and openable by the sleeve engaging and moving the port-closure sleeve away from its associated at least one port. The port-closure sleeve can include, for example, a profile on its surface open to the tubing string and the port-opening sleeve includes a locking dog biased outwardly therefrom and selected to engage the profile on the port-closure sleeve such that the port-closure sleeve is moved by the port opening sleeve. The profile is formed such that the locking dog can disengage therefrom, permitting the sleeve to move along the tubing string to a next port-closure sleeve.
In one embodiment, the apparatus can include a packer about the tubing string. The packers can be of any desired type to seal between the wellbore and the tubing string. For example, the packer can be a solid body packer including multiple packing elements.
In view of the foregoing there is provided a method for fluid treatment of a borehole, the method comprising: providing an apparatus for wellbore treatment according to one of the various embodiments of the invention; running the tubing string into a wellbore to a position for treating the wellbore; moving the sleeve to open the closures of the ports and increasing fluid pressure to force wellbore treatment fluid out through the ports.
In one method according to the present invention, the fluid treatment is a borehole stimulation using stimulation fluids such as one or more of acid, gelled acid, gelled water, gelled oil, CO2, nitrogen and any of these fluids containing proppants, such as for example, sand or bauxite. The method can be conducted in an open hole or in a cased hole. In a cased hole, the casing may have to be perforated prior to running the tubing string into the wellbore, in order to provide access to the formation.
The method can include setting a packer about the tubing string to isolate the fluid treatment to a selected section of the wellbore.
Referring to
A port-opening sleeve 22 is disposed in the tubing string to control the opening of the port closures. In this embodiment, sleeve 22 is mounted such that it can move, arrow A, from a port closed position, wherein the sleeve is shown in phantom, axially through the tubing string inner bore past the ports to a open port position, shown in solid lines, to open the associated closures of the ports allowing fluid flow therethrough. The sliding sleeve is disposed to control the opening of the ports through the tubing string and is moveable from a closed port position to a position wherein the ports have been opened by passing of the sleeve and fluid flow of, for example, stimulation fluid is permitted down through the tubing string, arrows F, through the ports of the ported interval. If fluid flow is continued, the fluid can return to surface through the annulus.
The tubing string is deployed into the borehole in the closed port position and can be positioned down hole with the ports at a desired location to effect fluid treatment of the borehole.
Referring to
Packers 20d to 20e are mounted between each pair of adjacent ported intervals. In the illustrated embodiment, a packer 20f is also mounted below the lower most ported interval 16e and lower end 14a of the tubing string. Although not shown herein, a packer can be positioned above the upper most ported interval. The packers are disposed about the tubing string and selected to seal the annulus between the tubing string and the wellbore wall, when the assembly is disposed in the wellbore. The packers divide the wellbore into isolated segments wherein fluid can be applied to one segment of the well, but is prevented from passing through the annulus into adjacent segments. As will be appreciated the packers can be spaced in any way relative to the ported intervals to achieve a desired interval length or number of ported intervals per segment. In addition, packer 20f need not be present in some applications.
The packers can be, as shown, of the solid body-type with at least one extrudable packing element, for example, formed of rubber. Solid body packers including multiple, spaced apart packing elements 21a, 21b on a single packer are particularly useful especially for example in open hole (unlined wellbore) operations. In another embodiment, a plurality of packers are positioned in side by side relation on the tubing string, rather than using only one packer between each ported interval.
Sliding sleeves 22c to 22e are disposed in the tubing string to control the opening of the ports by opening the caps. In this embodiment, a sliding sleeve is mounted for each ported interval and can be moved axially through the tubing string inner bore to open the caps of its interval. In particular, the sliding sleeves are disposed to control the opening of their ported intervals through the tubing string and are each moveable from a closed port position away from the ports of the ported interval (as shown by sleeves 22c and 22d) to a position wherein it has moved past the ports to break open the caps and wherein fluid flow of, for example, stimulation fluid is permitted through the ports of the ported interval (as shown by sleeve 22e).
The assembly is run in and positioned downhole with the sliding sleeves each in their closed port position. When the tubing string is ready for use in fluid treatment of the wellbore, the sleeves are moved to their port open positions. The sleeves for each isolated interval between adjacent packers can be opened individually to permit fluid flow to one wellbore segment at a time, in a staged treatment process.
