Patent Grant
9037239
The present invention relates generally to cardiac devices and methods, and, more particularly, to selection of one or more electrode combinations from a plurality of electrodes.
When functioning normally, the heart produces rhythmic contractions and is capable of pumping blood throughout the body. The heart has specialized conduction pathways in both the atria and the ventricles that enable excitation impulses (i.e. depolarizations) initiated from the sino-atrial (SA) node to be rapidly conducted throughout the myocardium. These specialized conduction pathways conduct the depolarizations from the SA node to the atrial myocardium, to the atrio-ventricular node, and to the ventricular myocardium to produce a coordinated contraction of both atria and both ventricles.
The conduction pathways synchronize the contractions of the muscle fibers of each chamber as well as the contraction of each atrium or ventricle with the opposite atrium or ventricle. Without the synchronization afforded by the normally functioning specialized conduction pathways, the heart's pumping efficiency is greatly diminished. Patients who exhibit pathology of these conduction pathways can suffer compromised cardiac output.
Cardiac rhythm management (CRM) devices have been developed that provide pacing stimulation to one or more heart chambers in an attempt to improve the rhythm and coordination of atrial and/or ventricular contractions. CRM devices typically include circuitry to sense signals from the heart and a pulse generator for providing electrical stimulation to the heart. Leads extending into the patient's heart chamber and/or into veins of the heart are coupled to electrodes that sense the heart's electrical signals and deliver stimulation to the heart in accordance with various therapies for treating cardiac arrhythmias and dyssynchrony.
Pacemakers are CRM devices that deliver a series of low energy pace pulses timed to assist the heart in producing a contractile rhythm that maintains cardiac pumping efficiency. Pace pulses may be intermittent or continuous, depending on the needs of the patient. There exist a number of categories of pacemaker devices, with various modes for sensing and pacing one or more heart chambers.
A pace pulse must exceed a minimum energy value, or capture threshold, to “capture” the heart tissue, generating an evoked response that generates a propagating depolarization wave that results in a contraction of the heart chamber. It is desirable for a pace pulse to have sufficient energy to stimulate capture of the heart chamber without expending energy significantly in excess of the capture threshold. Pacing in excess of a capture threshold can cause excessive energy consumption, require premature battery replacement, and can unintentionally stimulate nerves or muscles. However, if a pace pulse energy is too low, the pace pulses may not reliably produce a contractile response in the heart chamber and may result in ineffective pacing that does not improve cardiac function or cardiac output.
Electrical cardiac therapies include other complexities. For example, low impedance between an anode and cathode pair can require excessive energy delivery, causing high energy consumption and prematurely depleting the battery resources. In another example, excessively high impedance between an anode and cathode pair indicates a problem with the stimulation circuit (i.e. lead damage), resulting in a lack of therapy.
Delivering electrical cardiac therapy may involve selection of an electrode combination to which the electrical cardiac therapy is delivered. Devices for cardiac pacing and sensing may utilize a number of electrodes electrically coupled to the heart at one or more pacing sites, the electrodes configured to sense and/or pace a heart chamber. Each different combination of electrodes between which energy can be delivered constitutes a vector. Pacing via multiple intra-chamber electrode pairs may be beneficial, for example, to stimulate the heart tissue in a coordinated sequence that improves contractile function of the heart chamber.
The present invention provides methods and systems for selecting an electrode combination and provides various advantages over the prior art.
The present invention involves approaches for selecting one or more electrode combinations. Various method embodiments can include implanting a plurality of cardiac electrodes supported by one or more leads in a patient, attaching the one or more leads to a patient external analyzer circuit, delivering electrical stimulation to the patient's heart using the plurality of cardiac electrodes and the analyzer circuit, evaluating, for each electrode combination of a plurality of electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes, one or more first parameters and one or more second parameters produced by the electrical stimulation delivered using the electrode combination, the first parameters supportive of cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and the second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy, selecting one or more electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes based on the evaluation, the one or more electrode combinations selected as being associated with the one or more first parameters being supportive of cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and less associated with the one or more second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes, programming an implantable pacing circuit to deliver a cardiac pacing therapy that preferentially uses the selected one or more electrode combinations relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes, detaching the one or more leads from the analyzer circuit, attaching the one or more leads to the implantable pacing circuit, and implanting the implantable pacing circuit.
In some method embodiments, evaluating the first parameters comprises evaluating a capture threshold for each of the plurality of electrode combinations, evaluating the second parameters comprises evaluating extra-cardiac stimulation, and selecting the one or more electrode combinations comprises selecting the electrode combination of the plurality of electrode combinations that has the lowest capture threshold and does not cause extra-cardiac stimulation based on the evaluation.
Some embodiments include a cardiac rhythm management system that comprises a patient external analyzer device, a patient implantable cardiac stimulation device, a plurality of cardiac electrodes provided on one or more patient implantable leads, the one or more leads configured to be coupled to the patient external analyzer circuit and the patient implantable cardiac stimulation device, evaluation circuitry housed within the patient external analyzer device, the evaluation circuitry configured to execute stored program instructions to cause the patient external analyzer device to evaluate, for each electrode combination of a plurality of electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes, one or more first parameters and one or more second parameters produced by electrical stimulation delivered using at least some of the plurality of electrodes, the first parameters supportive of cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and the second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy, an electrode combination processor housed within the patient external analyzer device, the electrode combination processor configured to execute stored program instructions to cause the patient external analyzer device to select one or more electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes based on the evaluation, the one or more electrode combinations selected as being associated with the one or more first parameters being supportive of cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and less associated with the one or more second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes, and programmer circuitry configured to execute stored program instructions to cause the programmer circuitry to program the patient implantable cardiac stimulation device to deliver therapy preferentially using the selected electrode combinations relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes.
Some embodiments include a system for selecting an electrode combination, the system comprising a patient external analyzer device, a patient implantable cardiac stimulation device, a plurality of cardiac electrodes provided on one or more leads, the one or more leads configured to be coupled to the patient external analyzer device and the patient implantable cardiac stimulation device, means for evaluating, for each electrode combination of a plurality of electrode combinations for the plurality of implanted cardiac electrodes, one or more first parameters and one or more second parameters produced by electrical stimulation delivered using the electrode combinations, the first parameters supportive of cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and the second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy, means for selecting one or more electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes based on the evaluation, the one or more electrode combinations selected as being associated with the one or more first parameters being supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy and less associated with the one or more second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy for the one or more electrode combinations relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes, and means for programming the implantable pacing circuit to deliver electrical therapy preferentially using the one or more selected electrode combinations relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of electrode combinations based on the selection of the one or more electrode combinations.
The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. Advantages and attainments, together with a more complete understanding of the invention, will become apparent and appreciated by referring to the following detailed description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
a is a block diagram of a system incorporating electrode combination selection circuitry in accordance with various embodiments of the invention;
b is a block diagram of a system incorporating electrode combination selection circuitry in accordance with various embodiments of the invention;
a is a flowchart illustrating a method of selecting one or more electrode combinations based on capture threshold and phrenic nerve activation parameters and automatically updating the electrode combination selection in accordance with various embodiments of the invention;
b is a flowchart illustrating a method of selecting one or more electrode combinations based on capture threshold and phrenic nerve activation parameters and automatically updating the electrode combination selection in accordance with various embodiments of the invention;
While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail below. It is to be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
In the following description of the illustrated embodiments, references are made to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration, various embodiments by which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and structural and functional changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The discussion and illustrations provided herein are presented in an exemplary format, wherein selected embodiments are described and illustrated to present the various aspects of the present invention. Systems, devices, or methods according to the present invention may include one or more of the features, structures, methods, or combinations thereof described herein. For example, a device or system may be implemented to include one or more of the advantageous features and/or processes described below. A device or system according to the present invention may be implemented to include multiple features and/or aspects illustrated and/or discussed in separate examples and/or illustrations. It is intended that such a device or system need not include all of the features described herein, but may be implemented to include selected features that provide for useful structures, systems, and/or functionality.
