This invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for electrically stimulating select nerves to alter conditions within the heart, and, more particularly, to nerve stimulation to protect myocardium acutely, and to reduce anginal pain by stimulating subcutaneous tissue.
Various cardiac conditions, such as supraventricular arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and ventricular dysfunction or heart failure, have been treated by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, vagus and other nerves. Typically, electrodes are implanted in the patient adjacent the spinal area and electrically excited to produce desirable effects on the functioning of the heart. For example, a paper entitled “Vagal Tuning” by Bilgutay et. al., published in the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol. 56, No. 1, July 1968, pp. 71-82, discusses a system that delivers electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve using silastic coated, bipolar electrodes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,421,511. The electrodes are surgically implanted around the intact nerve or nerves and a controlled current is delivered thereto. The electrodes pass the current to the nerve(s), producing a decreased heart rate while still preserving sinus rhythm in the patient. Low amplitude stimulation has also been employed to control induced tachycardias and ectopic beats.
Angina pectoris and paroxysmal atrio-ventricular junctional or supraventricular tachycardias have also been treated by stimulating the carotid sinus nerve via implanted electrodes. For example, a paper entitled “Carotid Sinus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Angina Pectoris and Supraventricular Tachycardia,” published in California Medicine, 112:41-50, March 1970, describes a system in which patients may electrically stimulate their carotid sinus nerve when they sense angina and/or supraventricular tachycardia.
Delivery of electrical stimulation to the nervous system using an implanted electrode has been found particularly effective in the relief of chest pain, such as angina pectoris, that often accompanies myocardial ischemia. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,584 to Bourgeois, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a system and method for treating such chest pain using electrical stimulation within the epidural space of the spinal cord. This treatment is provided only after a symptomatic level of activity is reached as sensed by an accelerometer or other activity sensor. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,331 to King, also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discusses a system and method for treating ischemia by automatically adjusting electrical stimulation to the spinal cord, peripheral nerve, or neural tissue ganglia based on a sensed patient condition. U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,428 to Obel et al., incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a system for stimulating the epidural space with continuous and/or phasic electrical pulses using an implanted pulse generator upon the detection of myocardial ischemia to decrease cardiac workload, and thereby reduce cell death related to the ischemic event. U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,021 to Rise, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discusses a system and method for providing spinal cord stimulation to relieve angina, and to further provide a patient notification that an ischemic event is occurring. This spinal cord stimulation is provided only after the ischemia is already detected.
In addition to the above-described systems, other systems have been disclosed to provide nerve stimulation following the onset of predetermined condition. U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,470 to Hartlaub describes a system for utilizing spinal cord stimulation to terminate tachyarrhythmias. The stimulation is provided only after the tachyarrhythmias, or a precursor thereto, has been detected. U.S. Pat. No. 3,650,277 discloses a system for stimulating the left and right carotid sinus nerves in response to the detection of elevated mean arterial blood pressure to alleviate hypertension.
Each of the nerve stimulation systems described above have at least one significant drawback. For example, these nerve stimulation systems rely upon electrodes that are surgically implanted adjacent the spine, e.g., inside the vertebral canal. Successful placement of the electrodes in the region surrounding the spine requires substantial surgical expertise. Emergency personnel, however, do not commonly possess this expertise, nor do they often have the equipment or environment suitable for the task. Thus, while emergency personnel may be summoned to transport an afflicted patient to a hospital and, thus, are the first medical personnel to administer aid to the patient, they are generally not capable of implanting electrodes. Without the implanted electrodes, the therapeutic stimulation has not heretofore been available immediately. Rather, application of the therapy is delayed until the patient arrives at an appropriate medical facility. Furthermore, systems for chronic stimulation either have the drawback of requiring sophisticated implant techniques, or, for TENS, use electrodes that cause skin breakdown and other problems and inconvenience.
The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing the effects of, one or more of the problems set forth above.