Preferably, the sliding sleeves are each moveable remotely, for example without having to run in a line or string for manipulation thereof, from their closed port position to their position permitting through-port fluid flow. In one embodiment, the sliding sleeves are actuated by devices, such as balls 24d, 24e (as shown) or plugs, which can be conveyed by gravity or fluid flow through the tubing string. The device engages against the sleeve and causes it to move through the tubing string. In this case, ball 24e is sized so that it cannot pass through sleeve 22e and is engaged in it when pressure is applied through the tubing string inner bore 18 from surface, ball 24e seats against and plugs fluid flow past the sleeve. Thus, when fluid pressure is applied after the ball has seated in the sleeve, a pressure differential is created above and below the sleeve which drives the sleeve toward the lower pressure side.
In the illustrated embodiment, the inner surface of each sleeve, which is the side open to the inner bore of the tubing string, defines a seat 26e onto which an associated ball 24e, when launched from surface, can land and seal thereagainst. When the ball seals against the sleeve seat and pressure is applied or increased from surface, a pressure differential is set up which causes the sliding sleeve on which the ball has landed to slide through the tubing string to an port-open position until it is stopped by, for example, a no go. When the ports of the ported interval 16e are opened, fluid can flow therethrough to the annulus between the tubing string and the wellbore and thereafter into contact with formation 10.
Each of the plurality of sliding sleeves has a different diameter seat and, therefore, each accept a different sized ball. In particular, the lower-most sliding sleeve 22e has the smallest diameter D1 seat and accepts the smallest sized ball 24e and each sleeve that is progressively closer to surface has a larger seat. For example, as shown in
Lower end 14a of the tubing string can be open, closed or fitted in various ways, depending on the operational characteristics of the tubing string which are desired. In the illustrated embodiment, the tubing string includes a pump out plug assembly 28. Pump out plug assembly 28 acts to close off end 14a during run in of the tubing string, to maintain the inner bore of the tubing string relatively clear. However, by application of fluid pressure, for example at a pressure of about 3000 psi, the plug can be blown out to permit actuation of the lower most sleeve 22e by generation of a pressure differential. As will be appreciated, an opening adjacent end 14a is only needed where pressure, as opposed to gravity, is needed to convey the first ball to land in the lower-most sleeve. Alternately, the lower most sleeve can be hydraulically actuated, including a fluid actuated piston secured by shear pins, so that the sleeve can be driven along the tubing string remotely without the need to land a ball or plug therein.
In other embodiments, not shown, end 14a can be left open or can be closed, for example, by installation of a welded or threaded plug.
While the illustrated tubing string includes three ported intervals, it is to be understood that any number of ported intervals could be used. In a fluid treatment assembly desired to be used for staged fluid treatment, at least two openable ports from the tubing string inner bore to the wellbore must be provided such as at least two ported intervals or an openable end and one ported interval. It is also to be understood that any number of ports can be used in each interval.
Centralizer 29 and other tubing string attachments can be used, as desired.
The wellbore fluid treatment apparatus, as described with respect to
Alternately, a plurality of open ports or an open end can be provided or lower most sleeve can include a piston face for hydraulic actuation thereof. Once that selected zone is treated, as desired, ball 24e or another sealing plug is launched from surface and conveyed by gravity or fluid pressure to seal against seat 26e of the lower most sliding sleeve 22e, this seals off the tubing string below sleeve 22e and drives the sleeve to open the ports of ported interval 16e to allow the next annulus zone, the zone between packer 20e and 20f, to be treated with fluid. The treating fluids will be diverted through the ports of interval 16e whose caps have been removed by moving the sliding sleeve. The fluid can then be directed to a specific area of the formation. Ball 24e is sized to pass though all of the seats closer to surface, including seats 26c, 26d, without sealing thereagainst. When the fluid treatment through ports 16e is complete, a ball 24d is launched, which is sized to pass through all of the seats, including seat 26c closer to surface, and to seat in and move sleeve 22d. This opens the ports of ported interval 16d and permits fluid treatment of the annulus between packers 20d and 20e. This process of launching progressively larger balls or plugs is repeated until all of the zones are treated. The balls can be launched without stopping the flow of treating fluids. After treatment, fluids can be shut in or flowed back immediately. Once fluid pressure is reduced from surface, any balls seated in sleeve seats can be unseated by pressure from below to permit fluid flow upwardly therethrough.
The apparatus is particularly useful for stimulation of a formation, using stimulation fluids, such as for example, acid, gelled acid, gelled water, gelled oil, CO2, nitrogen and/or proppant laden fluids.