In multi-electrode pacing systems, multiple pacing electrodes may be disposed in a single heart chamber, in multiple heart chambers, and/or elsewhere in a patient's body. Electrodes used for delivery of pacing pulses may include one or more cathode electrodes and one or more anode electrodes. Pacing pulses are delivered via the cathode/anode electrode combinations, where the term “electrode combination” denotes that at least one cathode electrode and at least one anode electrode are used. An electrode combination may involve more than two electrodes, such as when multiple electrodes that are electrically connected are used as the anode and/or multiple electrodes that are electrically connected are used as the cathode. Typically, pacing energy is delivered to the heart tissue via the cathode electrode(s) at one or more pacing sites, with a return path provided via the anode electrode(s). If capture occurs, the energy injected at the cathode electrode site creates a propagating wavefront of depolarization which may combine with other depolarization wavefronts to trigger a contraction of the cardiac muscle. The cathode and anode electrode combination that delivers the pacing energy defines the pacing vector used for pacing. The position of the cathode relative to cardiac tissue can be used to define an electrode combination and/or a pacing site.
Pacing pulses may be applied through multiple electrodes (i.e., pacing vectors defined by various electrode combinations) in a single cardiac chamber in a timed sequence during the cardiac cycle to improve contractility and enhance the pumping action of the heart chamber. It is desirable for each pacing pulse delivered via the multiple electrode combinations to capture the cardiac tissue proximate the cathode electrode. The pacing energy required to capture the heart is dependent on the electrode combination used for pacing, and different electrode combinations can have different energy requirements for capture. Particularly in the left ventricle, the minimum energy required for capture, denoted the capture threshold, may be highly dependent on the particular electrode combination used.
Pacing characteristics of therapy delivery using each electrode combination of a plurality of possible electrode combinations are dependent on many factors, including the distance between the electrodes, proximity to target tissue, type of tissue contacting and between the electrodes, impedance between the electrodes, resistance between the electrodes, and electrode type, among other factors. Such factors can influence the capture threshold for the electrode combination, among other parameters. Pacing characteristics can vary with physiologic changes, electrode migration, physical activity level, body fluid chemistry, hydration, and disease state, among others. Therefore, the pacing characteristics for each electrode combination are unique, and some electrode combinations may work better than others for delivering a particular therapy that improves cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy.
In this way, electrode combination selection should take into consideration at least the efficacy of one or more electrode combinations of a plurality of electrodes in supporting cardiac function in accordance with a prescribed therapy. The efficacy of one or more electrode combinations of a plurality of electrodes in supporting cardiac function in accordance with a prescribed therapy can be evaluated by consideration of one or more parameters produced by electrical stimulation, such as capture threshold.
Electrical stimulation delivered to one body structure to produce a desired therapeutic activation may undesirably cause activation of another body structure. For example, electrical cardiac pacing therapy can inadvertently stimulate bodily tissue, including nerves and muscles. Stimulation of extra-cardiac tissue, including phrenic nerves, the diaphragm, and skeletal muscles, can cause patient discomfort and interfere with bodily function.
A patient's evoked response from an electrical cardiac therapy can be unpredictable between electrode combinations. For example, an electrical cardiac therapy delivered using one electrode combination may produce an undesirable activation while an identical electrical cardiac therapy delivered using another electrode combination may not produce the undesirable activation. As such, selecting an appropriate electrode combination, such as one electrode combination of a plurality of electrode combinations made possible by a multi-electrode lead that effects the desired cardiac response with the least amount of energy consumption and that does not unintentionally stimulate tissue, can be many-factored and complicated.
Manually testing each parameter of interest for each possible cathode-anode electrode combination can be a time consuming process for doctors, clinicians, and programmers. Furthermore, it can be difficult to sort through numerous different parameters for multiple pacing electrode combinations and understand the various tissue activation responses of electrical therapy delivered using various electrode combinations. Systems and methods of the present invention can simplify these and other process.
Devices of the present invention may facilitate selection of one or more electrode combinations using various parameters of interest. A device may be preset for parameters of interest and/or a physician may select beneficial parameters of interest and/or non-beneficial parameters of interest. The parameters that are of interest can vary between patients, depending on the patient's pathology. Beneficial parameters are parameters which are associated with supported cardiac function in accordance with a prescribed therapy and/or are the intended result of a prescribed therapy. Non-beneficial parameters are parameters which are not associated with supported cardiac function in accordance with a prescribed therapy and/or are not the intended result of a prescribed therapy.
The flowchart of
Parameters that support cardiac function are evaluated 110 for a plurality of electrode combinations.
A parameter that supports cardiac function is any parameter that is indicative of a physiological effect consistent with one or more therapies prescribed for the patient. For example, successful capture of a heart chamber can be indicative of cardiac contractions that are capable of pumping blood, where ventricular pacing was a prescribed therapy for the patient. Parameters that support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy can be beneficial parameters, as they can be indicative of intended therapy effects (e.g., capture).
In some embodiments of the current invention, evaluating a parameter that supports cardiac function includes detecting whether electrical therapy delivered through each electrode combination of a plurality of electrode combinations improves the patient's cardiac function, consistent with a prescribed therapy, relative to cardiac function without the electrical therapy delivered using the respective electrode combination.
Parameters that do not support cardiac function are evaluated 120 for at least some of the plurality of electrode combinations. A parameter that does not support cardiac function is any parameter that produces a physiological effect inconsistent with the patient's prescribed therapy.
In some embodiments of the present invention, parameters that do not support cardiac function include parameters that are indicative of undesirable stimulation, the undesirable stimulation not consistent with a therapy prescribed for the patient. For example, delivering an electrical cardiac therapy using a particular electrode combination may unintentionally stimulate skeletal muscles, causing discomfort to the patient, not improving cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy, and possibly interfering with improving cardiac function and/or delivery of the prescribed therapy. Parameters that do not support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy can be non-beneficial parameters, as they can be indicative of unintended effects of the therapy.
The electrode combinations can be ordered 130. The order can be based on the evaluations 120 and 130 of the parameters that support cardiac function and the parameters that do not support cardiac function. Ordering may be establishing or recognizing relationships between various electrode combinations based on parameters.
Ordering can be performed manually or automatically. For example, a clinician can consider the parameters that support cardiac function and the parameters that do not support cardiac function and order the electrode combinations based on the parameters. Ordering can also be performed algorithmically by a processor executing instructions stored in memory, the processor ordering the electrode combinations based on parameter information stored in memory. For example, a data processor may algorithmically order a plurality of electrode combinations based on parameter information stored in memory, giving priority in the order to electrode combinations that can best implement the prescribed therapy while minimizing the occurrence of undesirable events inconsistent with the prescribed therapy.
One or more electrode combinations can be selected 140 based on the order of the electrode combinations. Selection of one or more electrode combinations may be done manually by a clinician reviewing the electrode combination order and inputting a selection into the device. Selection may also be done automatically, such as by a processor executing instructions stored in memory, the processor algorithmically selecting the electrode combination based on electrode combination order information stored in memory.
After electrode combination selection, therapy can be delivered 150 using the one or more selected electrode combinations. The various steps of
a is a block diagram of a CRM device 200 that may incorporate circuitry for selecting an electrode combination in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The CRM device 200 includes pacing therapy circuitry 230 that delivers pacing pulses to a heart. The CRM device 200 may optionally include defibrillation/cardioversion circuitry 235 configured to deliver high energy defibrillation or cardioversion stimulation to the heart for terminating dangerous tachyarrhythmias.