The current invention involves a neuromodulation system to provide stimulation to at least a portion of the nervous system of the body. The stimulation is provided using one or more subcutaneous electrodes or electrodes to stimulate peripheral nerves, intrinsic cardiac neurons, autonomic ganglia, and cranial nerves. The stimulation is provided in anticipation or detection of a cardiac insult, wherein “cardiac insult” in this context is intended to include, but is not limited to, angina, and mechanical, chemical, or electrical impairment or damage of cardiac tissue due to conditions such as heart failure, ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, ischemia, imbalance of autonomic tone, or the like.
In one embodiment, the current invention provides a system and method to provide stimulation at locations adjacent the spinal cord and on the chest wall. Such stimulation has been shown to improve cardiac function, to limit ischemic attacks, to reduce sympathetic activity of the cardiac tissue, and to reduce the likelihood and/or the severity of ventricular arrhythmia. Thus, the electrical stimulation produces effects similar to those induced by prescription beta-blocker drugs. This type of stimulation has been shown to reduce cardiac work, improve heart function, vasodilate peripheral arterioles and increase blood flow to the limbs.
According to the invention, one or more electrodes may be placed subcutaneously adjacent one or more of the spinal vertebrae, with the T1-T4 locations being preferred, or subcutaneously near cervical nerves, with the C1-C3 location being preferred. Alternatively, the electrodes may be placed adjacent the chest wall or anywhere within a region of the T1-T5 spinal nerves, or adjacent to peripheral nerves such as the median or ulnarnerves, or cardiac fat pods, or sympathetic ganglia, or cranial nerves. The position of the electrodes may be, for example, in the pectoral region of the left chest located beneath the facia on the muscle and motor point of the pectoral muscle with stimulation of the musculocutaneous and thoracic nerves. In another example, the electrodes may be positioned in the auxiliary region beneath the left arm with stimulation provided to the musculocutaneous, brachialcutaneous and thoracodorsal nerves. In yet another embodiment, one or more subcutaneous electrodes are proximate to the external housing of an implanted device to stimulation nerves adjacent to the device. Because subcutaneous electrodes are utilized, a surgeon is not needed to position the electrodes in the patient's body. Rather, in one embodiment of the invention, a paramedic may position the one or more electrodes subcutaneously to initiate emergency treatment, for example.
According to one aspect of the invention, the invention delivers electrical stimulation when the system is activated by a patient or other person such as a health care provider. For example, a medical care provider such as a paramedic may initiate stimulation to treat a patient that is having a heart attack. The patient himself may initiate such therapy if the onset of a heart attack is suspected. A patient may alternatively initiate stimulation in anticipation of undergoing exercise. A surgeon may initiate stimulation in anticipation of performing a surgical procedure such as the insertion of a stent, or any other procedure that may disrupt cardiac tissue. Nerve stimulation may be manually initiated by a paramedic after a high-voltage shock is delivered to a patient. Such stimulation stabilizes the heart and prevents the re-occurrence of fibrillation or an arrhythmia. Such stimulation may continue throughout the insult, and may optionally continue for a predetermined period of time following the insult.
According to another embodiment, the inventive system may be operated in a closed-loop mode. In this mode, one or more physiological parameters may be sensed using physiological sensors. The sensed physiological signals may be used to predict or detect the onset of an insult. These signals may also be used to modulate delivery of the stimulation parameters such as pulse width, amplitude, frequency, and the like.
According to yet another embodiment, the inventive system stores data signals indicative of past electrical stimulation so that future stimulation may be optimized. This stored data may also be used by healthcare professionals for treatment and diagnosis.
According to another aspect of the instant invention, a method is provided for protecting cardiac tissue from insult. The method comprises identifying a future or current cardiac insult, and delivering subcutaneous electrical stimulation to one or more predetermined nerves in a patient's body in response to identifying the occurrence of the insult.
In another aspect of the instant invention, an apparatus is provided for protecting cardiac tissue from insult. The apparatus is comprised of at least one electrode positionable subcutaneously and proximate nervous or muscle tissue, and a controller adapted to deliver electrical stimulation to the electrodes for a period of time in relation to the onset of an insult.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but, on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
Illustrative embodiments of a method and apparatus for providing improved cardiac function according to the present invention are shown in the Figures. As will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a complete reading of the present application, the present method and apparatus are applicable to a variety of systems other than the embodiment illustrated herein.