Referring to
Packing element 21a is mounted between fixed stop ring 34a and compressing ring 34b and packing element 21b is mounted between fixed stop ring 34c and compressing ring 34d. The hydraulically actuated setting mechanism includes a port 35 through inner mandrel 32, which provides fluid access to a hydraulic chamber defined by first piston 36a and second piston 36b. First piston 36a acts against compressing ring 34b to drive compression and, therefore, expansion of packing element 21a, while second piston 36b acts against compressing ring 34d to drive compression and, therefore, expansion of packing element 21b. First piston 36a includes a skirt 37, which encloses the hydraulic chamber between the pistons and is telescopically disposed to ride over piston 36b. Seals 38 seal against the leakage of fluid between the parts. Mechanical body lock system 31, including for example a ratchet system, acts between skirt 37 and piston 36b permitting movement therebetween driving pistons 36a, 36b away from each other but locking against reverse movement of the pistons toward each other, thereby locking the packing elements into a compressed, expanded configuration.
Thus, the packer is set by pressuring up the tubing string such that fluid enters the hydraulic chamber and acts against pistons 36a, 36b to drive them apart, thereby compressing the packing elements and extruding them outwardly. This movement is permitted by body lock system 31. However, body lock system 31 locks the packers against retraction to lock the packing elements in their extruded conditions.
Ring 34a includes shears 38 which mount the ring to mandrel 32. Thus, for release of the packing elements from sealing position the tubing string into which mandrel 32 is connected, can be pulled up to release shears 38 and, thereby, release the compressing force on the packing elements.
a to 4c shows an assembly and method for fluid treatment, termed sprinkling, wherein fluid supplied to an isolated interval is introduced in a distributed, low pressure fashion along an extended length of that interval. The assembly includes a tubing string 212 and ported intervals 216a, 216b, 216c each including a plurality of ports 217 spaced along the long axis of the tubing string. Packers 220a, 220b are provided between each interval to form an isolated segment in the wellbore 212.
While the ports of interval 216c are open during run in of the tubing string, the ports of intervals 216b and 216a, are closed during run in and sleeves 222a and 222b are mounted within the tubing string and actuatable to selectively open the ports of intervals 216a and 216b, respectively. In particular, in
Once the tubing string is run into the well, stage 1 is initiated wherein stimulation fluids are pumped into the end section of the well to ported interval 216c to begin the stimulation treatment (
When desired to stimulate another section of the well (
After the desired volume of stimulation fluids are pumped, a slightly larger second ball or plug is injected into the tubing and pumped down the well, and will seat in sleeve 222a which is selected to retain the larger ball or plug. The force of the moving fluid will push sleeve 222a down the tubing string and as it moves down, it will open the ports in interval 216a. Once the sleeve reaches a desired depth as shown in
The above noted method can also be used for wellbore circulation to circulate existing wellbore fluids (drilling mud for example) out of a wellbore and to replace that fluid with another fluid. In such a method, a staged approach need not be used, but the sleeve can be used to open ports along the length of the tubing string. In addition, packers need not be used when the apparatus is intended for wellbore circulation as it is often desirable to circulate the fluids to surface through the wellbore annulus.
The sleeves 222a and 222b can be formed in various ways to cooperate with ports 217 to open those ports as they pass through the tubing string.
With reference to
Sleeve 222 is mounted in the tubing string and includes a cylindrical outer surface having a diameter to substantially conform to the inner diameter of, but capable of sliding through, the section of the tubing string in which the sleeve is selected to act. Sleeve 222 is mounted in tubing string by use of a shear pin 250 and has a seat 226 formed on its inner facing surface with a seat diameter to be plugged by a selected size ball 224 having a diameter greater than the seat diameter. When the ball is seated in the seat, and fluid pressure is applied therebehind, arrow P, shear pin 250 will shear and the sleeve will be driven, with the ball seated therein along the length of the tubing string until stopped by shoulder 246.
Sleeve 222 includes a profiled leading end 247 which is formed to shear or cut off the protective caps 223 from the ports as it passes, thereby opening the ports. Sleeve 222 and caps 223 are selected with consideration as to the fluid pressures to be used to substantially ensure that the sleeve can shear the caps from and move past the ports as it is driven through the tubing string.
While shoulder 246 is illustrated as an annular step on the inner diameter of the tubing string, it is to be understood that any configuration that stops movement of the sleeve though the wellbore can be used. Shoulder 246 is preferably spaced from the ports 217 with consideration as to the length of sleeve 222 such that when the sleeve is stopped against the shoulder, the sleeve does not cover any ports. Although not shown, the sleeve can be disposed in a circumferential groove in the tubing string, the groove having a diameter greater than the id of the tubing string. In such an embodiment, the sleeve could be disposed in the groove to eliminate or limit its extension into the tubing string inner diameter.