The pacing pulses are delivered via multiple cardiac electrodes 205 (electrode combinations) disposed at multiple locations within and/or about a heart, wherein a location can correspond to a pacing site. Certain combinations of the electrodes 205 may be designated as alternate electrode combinations while other combinations of electrodes 205 are designated as initial electrode combinations. Two or more electrodes may be disposed within a single heart chamber. The electrodes 205 are coupled to switch matrix 225 circuitry used to selectively couple electrodes 205 of various pacing configurations to electrode combination processor 201 and/or other components of the CRM device 200. The electrode combination processor 201 is configured to receive information gathered via the cardiac electrodes 205 and beneficial/non-beneficial parameter sensors 210. The electrode combination processor 201 can perform various functions, including evaluating electrode combination parameters that support cardiac function, evaluating electrode combination parameters that do not support cardiac function, determining an order for the electrode combinations, and selecting one or more electrode combinations based on the order, as well as other processes.
The control processor 240 can use patient status information received from patient status sensors 215 to schedule or initiate any of the functions disclosed herein, including selecting an electrode combination. Patient status sensors 215 may include an activity monitor, a posture monitor, a respiration monitor, an oxygen level monitor, and an accelerometer, among others.
A CRM device 200 typically includes a battery power supply (not shown) and communications circuitry 250 for communicating with an external device programmer 260 or other patient-external device. Information, such as data, parameter measurements, parameter evaluations, parameter estimates, electrode combination orders, electrode combination selections, and/or program instructions, and the like, can be transferred between the device programmer 260 and patient management server 270, CRM device 200 and the device programmer 260, and/or between the CRM device 200 and the patient management server 270 and/or other external system. The electrode combination processor 201 may be a component of the device programmer 260, patient management server 270, or other patient external system.
The CRM device 200 also includes a memory 245 for storing program instructions and/or data, accessed by and through the control processor 240. In various configurations, the memory 245 may be used to store information related to activation thresholds, parameters, orders, measured values, program instructions, and the like.
Parameters can be measured by Beneficial/Non-Beneficial Parameter Sensors 210. Parameter Sensors 210 can include the various sensors discussed herein or known in the art, including accelerometers, acoustic sensors, electrical signal sensors, pressure sensors, and the like.
b illustrates external circuitry used in an implantation procedure in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.
The leads 605-607 can be implanted over the long-term. In some embodiments, leads 605-607 may just have been implanted before other aspects of the present invention are carried out (e.g., evaluation and selection of electrode combinations). In some embodiments, one of more of leads 605-607 may have been implanted in a separate surgical procedure long before implementation of aspects of the present invention (e.g., a default pacing configuration was used for pacing using convention methods before aspects of the present invention were carried out).
The leads 605-608 in
As discussed herein, energy delivery to the heart 291 can fail to therapeutically treat the heart in a medically prescribed manner and/or stimulate tissue in a manner not consistent with the prescribed therapy. The evaluation unit 249 can be used to characterize various electrode combinations and select one or more preferred pacing/defibrillation configurations before implantable circuitry is programmed with the selection, connected to one or more of the leads 650-607, and implanted. Such characterization can occur by the evaluation unit 249 delivering electrical stimulation using the leads 605-608, the leads 605-608 being the same that would be used to deliver electrical therapy from a patient implantable medical device, and then evaluating the sensed physiological response (e.g., cardiac capture with phrenic stimulation).
Evaluation unit 249 can use the pacing circuitry 252 to deliver electrical energy between various electrodes of the leads 605-608 (each delivery using a combination of electrodes). Such energy can be in the form of pacing pulses which can capture and therapeutically pace the heart 291. Electrical energy 253 can be similarly delivered to the heart 291 using the defibrillation/cardioversion circuitry 253.
Combination processor 254 can receive electrical cardiac signals (e.g., ECG signals showing cardiac activity) and/or other signals (e.g., respiration sounds) indicative of the patient's 290 physiological response to electrical stimulation delivered using the pacing circuitry 252 and/or defibrillation/cardioversion circuitry 253. The physiological response signals can be used by the combination processor 254 to investigate beneficial and non-beneficial parameters as referenced herein and order and rank various electrode combinations.
Input 257 may be used to input instructions, parameter information, limits, selections, and the like. The input 257 may take the form of keys, buttons, mouse, track-ball, and the like. Display 258 can also be used to facilitate clinician interaction with the evaluation unit 249. Display 258 can take the form of a dial, LCD, or cathode-ray tube, among others. In some embodiments, the input 257 maybe integrated with the display 258, such as by use of a touch sensitive display.
In some embodiments a doctor can initiate an algorithm that selects an optimal pacing configuration using the input 258. The doctor may input various criteria using the input 257, the criteria being used to prioritize various parameters and order electrode combinations, for example. In some cases, a doctor could indicate that phrenic stimulation avoidance is to be prioritized, such that only those electrode combinations that do not cause phrenic stimulation based on an evaluation will be selected and/or ranked for subsequent use in stimulation therapy delivery. A doctor could indicate a maximum and/or minimum pulse duration range, such that electrode combinations that cannot capture cardiac tissue using pulse parameters within that range will not be selected and/or ranked.
In this way, the evaluation unit 249 can enhance use of a patient implantable medical device. Because the evaluation unit 249 can be attached to the same leads as the patient implantable medical device, the evaluation unit 249 can run various tests that are reflective of actual operating conditions of a patient implantable medical device. Moreover, using the evaluation unit 249 to perform various tests and perform other functions discussed herein provides several distinct advantages.
For example, if a patient implantable medical device is used to perform pacing configuration tests, then the patient implantable medical device must devote resources to perform these tests. These resources include battery life and memory space. An evaluation unit 249 as described herein or similar device employing aspects of the present invention (e.g., a pacing system analyzer) have much less concern with minimizing power consumption and memory content as compared to an implantable medical device. Moreover, having the evaluation unit 249 configured to perform pacing configuration tests, instead of the patient implantable medical device, simplifies the circuitry and design of the patient implantable medical device, which can then be more focused on arrhythmia detection and therapy delivery (e.g., an evaluation unit 249 can employ an acoustic sensor useful for detecting phrenic stimulation, which would consume extra energy, space, and memory if on a patient implantable medical device).
Other benefits include enhanced functionality and flexibility. For example, patient implantable medical devices are not commonly provided with interfaces, but the evaluation unit 249 has an integrated input 257 and display 258.
An evaluation unit 249 can be programmed with information regarding a plurality of different types of patient implantable medical devices (e.g., pacemakers). This allows the evaluation unit 249 to customize a pacing configuration for a particular type of patient implantable medical device. For example, if the model number of a particular type of available pacemaker is input into the evaluation unit 249, the evaluation unit 249 can then recognize the pacing parameters that the particular type of available pacemaker is capable of outputting (e.g., maximum and minimum pulse amplitude, duration, and the maximum number of electrodes that can be used to form a vector) and customize a pacing configuration (e.g., selection and/or ranking of electrode combinations) for the particular type of available pacemaker to use. In this way, the evaluation unit 249 may select one pacing configuration for a first type of pacemaker and a different pacing configuration for a second type of pacemaker which would use the same set of electrodes if implanted (e.g., the first pacemaker may be capable of delivering longer pulses as compared to the second, and longer pulses may be preferred for the particular physiology of the patient to optimize pacing, such that a different pacing configuration is preferred depending on which pacemaker is available).
Likewise, an evaluation unit 249 programmed with parameters for multiple patient implantable medical devices may be used to select a particular type of implantable medical device for connection with leads and implantation based on an analysis of the electrode combinations of the leads and the capabilities of available implantable medical devices. In this way, the evaluation unit 249 may select a first type of pacemaker to be implanted over a second type of pacemaker because an analysis of the leads as referenced herein reveals an optimal pacing configuration (e.g., particular pulse parameters that, when delivered though a particular electrode combination, capture the heart with relatively low energy consumption while not causing undesirable stimulation) that can only be met by one or a few different pacing devices. Therefore, evaluation unit 249 can automatically make selections of devices and corresponding preferred electrode combinations in the time critical period when a patient is undergoing implantation to provide an optimal pacing configuration. Because the evaluation unit 249 performs the tests using the electrodes that will be used for therapy, the evaluation unit 249 can make selections based on more accurate information relative to selections made before leads are implanted.