In the illustrated embodiments, a method and apparatus for performing subcutaneous electrical stimulation to proactively modulate autonomic effects on the cardiovascular system is provided. Use of the stimulation minimizes arrhythmia, heart failure, and damage to cardiac myocytes due to the occurrence of a predicted and subsequent ischemic event. Such stimulation may be provided to one or more portions of the nervous system to also promote electrical stability of the heart and to prevent or reduce the chance for a subsequent episode involving fibrillation. As described in greater detail below, the current method and apparatus may employ a closed-loop control mechanism to initiate and regulate this stimulation.
Generally, the instant invention is directed to a method and apparatus for improving the efficiency of operation of the heart and may be used to reduce the likelihood of imminent cardiac insults. Therapeutic benefits associated with the instant invention may be derived from application of the instant invention to a wide variety of cardiac conditions. Thus, as used in the instant application, the phrase “cardiac insult” is intended to include, but is not limited to angina, and damage or mechanical, chemical, or electrical impairment of cardiac tissue due to conditions such as heart failure, ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, ischemia, imbalance of autonomic tone, or the like. In the illustrated embodiment, the current invention may also be utilized to treat ventricular dysfunction or heart failure.
As shown in
When a subcutaneously-placed electrode is utilized, the electrodes may be placed adjacent any of the T1-T12 vertebrae or in any of the C1-C8 locations, and most preferably, any of the T1-T4 vertebrae (see
As discussed above, subcutaneous electrodes may be carried on leads and inserted near nerve tissue using a delivery device such as a needle. In other instances, subcutaneous electrodes may be carried on the surface of an implanted medical device such as disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,336 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, such electrodes may be electrically-isolated from the can, as disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,966 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In one embodiment, a paddle-type (flat) lead having a surface area between one square cm and five square inches or more may be used to accomplish the subcutaneous stimulation. Such a lead may be formed of an insulative material, with programmable electrodes on one or more of the flat sides of the lead for either skin stimulation, muscle stimulation, or both. According to this embodiment, the paddle-type lead may be between four and ten millimeters wide so as to be readily passable through a needle such as a twelve-gage needle before it unfolds. In one embodiment, the special delivery needle includes an oval or rectangular cross-section of appropriate size to allow for passage of the lead. Electrodes may be provided on one or both sides of the paddle lead.
In another embodiment, subcutaneous electrodes may be provided on both sides of the lead, with the electrodes employed for stimulation at a given time being selectively enabled by a user. Alternatively, the system may be programmable to select the type of tissue to be stimulated. This is desirable since in some vertebral instances, it may be beneficial to provide stimulation to only major nerves entering the column, whereas in other instances it may be desirable to also stimulate skin, muscle, or any combination of the nervous tissues. Various electrode combinations could be provided to allow for selective enabling of the stimulation in this manner.
One or more subcutaneous electrodes are coupled to controller 104 so that electrical signals supplied by the controller 104 provide electrical stimulation to nervous tissue in the skin, muscle, or spinal canal of the patient. The controller 104 may take the form of an external device as shown in
In those situations in which a patient has a history of cardiac events, it is generally useful to construct the controller 104 in a housing 105 designed to be implantable within the human body, as shown in
In one embodiment, controller 104 may be programmed for either automatic or manual operation. Manual activation of stimulation may be prompted by a variety of situations. For example, a medical care provider such as a paramedic may deliver one or more subcutaneous electrodes to an area proximate nerve tissue such as in the T1-T4 region, or in the area of referred pain, then initiate stimulation to treat a patient that is having a heart attack. A surgeon may likewise initiate this type of therapy prior to performing a surgical procedure such as the insertion of a stent, or any other procedure that may disrupt cardiac operation. Subcutaneous nerve stimulation may be manually initiated by a paramedic after a high-voltage shock is delivered to a patient. Such stimulation stabilizes the heart and prevents the re-occurrence of fibrillation or an arrhythmia. Any other anticipated or occurring cardiac insult may prompt a healthcare provider or patient to trigger controller 104 to initiated stimulation via the one or more subcutaneously-placed electrodes. Such stimulation may continue throughout the insult, and may optionally continue for a predetermined period of time following the insult. Anticipatory delivery of cardiac stimulation has been determined by the Applicants to minimize damage of cardiac myocytes due to a subsequent ischemic event. These embodiments are based on data obtained through research conducted over several years involving electrical stimulation to reduce angina.