Sleeve 222 can include seals 252 to seal between the interface of the sleeve and the tubing string, where it is desired to seal off fluid flow therebetween.
The caps can also be used to close off ports disposed in a plane orthogonal to the long axis of the tubing string, if desired.
Referring to
Sleeve 322 is normally mounted by shear 350 in the tubing string. However, fluid pressure created by seating of a plug 324 in the sleeve, can cause the shear to be sheared and the sleeve to be driven along the tubing string until it butts against a shoulder 346.
Ports 317a, 317a′ have positioned thereover a port-closing sleeve 325a and ports 317b, 317b′ have positioned thereover a port closing sleeve 325b. The sleeves act as valves to seal against fluid flow though their associated ports, when they are positioned thereover. However, sleeves 325a, 325b can be moved axially along the tubing string to exposed their associated ports, permitting fluid flow therethrough. In particular, with reference to ports 317a, 317a′, each set of ports includes an associated sliding sleeve disposed in a cylindrical groove, defined by shoulders 327a, 327b about the port. The groove is formed in the inner wall of the tubing string and sleeve 325a is selected to have an inner diameter that is generally equal to the tubing string inner diameter and an outer diameter that substantially conforms to, but is slidable along, the groove between shoulders 327a, 327b. Seals 329 are provided between sleeve 325a and the groove, such that fluid leakage therebetween is substantially avoided.
The port closing sleeves, for example 325a, are normally positioned over their associated ports 317a, 317a′ adjacent shoulder 327a, but can be slid along the groove until stopped by shoulder 327b. In each case, the shoulder 327b is spaced from its ports with consideration as to the length of the associated sleeve so that when the sleeve is butted against shoulder 327b, the port is open to allow at least some fluid flow therethrough.
The port-closing sleeves 325a, 325b are each formed to be engaged and moved by sleeve 322 as it passes through the tubing string from its pinned position to its position against shoulder 346. In the illustrated embodiments, sleeves 325a, 325b are moved by engagement of outwardly biased dogs 351 on the sleeve 322. In particular, each sleeve 325a, 325b includes a profile 353a, 353b into which dogs 351 can releasably engage. The spring force of dogs and the co acting configurations of profiles and the dogs are together selected to be greater than the resistance of sleeve 325 moving within the groove, but less than the fluid pressure selected to be applied against ball 324, such that when sleeve 322 is driven through the tubing string, it will engage against each sleeve 325a to move it away from its ports 317a, 317a′ and against its associated shoulder 327b. However, continued application of fluid pressure will drive the dogs 351 of the sleeve 322 to collapse, overcoming their spring force, to remove the sleeve from engagement with a first port-closing sleeve 325a, along the tubing string 314 and into engagement with the profile 353b of the next-port associated sleeve 325b to move that sleeve and open ports 317b, 317b′ and so on, until sleeve 322 stopped against shoulder 346.
Referring to
In this embodiment, a tubing or casing string 414 is made up with two ported intervals 316b, 316d formed of subs having a series of size restricted ports 317 therethrough and in which the ports are each covered, for example, with protective pressure holding internal caps and in which each interval includes a movable sleeve 322b, 322d with profiles that can act as a cutter to cut off the protective caps to open the ports. Other ported intervals 16a, 16c include a plurality of ports 417 disposed about a circumference of the tubing string and are closed by a ball or plug activated sliding sleeves 22a, 22c. Packers 420a, 420b, 420c, 420d are disposed between each interval to create isolated segments along the wellbore 412.
Once the system is run into the well (
Sections of the well that use a “sprinkler approach”, intervals 316b, 316d, will be treated as follows: When desired, a ball or plug is pumped down the well, and will seat in one of the cutter sleeves 322b, 322d. The force of the moving fluid will push the cutter sleeve down the tubing string and as it moves down, it will remove the pressure holding caps from the segment of the well through which it passes. Once the cutter reaches a desired depth, it will be stopped by a no-go shoulder and the ball will remain in the sleeve effectively shutting off the lower segment of the well. Stimulation fluids are then pumped as required.
Segments of the well that use a “focused stimulation approach”, intervals 16a, 16c, will be treated as follows: Another ball or plug is launched and will seat in and shift open a pressure shifted sliding sleeve 22a, 22c, and block off the lower segment(s) of the well. Stimulation fluids are directed out the ports 417 exposed for fluid flow by moving the sliding sleeve.
Fluid passing through each interval is contained by the packers 420a to 420d on either side of that interval to allow for treating only that section of the well.