An evaluation unit 249 can further benefit therapy by evaluating a patient's physiological response to electrical stimulation using parameters and/or sensors that are not provided on a particular implantable medical device. For example, an evaluation unit 249 can be equipped with a catheter 261, one end of the catheter 261 being inserted through the incision 280. Multiple sensors can be provided on the catheter 261, such as an acoustic sensor, an EMG sensor, a blood oxygen saturation sensor, and/or accelerometer, among others referenced herein. These sensors can be used with the methods referenced herein for selection of a pacing configuration. For example, an acoustic sensor can sense respiration sounds and thereby detect activation of the diaphragm, an EMG sensor can detect muscle activity signatures indicative of extra-cardiac stimulation, and a blood oxygen saturation sensor can be used to assess the success of a pacing therapy delivered using a particular electrode combination in improving cardiac function (e.g., higher blood oxygen saturation indicative of improved hemodynamic function). Each of these parameters can be used to assess parameters of a particular pacing configuration. Provision of the sensors by the evaluation unit 249 (and not, for example, by a patient implantable medical device) can conserve implantable device resources (battery life, memory space, physical space, and well as simplify device design and circuitry) and can allow the sensors to evaluate parameters from areas that might not be convenient for a patient implantable medical device to measure.
Furthermore, in some embodiments the evaluation unit 249 can evaluate various electrode combinations and determine that an electrode is malfunctioning or improperly positioned. For example, relatively high impedance measurements taken between two electrodes (e.g., compared to previous measurements or population data) can determine that an electrode is improperly positioned, which can compromise the ability to use an electrode combination that would otherwise be ideal for delivering therapy. Because the evaluation unit 249 can determine electrode malfunction or mispositioning before a pacemaker is implanted and incision 280 is still open, one or more leads can be replaced or repositioned and revaluated to provide a better arrangement. Methods and devices for facilitating identification of electrode malfunction can be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20070293903, filed on Jun. 16, 2006, which is herein incorporated in its entirety.
Communications circuitry 259 can facilitate the transmission of selections, orders, and rankings pertaining to electrode combinations, among other things, to an external programmer (e.g. 300) and/or directly to a patient implantable medical device that can deliver a therapy using the selections, orders, and/or rankings.
The circuitry represented in
The programmer 300 includes a graphics display screen 320, e.g., LCD display screen, that is capable of displaying graphics, alphanumeric symbols, and/or other information. For example, the programmer 300 may graphically display one or more of the parameters downloaded from the CRM on the screen 320. The display screen 320 may include touch-sensitive capability so that the user can input information or commands by touching the display screen 320 with a stylus 330 or the user's finger. Alternatively, or additionally, the user may input information or commands via a keyboard 340 or mouse 350.
The programmer 300 includes a data processor 360 including software and/or hardware for performing the methods disclosed here, using program instructions stored in the memory 365 of the programmer 300. In one implementation, sensed data is received from a CRM via communications circuitry 366 of the programmer 300 and stored in memory 365. The data processor 360 evaluates the sensed data, which can include information related to beneficial and non-beneficial parameters. The data processor 360 can also perform other method steps discussed herein, including comparing parameters and ordering the electrode combinations, among others. Parameter information, electrode combination information, and an electrode combination order, as well as other information, may be presented to a user via a display screen 320. The parameters used for ordering the electrode combinations may be identified by the user or may be identified by the data processor 360, for example.
In some embodiments of the current invention, ordering the electrode combinations may be determined by a user and entered via the keyboard 320, the mouse 350, or stylus 330 for touch sensitive display applications. In some embodiments of the current invention, the data processor 360 executes program instructions stored in memory to order a plurality of electrode combinations based on sensed beneficial and non-beneficial parameters. The electrode combination order determined by the data processor 360 is then displayed on the display screen, where a human analyst then reviews the order and selects one or more electrode combinations for delivering an electrical cardiac therapy.
The flowchart of
The process 400 of
Phrenic nerve activation and/or a phrenic nerve activation threshold may be measured for an electrode combination by delivering electrical energy across the electrode combination and sensing for phrenic nerve activation. The energy delivered could also be used to simultaneously perform other tests, such as searching for a capture threshold. If no phrenic nerve activation is sensed using the level of electrical energy delivered, the energy level can be iteratively increased for subsequent trials of delivering electrical energy and monitoring for phrenic nerve activation until phrenic nerve activation is sensed. The electrical energy level at which phrenic nerve activation is detected can be the phrenic nerve activation threshold. Alternatively, the level of electrical energy may be decreased or otherwise adjusted until phrenic nerve activation is not detected.
Methods for evaluating phrenic nerve activation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,772,008, Provisional Patent Application No. 61/065,743 filed Feb. 14, 2008, and Patent Publication No. 20060241711, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties.
The process 400 of
Comparing 420 can include comparing the capture thresholds of the electrode combinations to one another. Such a comparison can identify which electrode combinations are associated with the lowest capture thresholds. Comparing 420 can also include comparing the occurrence, amounts, and/or thresholds of phrenic nerve activation of the electrode combinations to one another. Such a comparison can identify which electrode combinations are associated with the highest and/or lowest occurrence, amount and/or threshold of phrenic nerve stimulation. Other parameters discussed herein can also be similarly compared in this and other embodiments of the present invention.
Comparing 420 can be multidimensional, such that multiple metrics are compared for multiple electrode combinations. For example, comparing 420 may consider capture threshold and phrenic nerve activation for multiple electrode combinations to indicate which electrode combination has the lowest relative capture threshold and the least relative phrenic nerve activation.
In various embodiments, comparing parameters can include graphically displaying data in the form of tables and/or plots for physician review. In some embodiments, the physician can make a selection of an electrode combination or rank combinations upon reviewing the data. In some embodiments, a physician can rule out one or more electrode combinations from subsequent automatic selection by a processor based on the review of the data.
The process 400 of
Selecting 430 can be done according to criteria. For example, the results of the comparison can be reviewed and the electrode combination(s) matching a predetermined criterion can be selected. The criteria may be predefined by a human. Different sets of criteria may be created by a human, stored in memory, and then selected by a doctor or programmer for use, such as use in selecting 430 an electrode combination based on the comparison.
By way of example, selecting 430 can include selecting according to the criteria that the selected electrode combination be the combination with the lowest capture threshold that was not associated with phrenic nerve activation. Other criteria that can be used additionally or alternatively include responsiveness to CRT, low energy consumption, extra-cardiac activation, dP/dt, among others indicative of beneficial parameters consistent with a prescribed therapy or non-beneficial parameters inconsistent with the prescribed therapy. The electrode combination fitting such criteria can be identified for selection based on the comparison 430.
The process 400 of
The process 400 of
In the particular embodiment of
Although the embodiment of
For example, a parameter that supports cardiac function can include a degree of responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). As one of ordinary skill in the art would understand, when attempting CRT, it is preferable to select an electrode combination with a higher degree of responsiveness to CRT relative to other electrode combinations. Responsiveness to CRT, including methods to detect responsiveness, is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/654,938, filed Jan. 18, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Parameters that support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy may be related to contractility, blood pressure, dP/dt, stroke volume, cardiac output, contraction duration, hemodynamics, ventricular synchronization, activation sequence, depolarization and/or repolarization wave characteristics, intervals, responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization, electrode combination activation timing, stimulation strength/duration relationship, and battery consumption.
Various parameters that may be used for electrode combination selection are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/338,935, filed Jan. 25, 2006, and United States Publication No. 20080004667, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in each respective entirety. Each of these incorporated references include parameters that support cardiac function and parameters that do not support cardiac function, the parameters usable in the methods disclosed herein for selecting an electrode combination.