In another instance, subcutaneous stimulation could be provided at a sub-threshold level for paresthesia during the delivery of the defibrillation shock to reduce the perceived pain associated with the arrhythmia and the shock and stabilize the heart and help prevent re-occurrence of the arrhythmia.
In one embodiment, subcutaneous electrical stimulation may be initiated prior to performing exercise, assuming a patient has an implantable medical device implanted within his body. Such stimulation appears to result in a short-term inhibition of the sympathetic outflow of the heart, which in turn causes changes in the neural chemistry in a manner that prevents damage from ischemic conditions. Stimulation may be provided for a predetermined length of time, which in one embodiment is approximately thirty minutes, shortly prior to performing the cardiac procedure or engaging in exercise. The amount of stimulation may also be selected based on the anticipated level of exertion.
In another embodiment, subcutaneous electrical stimulation may be performed at upper cervical levels C1-C3 instead of at T1-T4. Although stimulation of this area has typically been performed to reduce jaw and neck pain or occipital neuralgia, it has been found such stimulation, can also reduce angina, and can provide important cardiac protection when performed prior to a cardiac insult. In yet another embodiment, stimulation may be performed at C2 and C3 instead.
In another embodiment, stimulation may be automatically initiated because of physiological measurements obtained by the controller 104. That is, controller 104 may utilize one or more conventional sensors such as sensor s 110 and 111 to sense signals that predict the possible on-set of physiologic conditions such as ventricular dysfunction, ischemia, heart failure, or any other type of cardiac insult. These sensors may be any of the types known in the art for sensing physiological signals, including pressure, oxygen, activity, temperature, and blood flow sensors. Exemplary sensors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,701 issued to Moore et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,434, issued to Flalperin et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,378, issued to Anderson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,434, issued to Alt or U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,505, issued to Cohen, all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Upon anticipation or detection of the cardiac event, the controller 104 may automatically begin therapeutic treatment of the patient by subcutaneous electrically stimulating the selected nervous tissue(s).
In the embodiment wherein controller 104 is an external device, any type of external physiological sensor system known in the art may be utilized within the scope of the current invention. This may include, for example, externally-placed electrodes for measuring ECG signals in a manner known in the art. Other examples include pressure and temperature sensors, and/or sensors that may externally measure blood chemistry.
After treatment is initiated, therapy may continue during an insult. Such stimulation could be continued until a cardiovascular intervention procedure is initiated, or even continued for several weeks past the incident.
The receiver circuits 202 are generally responsible for receiving signals from the sensors 110 and 111, and processing those signals into a form, such as a digital format, which may be analyzed by the processor 204 and/or stored in a memory 206, such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM). The memory 206 may also store software, which is used to control the operation of the processor 204.
In one embodiment wherein controller 104 is included in an implanted device, signals stored in memory 206 may be transferred via a communication circuit 207 such as a telemetry circuit to an external device 209 such as a programmer. These signals may be stored in the external device, or transferred via a network 211 to a remote system 213 which may be a repository or some other remote database. Network 211 may be an intranet, internet system such as the world-wide web, or any other type of communication link.
Controller 104 may further include a reed switch 217. This type of switch mechanism may be closed using a magnet in the embodiment wherein the controller is implanted within a patient's body. Alternatively, another type of patient-activated mechanism such as an accelerometer 219 may be utilized for detecting a tapping sequence to activate the implantable embodiment of the invention. This type of tapping mechanism is known in the art.