The stimulation process can be continued using “sprinkler” and/or “focused” placement of fluids, depending on the segment which is opened along the tubing string.
In another aspect, the method and apparatus described above provides for staged injection of treatment fluids wherein fluid is injected into selected intervals of the wellbore, while other intervals are closed. In another aspect, the method and apparatus provide for the running in of a fluid treatment string, the fluid treatment string having ports substantially closed against the passage of fluid therethrough, but which are openable when desired to permit fluid flow into the wellbore. The apparatus and methods of this aspect of the present invention can be used in various borehole conditions including open holes, cased holes, vertical holes, horizontal holes, straight holes or deviated holes.
In one embodiment, there is provided an apparatus for fluid treatment of a borehole, the apparatus comprising: a tubing string having a long axis and an upper end, a first port opened through the wall of the tubing string, a second port opened through the wall of the tubing string, the second port axially offset from the first port and positioned between the first port and the upper end, a third port opened through the wall of the tubing string, the third port axially offset from the second port and positioned between the second port and the upper end, a first packer operable to seal about the tubing string and mounted on the tubing string to act in a position offset from the first port along the long axis of the tubing string, a second packer operable to seal about the tubing string and mounted on the tubing string to act in a position between the first port and the second port along the long axis of the tubing string; a third packer operable to seal about the tubing string and mounted on the tubing string to act in a position between the second port and the third port along the long axis of the tubing string; a first closure positioned relative to the first port, the first closure being actuable relative to the first port between a closed port position and a position permitting fluid flow through the first port from the tubing string inner bore; a second closure being actuable relative to the second port between a closed port position and a position permitting fluid flow through the second port from the tubing string inner bore; and a third closure being actuable relative to the third port between a closed port position and a position permitting fluid flow through the third port from the tubing string inner bore; a closure actuating mechanism for actuating the first closure and the second closure together from their closed port positions to their positions permitting fluid flow, while the third closure remains in the closed port position.
The first and second closures are actuated together from their port closed to their port open positions by the closure actuating mechanism. Actuation together may be as a result of the same closure actuating mechanism or the same operation of the closure actuating mechanism and may be actuated close in time and possibly substantially simultaneously.
The port closures and the closure actuating mechanism can each take various forms, as desired. The first and second closures may be similar or different in form, but will be actuated together. Since the first and second closures are actuated by the closure actuating mechanism, these components may be selected to operationally correspond. The third closure may be similar to or different from the first and second port closures, but is not actuated by the closure actuating mechanism.
For example, in one embodiment, the first and second closures may each include a shearable cap installed over the respective ports, as shown in
In such an embodiment, the closure of the third port can take various forms. For example, the third port can also have mounted thereon a shearable cap extending into the tubing string inner bore, serving to close the port but being openable, by shearing. However, the cap acting as the third closure is in a position, for example uphole of a starting position of the sleeve, such that it cannot be acted upon by the sleeve that opens the caps forming the first and second closures. The shearable cap of the third port, and possibly the caps of further ports can be opened by moving a second sleeve with a cutting edge through the tubing string.
As will be readily appreciated from a review of the foregoing disclosure, the second sleeve can be driven to move without also moving the above-noted sleeve for the first and second closures. In one such embodiment, the sleeve for the first and second closures may have formed thereon a first seat and that sleeve may be moved by launching a first sealing device selected to seal against the first seat, such that once the first sealing device is seated against the first seat, fluid pressure can be applied to move the sleeve for the first and second closures. The second sleeve may have formed thereon a second seat and may be moved by landing thereon a second sealing device selected to seal against the second seat, such that when the second sealing device is seated against the second seat, pressure can be applied to move the second sleeve. The first seat can have a smaller diameter than the second seat, such that the first sealing device can move past the second seat without sealing thereagainst to reach and seal against the first seat. Again, this is more fully described in the foregoing disclosure.
As noted, the closures can take various forms. In another embodiment, for example, the first port and second port each have mounted thereover sliding sleeves and in the position permitting fluid flow, the first sleeve has engaged and moved the sliding sleeves away from their ports, similar to that system shown in
In another embodiment, the closures may be sleeves released for movement by a landing a sealing device in a deformable seat, as described in applicant's corresponding PCT application PCT/CA2009/000599, filed Apr. 29, 2009 designating the US and incorporated herein by reference. The closure actuating mechanism can therefore include a sealing device, such as a ball, launched from surface.