Although the embodiment of
For example, a parameter that does not support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy can include skeletal muscle activation, undesirable modes of cardiac activation, and/or undesirable nerve activation. Commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,772,008, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes methods and systems that may be used in relation to detecting undesirable tissue activation. Skeletal muscle activation may be detected, for example, through the use of an accelerometer and/or other circuitry that senses accelerations indicating muscle movements that coincide with the output of the stimulation pulse.
Other methods of measuring tissue activation may involve, for example, the use of an electromyogram sensor (EMG), microphone, and/or other sensors. In one implementation, activation of the laryngeal muscles may be automatically detected using a microphone to detect the patient's coughing response to undesirable activation of the laryngeal muscles or nerves due to electrical stimulation.
Undesirable nerve or muscle activation may be detected by sensing a parameter that is directly or indirectly responsive to the activation. Undesirable nerve activation, such as activation of the vagus or phrenic nerves, for example, may be directly sensed using electroneurogram (ENG) electrodes and circuitry to measure and/or record nerve spikes and/or action potentials in a nerve. An ENG sensor may comprise a neural cuff and/or other type or neural electrodes located on or near the nerve of interest. For example, systems and methods for direct measurement of nerve activation signals are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,573,481 and 5,658,318 which are incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties. The ENG may comprise a helical neural electrode that wraps around the nerve and is electrically connected to circuitry configured to measure the nerve activity. The neural electrodes and circuitry operate to detect an electrical activation (action potential) of the nerve following application of the electrical stimulation pulse.
Tissue activation not consistent with a prescribed therapy can also include anodal stimulation of cardiac tissue. For example, pacing may cause the cardiac tissue to be stimulated at the site of the anode electrode instead of the cathode electrode pacing site as expected. Cardiac signals sensed following the pacing pulse are analyzed to determine if a pacing pulse captured the cardiac tissue. Capture via anodal activation may result in erroneous detection of capture, loss of capture, unintended cardiac activation, and/or unpredictable wave propagation. Some electrode combinations maybe more susceptible to anodal stimulation than other electrode combinations. As such, the occurrence of anodal stimulation is a non-beneficial parameter that does not support cardiac function and/or is not consistent with the patient's therapy.
An exemplary list of beneficial and/or non-beneficial parameters that may be sensed via the parameter sensors includes impedance, contraction duration, ventricular synchronization, activation sequence, depolarization and/or repolarization wave characteristics, intervals, responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization, electrode combination activation timing, extra-cardiac stimulation, non-cardiac muscle stimulation (ex. skeletal muscle stimulation), nerve stimulation, anodal cardiac stimulation, contractility, blood pressure, dP/dt, stroke volume, cardiac output, contraction duration, hemodynamics, ventricular synchronization, activation sequence, depolarization and/or repolarization wave characteristics, intervals, responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization, electrode combination activation timing, stimulation strength/duration relationship, among others. One or more of these sensed parameters can be used in conjunction with the methods discussed herein to select an electrode combination.
b illustrates a method 401, the method 401 comprising implanting 471 a plurality of cardiac electrodes supported by one or more leads in a patient. The leads are then attached 472 to a patient external analyzer circuit. The patient external analyzer circuit could be a type of pacing system analyzer (e.g., evaluation unit 249). Once attached, electrical stimulation is delivered 473 using the plurality of cardiac electrodes and the analyzer circuit.
The method 401 can further include evaluating 474, for each electrode combination of a plurality of electrode combinations of the plurality of implanted cardiac electrodes, one or more first parameters and one or more second parameters produced by the electrical stimulation delivered using the electrode combination, the first parameters supportive of cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and the second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy. The evaluation can include a comparison between respective electrode combinations of parameters (e.g., first parameters) and non-beneficial parameters (e.g., second parameters) associated with each combination.
One or more electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes can be selected 475. The selection 475 can be based on the evaluation 474. For example, the one or more electrode combinations selected could be selected as being associated with the one or more first parameters and less associated with the one or more second parameters for the one or more electrode combinations relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes. Evaluation 474 and selection 475 can be performed in accordance in the various embodiments referenced herein.
An implantable pacing circuit can be programmed 476 to deliver a cardiac pacing therapy that preferentially uses the selected one or more electrode combinations relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes. The steps of evaluating 474, selecting 475, and programming 476 can be performed automatically by circuitry, such as the patient external analyzer circuit.
Before, during, and/or after programming 476, the one or more leads can be detached 477 from the analyzer circuit and then attached 478 to the implantable pacing circuit. The implantable pacing circuit can be implanted 479. After implantation 479, cardiac pacing therapy can be delivered 480 using the implantable pacing circuit preferentially using the selected one or more electrode combinations relative to other electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes in which ever manner the implantable pacing circuit is programmed.
In some embodiments, evaluating 474 the first parameters comprises evaluating a capture threshold for each of the plurality of electrode combinations, evaluating 474 the second parameters comprises evaluating extra-cardiac stimulation, and selecting 475 the one or more electrode combinations comprises selecting at least one electrode combination of the plurality of electrode combinations with the lowest capture threshold that does not cause extra-cardiac stimulation.
The method 401 may include determining an electrode combination ranking, the ranking having higher ranked one or more electrode combinations that are associated with the one or more first parameters being supportive of cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and are less associated with the one or more second parameters not supportive of cardiac function consistent with the prescribed therapy for the one or more electrode combinations relative to lower ranked electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes. Higher ranked electrode combinations can be used first and/or more relative to other electrode combinations by a therapy delivery device having the capability of automatically switching pacing configurations.
The method 401 may include receiving input instructions, wherein selecting the one or more electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes is further based on the input instructions. The input instructions may be input by a doctor or other health professional, for example. The ability to input such instructions can enhance the flexibility of a pacing system, as discussed herein.
The input instructions may pertain to various different commands and/or parameters. For example, the input instructions may indicate the one or more first parameters and the one or more second parameters from a plurality of different parameters upon which the selection 475 of the one or more electrode combinations is based. The input instructions may indicate one or more of a maximum pulse amplitude at which the implantable pacing circuit is programmed 476 to deliver, a minimum pulse amplitude at which the implantable pacing circuit is 476 programmed to deliver, a maximum pulse width at which the implantable pacing circuit is programmed 476 to deliver, a minimum pulse amplitude at which the implantable pacing circuit is 476 programmed to deliver, and which electrode combinations of the plurality of electrodes will be used to deliver 480 electrical stimulation and be evaluated. The input instructions may indicate one of more electrode combinations for which the first parameter is to be directly measured based on the delivery 476 of the electrical stimulation and one or more electrode combinations for which the first parameter is to be estimated and not directly measured.
In some embodiments, there are at least two stages for a physician to interact with an evaluation unit and input instructions. For example, one stage for input is before the delivery 473 of the electrical stimulation. Such input might concern parameters for testing, such as how many electrode combinations will be tested, what therapy are the electrode combinations being evaluated/selected for (e.g., bi-ventricular pacing), how the selection algorithm is to be run (e.g., with extra weight given for certain parameters for which a patient is particularly susceptible, such as phrenic stimulation in a patient with emphysema), what parameters are to be evaluated, and/or how many electrode combinations are to be selected, among other options disclosed herein.
Another stage for input is after the selection 475 algorithm has been run. In this stage the physician may review the selection, order, and/or ranking of electrode combinations, and provide an approval or rejection. If approved, the selection/order/ranking can be used to program 476 the implantable pacing circuit. If rejected, testing (e.g., steps 473-475) can be redone with different input parameters regarding how the steps are performed (e.g., a change made to any of the inputs discussed in the paragraph above). This stage many also provide an opportunity for a physician to modify the selection/order/ranking (e.g., selecting a different electrode or combination or rearranging the order) with which the implantable pacing circuit is to be programmed 476.