As noted above, controller 104 may further include a drug delivery device 213 that may comprise a pump coupled to a catheter 215. Exemplary implantable drug delivery systems that may be adapted to deliver biologically-active agents in conjunction with delivery of the subcutaneous stimulation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,418, issued to Arzbaecher, U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,917, issued to Cammilli, U.S. Pat. No. 4,146,029, issued to Ellinwood and U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,505, issued to Cohen, all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
As noted above, in one embodiment, delivery of the subcutaneous stimulation may be modified based on a variety of measurable physiologic parameters used in a closed loop control system. As depicted in
The overall general operation of the controller 104 may be appreciated by reference to a control diagram and flowchart depicted in
In response to the detection of a particular physiologic state, the system adjusts the stimulation parameters to treat the detected or predicted abnormality. The system may also record trends in the sensed data and the effects or impact of a prior stimulation intervention. In one embodiment, the system may include an artificial intelligence system that allows the device to learn from the effectiveness of the prior therapy. The system thereby becomes customized to deliver therapy that is optimally tailored for the individual patient.
After stimulation is initiated in response to an anticipated or detected insult, stimulation parameters may be adjusted. Such parameters may include stimulation pulse width, amplitude, frequency, duty cycle, and waveform shape. These parameters may be continually modified as the response is monitored so that the optimal treatment may be delivered. After the insult such as an ischemic episode has subsided, stimulation may be discontinued after an appropriate delay. A ramp-down process may be provided to allow for some hysteresis. Sensed data and device parameters may be transferred to an external device such as a programmer using a communication system such as a telemetry circuit. The physician may then evaluate the data and determine whether the delivered therapy requires modification, and whether it is desirable to enable the device to provide patient-initiated therapy in a manner to be discussed below. Additionally, the data may provide valuable information that may be used to deliver more effective manual therapy.
In
In one embodiment, artificial intelligence capability may be provided by the logic of block 310. This artificial intelligence analyzes the effectiveness of previously delivered therapy to adjust current therapy delivery techniques. Therapy is thereby tailored to individual patient needs.
According to another manner of initiating therapy, the signals provided by the sensors 302a through 302c may be combined to generate a cumulative signal indicative of a patient's overall physiologic condition. This may be accomplished using a summation circuit 314, for example. The cumulative signal may be provided along with, or in place of, the signal on the line 309 for use in determining whether therapy should be initiated or modulated. In addition to closed-loop operation,
According to one aspect of the invention, electrical stimulation is provided when the tone in the paraspinal muscles is increasing, since this is an indicator of anticipated visceral complications. Detection of this increase in muscle tone could be accomplished using an externally-positioned strain gage, for example. Thus, electrical stimulation may be applied prior to the onset of actual ischemic so that cardiac tissue maybe protected in an anticipatory manner. Electrical stimulation may also continue while the muscle tone remains at a predetermined rigidity. In one embodiment, a rate-responsive sensor such as an accelerometer or other appropriate sensor may be used to sense the level of activity, and adjust the stimulation levels according to the activity level.
If ischemia is anticipated, and the stimulation has already been initiated as detected by block 434, the stimulation level may be adjusted in block 436 based on the monitored parameters. This may include adjusting the rate, amplitude, duration, or waveform shape of electrical stimulation pulses applied to the electrodes 108. If stimulation has not yet been initiated, it may be activated in block 438. If artificial intelligence is provided, the level and/or type of stimulation may be correlated with the physiologic result of the stimulation so that therapy may be adjusted in the future. The stimulation may be modulated in block 436, with the monitoring of patient condition continuing in block 430. Stimulation may continue after the ischemia is actually detected.
If ischemia is not anticipated and/or detected in block 430, and stimulation is activated, as indicated by block 440, stimulation may be discontinued, as shown in block 442. In one embodiment this may be accomplished using a timer and a ramp-down mechanism to gradually disable the stimulation therapy.
As noted above, a closed-loop system may be utilized to control initiation and delivery of the subcutaneous electrical stimulation. The closed-loop system may utilize one or more physiological sensors known in the art to sense one or more physiological conditions that will be utilized to control therapy. Such sensors may include activity sensors, sensors for detecting cardiac electrical or mechanical activity, mechanisms for detecting autonomic activity or hemodynamic parameters, sensors for measuring blood chemistry, and mechanisms for tracking time-of-day. A partial exemplary listing of select types of sensing mechanisms that may be utilized in the closed-loop system for predicting cardiac insults are summarized in Table 1 below. The following table summarizes the types of sensors that may be employed to predict and/or detect a corresponding physiologic condition. Any one or more of the sensing devices and/or other sensing mechanisms known now or in the future for sensing physiological parameters may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the current invention.