To permit adequate distribution of fluid through a plurality of wellbore segments, port size restriction may be employed. Port size restriction also allows suitable driving pressure to be maintained even where ports have been opened up hole of an operating pressure-containing seat (i.e. the pressure driven seat of a sliding sleeve). However, if desired, closures may be employed that move to open their associated ports to fluid flow therethrough only after a time delay. For example, a closure can be employed that can be initially unlocked and can move slowly to an opened position, allow fluid flow therethrough, only after a selected period of time. As such, the closure can remain in a port-closing position which pressure driven operations are taking place in the tubing string and only open after the pressure holding characteristics in the tubing string are no longer required.
As will be appreciated, therefore, the port closures can take various forms and can be actuated in any way to move into the position permitted fluid flow through the port. Preferably, however, the closure is actuated remotely, without the need to trip a work string such as a tubing string or a wire line.
While the foregoing describes only one port per interval, there can be more than one port in each interval, between each adjacent pair of packers. The further ports can be at the same axial location as the first, but spaced about the circumference of the tubular wall and/or the further ports can be spaced along the long axis of the tubing string between adjacent packers. The ports in the interval can share closures or have independent closures. Each interval, between adjacent packers will have one or more closure actuating mechanisms that operate to open all the ports of that interval together.
The packers may take various forms, such as described herein before. In an open hole, the packers may include solid body packers including a solid, extrudable packing element and, in some embodiments, solid body packers include a plurality of extrudable packing elements.
The apparatus described above can be installed in a wellbore to permit staged treatment of a wellbore. The apparatus provides that, when installed with the packers expanded to seal the annulus between the tubing string and the wellbore wall, packer-isolated intervals are formed along the wellbore, each interval defined between an adjacent pair of set packers and a plurality of packer-isolated intervals may be formed an initial some of which can be fluid treated together, while others of the plurality remain closed to fluid treatment.
In one method according to the present invention, the fluid treatment is borehole stimulation using stimulation fluids such as one or more of acid, gelled acid, gelled water, gelled oil, CO2, nitrogen and any of these fluids containing proppants, such as for example, sand or bauxite. The method can be conducted in an open hole or in a cased hole. In a cased hole, the casing may have to be perforated prior to running the tubing string into the wellbore, in order to provide access to the formation.
Referring to
The wellbore assembly of
A packer 520a is mounted between the upper-most ported interval 516a and the surface and further packers 520b to 520g are mounted between each pair of adjacent ported intervals. The packers are disposed about the tubing string and selected to seal the annulus between the tubing string and the wellbore wall, when the assembly is disposed in the wellbore. The packers create annular seals along the tubing string outer diameter and when the string is installed in a wellbore and the packers set, they divide the wellbore into isolated segments through which fluid can be introduced to one segment of the well, but is prevented from passing through the annulus into adjacent segments. As will be appreciated the packers can be spaced in any way relative to the ported intervals to achieve a desired interval length or number of ported intervals per string and therefore per well. The illustrated string is capable, as by setting the packers against the wellbore wall, of forming seven isolated segments along the wellbore, including the segment formed below the lowermost packer in the toe of the wellbore. In some embodiments, the tubing string is capable of forming only a few isolated segments and in others, the tubing string has many packer separated ported intervals. For example, tubing strings of 10 to 24 ported intervals are possible and tubing strings having 40 to 50 packer-isolated ported intervals are contemplated.
The packers may take various forms and may be selected depending on the application. For example, the illustrated packers are of the solid body-type with at least one extrudable packing element, for example, formed of rubber. Solid body packers including multiple, spaced apart packing elements on a single packer are particularly useful especially for example in open hole (unlined wellbore) operations. In another embodiment, a plurality of packers is positioned in side by side relation on the tubing string, rather than using one packer between each ported interval.
Closures 521a to 521g are positioned relative to each ported interval to control the flow through the ports of the interval. In this embodiment, closures close all the ports of the string's intervals during run in of the tubing string. While, the port of the lower most interval can be open if that is desired, in this embodiment the port 517g is closed by a pressure cycling sliding sleeve valve, shown as closure 521g, that can be opened by pressuring up the string and releasing the pressure, as will occur when setting packers 520. Pressure cycling sliding sleeve valves according to various embodiments are described in detail in applicant's corresponding PCT application PCT/CA2009/000599. Alternately, other port closures may be employed such as blow out plugs, etc.
The closures of a first selected series of remaining ported intervals can be opened together by a closure actuator 522a and the closures of a second selected series of ported intervals can be opened together by a closure actuator 522b. In this illustrated embodiment, closure actuators 522a and 522b are sleeves moveable through the tubing string inner diameter. The sleeves 522a and 522b can be formed in various ways to cooperate with ports 517 and closures 521 to open the ports as they pass through the tubing string.