In some embodiments, a physician is given the option of whether a system of the present invention will automatically accept a selection/order/ranking of electrode combinations and program an implantable medical device with the selection/order/ranking or give the physician the opportunity to review, approve, and/or modify the selection/order/ranking before programming 476. Auto-acceptance before programming can minimize the critical time during which a patient is undergoing an operation procedure, while requiring physician approval provides enhanced flexibility.
In some embodiments, if the delivery 473 using, and evaluation 474 of, an electrode combination using a particular electrode provide poor results (e.g., very high capture threshold and/or a low extra-cardiac stimulation threshold), then subsequent testing may automatically refrain from using one or both of the electrodes of that combination for further testing (e.g., steps 473-474). In some embodiments, one of the electrodes of a poorly performing first combination may be tested (e.g., steps 473-474) with a different electrode in a second combination, and if the second combination has improved performance relative to the first than it may be assumed that the other electrode of the first combination (unused in the second combination) is non-ideal and subsequent testing will not use that electrode. But if the second combination also has poor performance, then the electrode used in the first combination but not the second may be tested in a third combination. This manner of testing can minimize the time needed to select 475 an appropriate electrode combination during surgery and can minimize the number of tests that could be damaging (e.g., when the capture threshold is particularly high, causing the capture threshold test to deliver several high energy stimuli and/or causing damaging extra-cardiac stimulation).
The method 401 may include comparing respective first and second parameters associated with the electrode combinations between the electrode combinations, determining a ranking for at least some of the electrode combinations of the plurality of electrode combinations, the ranking based on the evaluations 474 of the first parameters and the second parameters, and switching delivery 480 of the cardiac pacing therapy from a first prioritized electrode combination of the ranking to a lower prioritized electrode combination of the ranking in response to a detected change in condition. The detected change in condition could be a change in impedance between the first prioritized electrode combination, for example, among the other changes discussed herein.
The method 401 may include identifying a location for implantation of a housing for the implantable pacing circuit, the housing having a housing electrode, and placing a catheter having an electrode at the location, wherein delivering 473 electrical stimulation using the plurality of cardiac electrodes and the analyzer circuit further comprises delivering electrical stimulation between one or more of the plurality of cardiac electrodes and the catheter electrode, evaluating 474 further comprises evaluating first and second parameters for each electrode combination using one or more of the plurality of cardiac electrodes and the catheter electrode, and selecting 475 further comprises selecting one or more electrode combinations of the plurality of cardiac electrodes and the housing electrode based on the evaluation.
The flowchart of
The process 500 of
By way of example, the received information may be the parameters of beneficial responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization and non-beneficial arrhythmia induction, among others. The responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization parameter and the arrhythmia induction parameter may then be measured or estimated 520 for a plurality of electrode combinations.
The process 500 of
The process 500 of
For example, the plurality of electrode combinations could be ranked, the electrode combination associated with the highest relative responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization therapy and the lowest relative occurrence of arrhythmia induction being ranked above electrode combinations with lower relative responsiveness to cardiac resynchronization therapy and higher occurrence of arrhythmia induction. In this way, the electrode combinations can be ranked so as to highlight those electrode combinations associated with the highest relative levels of beneficial parameters and the lowest relative levels of non-beneficial parameters, according to a prescribed therapy.
The programmer and/or the implantable device may include a processor and execute instructions stored in memory to algorithmically recommend one or more electrode combinations based on the transmitted electrode combination information. The particular recommended electrode combination or electrode combinations can be displayed by the programmer along with other electrode combinations and associated electrode combination parameter information, or the recommended electrode combination or electrode combinations may be displayed by the programmer with electrode combinations that were not recommended. The programmer may display one or more recommend electrode combinations and non-recommended electrode combinations, and visually highlight the one or more recommended electrode combinations. The programmer may display one or more recommended electrode combinations amongst other electrode combinations, but order the one or more recommended electrode combinations to indicate which electrode combination or combinations are recommended.
In addition to recommending an electrode combination and displaying the recommended electrode combination, the programmer may also give reasons why the particular electrode combination or combinations were recommended.
Although the particular process 500 of
Inputting 550 the electrode combination selection may be facilitated by a device displaying the electrode combination information, such as by a user selecting or confirming a displayed recommended electrode combination. Inputting 550 may be done by any methods disclosed herein or known in the art. In some embodiments of the invention, several electrode combination selections can be input by the user to the programmer.
The process 500 of
The therapy device 600 illustrated in
Portions of the intracardiac lead system 610 are inserted into the patient's heart. The lead system 610 includes cardiac pace/sense electrodes 651-656 positioned in, on, or about one or more heart chambers for sensing electrical signals from the patient's heart and/or delivering pacing pulses to the heart. The intracardiac sense/pace electrodes 651-656, such as those illustrated in
The lead system 610 includes defibrillation electrodes 641, 642 for delivering defibrillation/cardioversion pulses to the heart.
The left ventricular lead 605 incorporates multiple electrodes 654a-654d and 655 positioned at various locations within the coronary venous system proximate the left ventricle. Stimulating the ventricle at multiple locations in the left ventricle or at a single selected location may provide for increased cardiac output in a patients suffering from congestive heart failure (CHF), for example, and/or may provide for other benefits. Electrical stimulation pulses may be delivered via the selected electrodes according to a timing sequence and output configuration that enhances cardiac function. Although
Portions of the housing 601 of the implantable device 600 may optionally serve as one or more multiple can 681 or indifferent 682 electrodes. The housing 601 is illustrated as incorporating a header 689 that may be configured to facilitate removable attachment between one or more leads and the housing 601. The housing 601 of the therapy device 600 may include one or more can electrodes 681. The header 689 of the therapy device 600 may include one or more indifferent electrodes 682. The can 681 and/or indifferent 682 electrodes may be used to deliver pacing and/or defibrillation stimulation to the heart and/or for sensing electrical cardiac signals of the heart.
Communications circuitry is disposed within the housing 601 for facilitating communication between the CRM circuitry and a patient-external device, such as an external programmer or advanced patient management (APM) system. The therapy device 600 may also include sensors and appropriate circuitry for sensing a patient's metabolic need and adjusting the pacing pulses delivered to the heart and/or updating the electrode combination selection to accommodate the patient's metabolic need.
In some implementations, an APM system may be used to perform some of the processes discussed here, including evaluating, estimating, comparing, ordering, selecting, and updating, among others. Methods, structures, and/or techniques described herein, may incorporate various APM related methodologies, including features described in one or more of the following references: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,011; 6,270,457; 6,277,072; 6,280,380; 6,312,378; 6,336,903; 6,358,203; 6,368,284; 6,398,728; and 6,440,066, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in each of their respective entireties.
In certain embodiments, the therapy device 600 may include circuitry for detecting and treating cardiac tachyarrhythmia via defibrillation therapy and/or anti-tachyarrhythmia pacing (ATP). Configurations providing defibrillation capability may make use of defibrillation coils 641, 642 for delivering high energy pulses to the heart to terminate or mitigate tachyarrhythmia.
CRM devices using multiple electrodes, such as illustrated herein, are capable of delivering pacing pulses to multiple sites of the atria and/or ventricles during a cardiac cycle. Certain patients may benefit from activation of parts of a heart chamber, such as a ventricle, at different times in order to distribute the pumping load and/or depolarization sequence to different areas of the ventricle. A multi-electrode pacemaker has the capability of switching the output of pacing pulses between selected electrode combinations within a heart chamber during different cardiac cycles.
Each of the pacing configurations discussed above correspond to an electrode combination, and each pacing configuration and electrode combination likewise correspond to a pacing site and/or configuration. Delivering an identical electrical therapy using each electrode combination can elicit a different response from the patient. For example, therapy delivered at one electrode combination may be more likely to capture a chamber than another site. Also, therapy delivered using one electrode combination may be more likely to stimulate the diaphragm than another site. Therefore, it is important to identify the electrode combination through which optimum therapy can be delivered. In some cases, the optimum electrode combination for therapy is one that causes the desired response, using the smallest amount of power (such as battery storage), that does not cause undesirable stimulation. For example, an optimal electrode combination may be an electrode combination through which a delivered therapy captures the intended chamber requiring the smallest amount of voltage and current that does not stimulate the diaphragm or skeletal muscles, or other extra-cardiac tissue.