In Table I, column 1 lists general categories of sensors, column 2 corresponds to a particular physiologic parameter that may be monitored, column 3 outlines a corresponding sensor used to monitor the parameter, and column 4 relates to the type of physiologic condition or occurrence that may be anticipated using the measurement.
In one embodiment, electrical stimulation is provided to peripheral nerves in dermatones T1-T12, C1-C8, or other areas of the spinal cord. Any combination of these sites may be stimulated. Such stimulation may involve electrodes implanted outside the vertebral canal at the desired location. In another embodiment, the vagus and/or peripheral nerve may be stimulated at various locations. If desired, stimulation may be provided subcutaneously located in the precordial area or over sites of the pain or any area from which nervous fibers project to the spinal cord at levels T1-T5.
The sites of stimulation may include the following, with any combination being utilized:
Electrical stimulation provides significant benefits when delivered prior to an anticipated cardiac insult, or an event that will induce ischemia. The benefits include minimizing or preventing acute infarct and reducing reperfusion arrhythmia. In one embodiment, the therapy is delivered thirty minutes or more prior to the anticipated on-set of an insult such as ischemia. As much as possible, the above therapies should be implemented prior to the insult. Some of the many exemplary embodiments included within the scope of the invention are shown in
In one embodiment, an expected intensity of the activity or other optional parameters may also be specified (block 522). After stimulation has been delivery for the specified time (block 524) and/or after the appropriate level of cardio protection has been determined to have been established (block 526), the device provides an indication that activity may be initiated (block 528). Stimulation may continue throughout the activity, if desired (block 530).
Table II illustrates some of the benefits associated with the subcutaneous electrical stimulation provided by the current invention. Table II further lists one or more physiological parameters that may be monitored when delivering stimulation to achieve a desired effect.
The above-described closed-loop system may combine subcutaneous electrical stimulation with conventional drug therapy. The drug therapy may be provided by an implanted delivery device such as that discussed above, for example. The closed-loop system may be utilized to titrate the drug delivery and the stimulation in much the same manner as discussed above in conjunction with the closed loop electrical stimulation.
As discussed in detail above, one aspect of the inventive system and method provides a system and method for employing closed-loop controls to initiate and deliver subcutaneous electrical stimulation. However, as also indicated above, the invention may also be utilized in an open-loop mode wherein the stimulation is trigger by the patient or another person. As shown in
Any type of subcutaneous electrode system know in the art may be utilized with the scope of the current invention. In one embodiment, as shown in
In another embodiment, the paddle-type lead may be between four and ten millimeters wide so as to be readily passable through a twelve-gage needle before it unfolds. That is, a special needle may be provided having an oval or rectangular cross-section of appropriate size to allow for the delivery of this type of lead. Electrodes may be provided on one or both sides of the paddle lead.
In the case of an implantable device, as shown in
Subcutaneous electrodes of the type shown in
In one embodiment, a notification feature is provided to notify the patient and/or a physician of changing patient conditions indicative of increased ischemic risk. The invention may further include means to discontinue or limit therapy when closed-loop feedback techniques are leading to an undesirable situation.
The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.
The instant application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/039,307 filed on Oct. 26, 2001 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Electrically Stimulating the Nervous System to Improve Ventricular Dysfunction, Heart Failure, and Other Cardiac Conditions,” the contents of which are hereby fully incorporated herein. This application relates to and incorporates by reference the entire contents of U.S. Pat. No. 7,010,345 to Hill et al. issued 7 Mar. 2006 and entitled, “Method and Apparatus to Minimize the Effects of a Cardiac Insult,” and U.S. Pat. No. 7,218,964 to Hill et al. issued 15 May 2007 and entitled, “Closed-Loop Neuromodulation for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Conditions.”
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10039307 | Oct 2001 | US |
Child | 11837811 | Aug 2007 | US |