The ports of intervals 516e and 516f are closed during run in by closures 521e and 521f, in this embodiment, formed as caps and sleeve 522a is mounted within the tubing string and actuatable, in this embodiment as by landing a plugging device such as a ball 524a into the sleeve's seat, to drive the sleeve and selectively open the ports of intervals 516e and 516f by shearing off the caps as the sleeve passes them. In particular, the position of sleeve 522a is shown in
The ports 517a, 517b, 517c and 517d of intervals 516a to 516d are closed during run in by closures 521a, 521b, 521c and 521d, respectively, each formed as caps and sleeve 522b, with a cutting leading edge, is mounted within the tubing string and actuatable to be driven, as by landing a ball 524b in the sleeve's seat and creating a pressure differential. The sleeve may be driven through the string to selectively open the ports of those intervals 516a to 516d by shearing off the caps as the sleeve passes them. In particular, the position of sleeve 522b is shown in
Sleeves 522a, 522b can be drivable remotely such that no manipulation line need be run in to drive them. As noted, the sleeves may each include a seat to accept and create a seal with a plugging device, such as balls 524a, 524b. As noted above in detail in
In operation, the tubing string of
When desired to stimulate another section of the well (
After the desired volume of stimulation fluids are pumped, a slightly larger second ball or plug is injected into the tubing and pumped down the well, and will seat in sleeve 522b which is selected to retain the larger ball or plug 524b. The pressure differential generated by the ball sealing in the sleeve will push sleeve 522b down the tubing string and as it moves down, it will open the ports in intervals 516a to 516d one after the other until it is stopped, as by abutting against a stop wall. Once the sleeve reaches its desired stop depth as shown in
Another wellbore fluid treatment assembly is shown in
The wellbore assembly of
Packers 620a to 620g are mounted about the tubing string and can be set to seal the annular area between the tubing string, forming along the wellbore a plurality of packer-isolated wellbore segments 619a to 619g. The ports 617a to 617g are positioned to each open into one wellbore segment. For example, packers 620a and 620b are mounted on opposite sides of the upper-most port 617a to form segment 619a along the wellbore, which may be accessed through port 617a. The packers are disposed about the tubing string and selected to seal the annulus between the tubing string and the wellbore wall, when the assembly is disposed in the wellbore. The packers create annular seals along the tubing string outer diameter and when the string is installed in a wellbore and the packers set, they divide the wellbore into isolated segments through which fluid can be introduced to one segment of the well, but is prevented from passing through the annulus into adjacent segments. As will be appreciated the packers can be spaced in any way relative to achieve a desired segment length or number of resulting segments per well. The illustrated string is capable, as by setting the packers against the wellbore wall, of forming seven isolated segments along the wellbore, including the segment formed below the lowermost packer in the toe of the wellbore. In some embodiments, the tubing string is capable of forming only a few isolated segments and in others, the tubing string has many packer separated ported intervals. For example, tubing strings of 11 to 24 packer isolated ports are possible and tubing strings forming 40 to 60 packer-isolated wellbore segments are contemplated.
The packers may take various forms and may be selected depending on the application. For example, the illustrated packers are of the solid body-type with at least one extendable packing element, for example, formed of rubber. Solid body packers including multiple, spaced apart packing elements on a single packer are particularly useful especially for example in open hole (unlined wellbore) operations. In another embodiment, a plurality of packers are positioned in side by side relation on the tubing string, rather than using one packer between each ported interval.
Closures 621a to 621f are positioned relative to each ported interval to control the flow through the ports of the interval. In this embodiment, closures close all the string's ports except the lower most port 617g. Port 617g, as illustrated, is always open, but of course can include an openable closure if that is of interest.
The closures of a first selected series of ports can be opened together by a closure actuator and the closures of a second selected series of ported intervals can be opened together by a closure actuator.
In this illustrated embodiment, closures are sleeve valves with seats 623a, 623b, 623c, and 623d and the closure actuators are plugs such as balls 622a, 622b moveable through the tubing string inner diameter and sized to at least temporarily seat in the seats and move the sleeve valves away from their ports. The balls 622a and 622b and seats 623a to 623d can be formed in various ways to work together to move the closures and open the ports as the balls pass through the tubing string.