The flowchart of
The process 800 of
Any method for measuring impedance for each electrode combination may be used. One illustrative example of techniques and circuitry for determining the impedance of an electrode combination is described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,015 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In accordance with this approach, measurement of impedance involves an electrical stimulation source, such as an exciter. The exciter delivers an electrical excitation signal, such as a strobed sequence of current pulses or other measurement stimuli, to the heart between the electrode combination. In response to the excitation signal provided by an exciter, a response signal, e.g., voltage response value, is sensed by impedance detector circuitry. From the measured voltage response value and the known current value, the impedance of the electrode combination may be calculated.
The process 800 of
The process 800 of
Undesirable activation threshold measuring may be performed by iteratively increasing, decreasing, or in some way changing a voltage, current, duration, and/or some other therapy parameter between a series of test pulses that incrementally increase in energy level. One or more sensors can monitor for undesirable activation immediately after each test pulse is delivered. Using these methods, the point at which a parameter change causes undesirable activation can be identified as an undesirable activation threshold.
By way of example and not by way of limitation, the undesirable activation threshold for an electrode combination may be measured by delivering first test pulse using the initial electrode combination. During and/or after each test pulse is delivered, sensors can monitor for undesirable activation. For example, an accelerometer may monitor for contraction of the diaphragm indicating that the test pulse stimulated the phrenic nerve and/or diaphragm muscle. If no phrenic nerve and/or diaphragm muscle activation is detected after delivery of a test pulse, then the test pulse is increased a predetermined amount and another test pulse is delivered. This scanning process of delivering, monitoring, and incrementing is repeated until phrenic nerve and/or diaphragm muscle activation is detected. One or more of the test pulse energy parameters at which the first undesirable activation is detected, such as voltage, can be considered to be the undesirable activation threshold.
The process 800 of
Estimation of the capture threshold of the alternate electrode combination in accordance with some embodiments described herein, is based on the assumption that for a given pulse width, the capture threshold voltage for the initial electrode combination and the capture threshold voltage for the alternate electrode combination require an equal amount of current, energy or charge. The relationship between the capture threshold voltage and current for each electrode combination can be defined by Ohm's law as follows:
Vth=IthZ, [1]
where Vth is the capture threshold voltage of the electrode combination, Ith is the capture threshold current of the electrode combination, and Z is the impedance of the electrode combination.
For the initial electrode combination, the relationship between the capture threshold voltage and current may be expressed as:
Vth-in=Ith-inZin [2]
where, Vth-in is the capture threshold voltage of the initial electrode combination, Ith-in is the capture threshold current of the initial electrode combination, and Zin is the impedance of the initial electrode combination.
For the alternate electrode combination, the relationship between the capture threshold voltage and current may be expressed as:
Vth-ex=Ith-exZex [3]
where, Vth-ex is the capture threshold voltage of the alternate electrode combination, Ith−ex is the capture threshold current of the alternate electrode combination, and Zex is the impedance of the alternate electrode combination.
As previously stated, in some embodiments, the capture threshold current of two electrode combinations having a common electrode is assumed to be about equal, or, Ith-in=Ith-ex.
The relationship between the alternate and initial capture threshold voltages may then be expressed as:
By the processes outlined above Vth-in, Zin, and, Zex are measured parameters, and the capture threshold voltage may be estimated based on these measured parameters.
The accuracy of an estimation calculation of a capture threshold for a particular electrode combination may be increased if the measured electrode combination has the same polarity as the electrode combination for which the capture threshold is being estimated. Methods for parameter estimation, including capture threshold estimation, are disclosed in United States Publication No. 20080046019, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The process 800 of
Estimating a threshold, such as estimating a capture threshold and/or an undesirable activation threshold, instead of measuring the same, can provide several advantages. For example, in some circumstances, measuring and estimating of some thresholds for a plurality of electrode combinations can be done faster than measuring the threshold for each electrode combination of the plurality of electrode combinations, as one or more test pulses do not need to be delivered for each electrode combination. Additionally, a test pulse can be uncomfortable for a patient to experience, and therefore minimizing the number of test pulses can be preferable.
Appropriate selection of the energy parameters and an electrode combination that produce the desired activation that supports cardiac and avoid the undesirable activation, consistent with a prescribed therapy, can involve the use of strength-duration relationships measured or otherwise provided. The selection of an electrode combination may involve evaluating the cardiac response across ranges of one or more of pulse width, pulse amplitude, frequency, duty cycle, pulse geometry, and/or other energy parameters.
Capture is produced by pacing pulses having sufficient energy to produce a propagating wavefront of electrical depolarization that results in a contraction of the heart tissue. The energy of the pacing pulse is a product of two energy parameters—the amplitude of the pacing pulse and the duration of the pulse. Thus, the capture threshold voltage over a range of pulse widths may be expressed in a strength-duration plot 910 as illustrated in
Undesirable activation by a pacing pulse is also dependent on the pulse energy. The strength-duration plot 920 for undesirable activation may have a different characteristic from the capture strength-duration and may have a relationship between pacing pulse voltage and pacing pulse width.
A CRM device, such as a pacemaker, may have the capability to adjust the pacing pulse energy by modifying either or both the pulse width and the pulse amplitude to produce capture. Identical changes in pacing pulse energy may cause different changes when applied to identical therapies using different electrode combinations. Determining a strength-duration plot 910 for a plurality of electrode combinations can aid in selecting an electrode combination, as the strength-duration plots can be a basis for comparison of beneficial and non-beneficial pacing characteristics and parameters.
If multiple-point strength duration plots are known for capture and undesirable activation, the energy parameters for a particular electrode combination may be determined based on these two plots. For example, returning to
According to some embodiments of the present invention, various parameters and/or characteristics, such as ranges, windows, and/or areas, of the plots of
Strength-duration plots, such as plots 910 and 920, can provide other parameters for evaluating and comparing to order electrode combinations and select an electrode combination. For example, criteria for selecting an electrode combination may specify that the selected combination is the combination with the lowest capture threshold that does not exceed a certain pulse width.
Methods and systems for determining and using strength-duration relationships are described in United States Publication No. 20080071318, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The flowchart of
After delivery 1020 of the pacing pulse, the process monitors to determine whether loss of capture is detected 1030. If loss of capture is detected, then the process 1000 proceeds to determining 1040 other beneficial parameters, and storing the beneficial parameter information. The other beneficial parameters determined could be any of the beneficial parameters discussed herein or known in the art that support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy. Examples of such beneficial parameters include electrode combination responsiveness to CRT, low battery consumption, and cardiac output, among other parameters.
The process determines 1060 non-beneficial parameters, and stores the non-beneficial parameter information. The non-beneficial parameters determined could be any of the non-beneficial parameters discussed herein or known in the art. Examples of such non-beneficial parameters include extra-cardiac stimulation and anodal stimulation, among other parameters.
After determining 1060 non-beneficial parameters, the process 1000 proceeds to decrease 1070 the electrode combination energy. After the electrode combination energy is decreased 1070, a pacing pulse is delivered 1020 using the electrode combination using the energy level to which the energy level was decreased. In this way, steps 1020, 1030, 1040, 1060, and 1070 can be repeated, decreasing 1070 the pacing energy for the electrode combination until loss of capture is detected 1030. As such, steps 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040, 1060, and 1070 can scan for a capture threshold, the capture threshold being stored 1050 in memory for the electrode combination once it has been identified by a detected loss of capture 1030.