The ports 617d, 617e and 617f are closed during run in by closures 621d, 621e and 621f, in this embodiment formed as sleeve valves held in place by retainers such as shear pins. Closures 621d and 621e each have seat 623c and closure 621e has seat 623d. Seats 623c, 623d correspond with ball 622a and, in particular, are sized to retain and make a seal with the ball. The closures can be actuated to move by launching a ball 622a to land in the seats 623c, 623d. While seats 623c, 623d are sized to be plugged and seal against the same size ball 622a, seats 623c only temporarily retain the ball such that, after acting on seats 623c, the ball can move to land in and seal against seat 623d of closure 621f. The closures can therefore each be moved away from their ports by having ball 622a landed into their seats and creating a pressure differential above and below the ball and the seat to overcome the retainer and move the closure away from its port.
It will be appreciated that the ball 622a must continue past the seats of closures 621d and 621e in order to reach and act on seat 623d of closure 621f. As such, yieldable seats or balls may be employed which allow a pressure differential to be generated to move the closure, but when the sleeve is stopped against further movement, such as by stopping against shoulders 646a, the ball can pass through the seat to continue to move down the tubing string, in this case to land and seal in seat 623d. In this illustrated embodiment, seats 623c are yieldable, as by being formed of deformable materials, such as a collet, a c- or segmented ring, a ring of detents or elastically or plastically deformable materials.
In particular, the position of the closures 621d, 621e and 621f in their closed positions is shown in
The ports 617d-617f in this series can be size restricted to create a selected pressure drop therethrough permitting distribution of fluid along the entire series of ports. For example, the amount of stimulation fluid that can exit each of the ports, when they are open, may be controlled by selecting the sizing (flow rating) of the individual frac port nozzles. For example, the ports may be selected to provide limited entry to segments 619d-619f. Limited entry technology relies on selection of the number, size and placement of fluid ports along a selected length of a tubing string such that critical or choked flow occurs across the selected ports. Such technology ensures that fluid can be passed through the ports in a selected way along the selected intervals. For example, this ensures that the first port opened does not allow a full pressure escape, but that while the port is opened and fluid can flow therethrough, sufficient tubing pressure is maintained to continue to move the ball-plugged closures 621d to 621f. Also, rather than having uneven or unrestricted flow through ports, after they are open, a limited entry approach may be used by selection of the rating of choking inserts in those ports to ensure that, under regular pump pressure conditions, an amount of fluid passes through each port at a substantially even and sufficient rate to ensure that a substantially uniform treatment occurs along the entirety of the wellbore. Even is pump pressure is increased, the choke only allows a limited amount of fluid to escape per time interval such that the supplied fluid can be adequately injected through a number of ports.
The ports 617a to 617c are closed during run in by closures 621a, 621b and 621c, in this embodiment formed as sleeve valves with ball seats 623a, 623b. As noted above, seats 623a are yieldable such that ball 622b can be launched and temporarily land in the seats 623a to move the closures 621a and 621b and move through seats 623a to arrive at and land in seat 623b. Throughout the ball's progress, it acts in each seat 623a, 623b to move the closures and open the ports.
Seats 623a, 623b are larger than seats 623c, 623d such that ball 622a can move through seats 623a, 623b without creating a seal thereagainst such that closures 617a to 617c are not moved by ball 622a.
In operation, the tubing string of
It will be apparent that changes may be made to the illustrative embodiments, while falling within the scope of the invention and it is intended that all such changes be covered by the claims appended hereto.
This application is a continuation-in-part application of 12/208,463, filed Sep. 11, 2008, to be issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,748,460 on Jul. 6, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/403,957 filed Apr. 14, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,091, issued Oct. 7, 2008, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/604,807 filed Aug. 19, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,108,067, issued Sep. 19, 2006. This application also claims priority through the above-noted applications to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/404,783 filed Aug. 21, 2002. This application is also a continuation-in-part of PCT application no. PCT/CA2009/000599, filed Apr. 29, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part U.S. application Ser. No. 12/405,185, filed Mar. 16, 2009. This application also claims priority through the above-noted applications to U.S. provisional application Ser. Nos. 61/048,797 and 61/287,150, filed Apr. 29, 2008 and Dec. 16, 2009, resp.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10604807 | Aug 2003 | US |
| Child | 11403957 | US | |
| Parent | 12830412 | US | |
| Child | 11403957 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11403957 | Apr 2006 | US |
| Child | 12208463 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12208463 | Sep 2008 | US |
| Child | 12830412 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/CA2009/000599 | Apr 2009 | US |
| Child | 12830412 | US | |
| Parent | 12405185 | Mar 2009 | US |
| Child | PCT/CA2009/000599 | US |