After detecting loss of capture 1030 and storing 1050 the capture threshold for the electrode combination, the process 1000 evaluates whether there are more electrode combinations to test 1090. If there are more electrode combinations to test, then the process 1000 switches 1080 to the next electrode combination and repeats steps 1020, 1030, 1040, 1060, and 1070 to determine the capture threshold for the next electrode combination. When there are no more electrode combinations to test 1090, the test ends 1095. As such, process 1000 can be used to determine the capture threshold, beneficial parameters, and non-beneficial parameters for one or more of a plurality of electrode combinations. This information can then be used in conjunction with other methods disclosed herein to select an electrode combination, among other things.
Although the process 1000 of
The capture threshold of an electrode combination may change over time due to various physiological effects. Testing the capture threshold for a particular electrode combination may be implemented periodically or on command to ensure that the pacing energy delivered to the particular electrode combination remains sufficient to produce capture.
The flowchart of
After the beneficial and non-beneficial parameters are evaluated 1110, the beneficial and non-beneficial parameters are compared 1120. Based on the comparison, electrode combinations are selected 1130. Therapy is then delivered 1140 using the selected electrode combinations. After therapy is delivered 1140 using the selected electrode combinations, the process 1100 evaluates whether a periodic update is required 1150. A periodic update could be mandated by a programmed update schedule, or may be performed upon command.
If no periodic update is required, then therapy continues to be delivered 1140 using the selected electrode combinations. However, if a periodic update is required, then the process automatically re-measures or re-estimates 1160 beneficial and non-beneficial parameters for the plurality of electrode combinations. Automatically re-measuring or re-estimating 1160 could be performed by a method similar or identical to the method used to measure or estimate beneficial parameters 1110 at implant. After re-measuring or re-estimating the beneficial and non-beneficial parameters, the re-measured or re-estimated parameters are compared 1120, such that electrode combinations may then be selected 1130 and used to deliver 1140 a therapy.
The flowchart of
After the beneficial and non-beneficial parameters are measured or estimated 1210, the beneficial and non-beneficial parameters are ranked 1220.
Ranking can include establishing a hierarchical relationship between a plurality of electrode combinations based on parameters. In such embodiments, the highest ranked electrode combination maybe the electrode combination with most favorable beneficial parameter and non-beneficial parameter values relative to other electrode combinations, which are likewise ordered in a rank.
Based on the ranking, electrode combinations are selected 1230. Therapy is then delivered 1240 using the selected electrode combinations.
After therapy is delivered 1240 using the selected electrode combinations, the process 1200 senses 1250 for one or more conditions indicative of a change in the patient's status. In some embodiments of the invention, a sensed change in the patient status could include a sensed change in activity level, posture, respiration, electrode position, body fluid chemistry, blood or airway oxygen level, blood pressure, hydration, hemodynamics, or electrode combination impedance, among other events.
If no status change is detected 1260, then therapy continues to be delivered 1240 using the selected electrode combinations. However, if a status change is detected 1260, then the process selects 1270 the next ranked electrode combination or sites for therapy delivery and delivers 1240 therapy via the selected site or sites. According to the particular process 1200 of
Although the embodiment of
Ordering can include grouping a plurality of electrode combinations according to one or more of the parameters that support cardiac function and one or more of the parameters that do not support cardiac function, consistent with a prescribed therapy. For example, the electrode combinations of the plurality of electrode combinations can be grouped in various categories, each category associated with a different type of detected undesirable stimulation (ex. phrenic nerve, anodal stimulation, excessive impedance) and/or parameter that does support cardiac function (ex. low capture threshold; low impedance).
In some applications, it is desirable to select pacing electrodes based on a number of interrelated parameters. For example, in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) which involves left ventricular pacing, it is desirable to deliver pacing pulses that capture the heart tissue to produce a left ventricular contraction without unwanted stimulation to other body structures. However, the pacing therapy may be ineffective or less effective if pacing is delivered to a site that is a non-responder site to CRT. Thus, selection of a responder site for therapy delivery should also be taken into account. In some embodiments, the electrode selection may consider several inter-related parameters, ordering, ranking, grouping and/or recommending the electrode combinations to achieve specific therapeutic goals.
In some embodiments, the ordering, ranking, grouping and/or recommending may be performed using a multivariable optimization procedure. Electrode selection using some level of algorithmic automaticity is particularly useful when a large number of electrode combinations are possible in conjunction with the evaluation of several parameters.
Ordering can be based on the evaluations of any number of different parameters that support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and any number of parameters that do not support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy. For example, ordering can be based on a comparison of the respective evaluations of two different parameters that each support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and one or more parameters that do not support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy, each evaluation conducted for each electrode combination of a plurality of electrode combinations. In this example, the two different parameters that support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy could be left ventricular capture threshold and improved hemodynamics, while the parameter that does not support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy could be phrenic nerve activation.
Evaluating, ordering, and other comparisons of the present invention based on multiple parameters can include one, two, three, four, five, or more different parameters that support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy and one, two, three, four, five, or more different parameters that do not support cardiac function consistent with a prescribed therapy.
In some embodiments of the invention, not all possible electrode combinations will be evaluated. For example, a very high capture threshold associated with a first electrode combination may indicate that another electrode combination using the cathode or the anode of the first electrode combination may as well have a very high capture threshold. In such cases, evaluations of parameters for electrode combinations using those electrodes and/or electrodes proximate one of those electrodes will not be conducted. Forgoing evaluation of those electrode combinations likely to perform poorly based on the performance of similar electrode combinations can save evaluation time, energy, and avoid unnecessary stimulation while testing patient response. The forgoing of evaluating certain electrode combinations can be based on any of the other parameters discussed herein.
The components, functionality, and structural configurations depicted herein are intended to provide an understanding of various features and combination of features that may be incorporated in an implantable pacemaker/defibrillator. It is understood that a wide variety of cardiac monitoring and/or stimulation device configurations are contemplated, ranging from relatively sophisticated to relatively simple designs. As such, particular cardiac device configurations may include particular features as described herein, while other such device configurations may exclude particular features described herein.
Various modifications and additions can be made to the preferred embodiments discussed hereinabove without departing from the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should not be limited by the particular embodiments described above, but should be defined only by the claims set forth below and equivalents thereof.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/890,668 filed on Aug. 7, 2007, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3920005 | Gombrich et al. | Nov 1975 | A |
| 4023564 | Valiquette et al. | May 1977 | A |
| 4340063 | Maurer | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4364396 | Barthel | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4365636 | Barker | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4458692 | Simson | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4476869 | Bihn | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4550221 | Mabusth | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4552154 | Hartlaub | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4562841 | Brockway et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4573481 | Bullara | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4648407 | Sackner | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4680708 | Ambos et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4686332 | Greanias et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4827935 | Geddes et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4860766 | Sackner | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4878497 | Callaghan et al. | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4928688 | Mower | May 1990 | A |
| 4953551 | Mehra et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4979507 | Heinz | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5000189 | Throne et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5033467 | Bocchi et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5036849 | Hauck et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5101831 | Koyama et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5105354 | Nishimura | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5133353 | Hauser | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5146918 | Kallok et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5170784 | Ramon et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5178156 | Takishima et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5179945 | Van Hofwegen et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5184615 | Nappholz et al. | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5187657 | Forbes | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5203348 | Dahl et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5209229 | Gilli | May 1993 | A |
| 5217021 | Steinhaus et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5222493 | Sholder | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5230337 | Dahl et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5233983 | Markowitz | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5261400 | Bardy | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5271411 | Ripley et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5273035 | Markowitz et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5284136 | Hauck et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5292338 | Bardy | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5300106 | Dahl et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5301677 | Hsung | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5313953 | Yomtov et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5314430 | Bardy | May 1994 | A |
| 5314459 | Swanson et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5318597 | Hauck et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5324310 | Greeninger et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5331966 | Bennett et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5331996 | Ziehm | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5333095 | Stevenson et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5334222 | Salo et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5335657 | Terry, Jr. et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5350410 | Kleks et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5353788 | Miles | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5360442 | Dahl et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5366496 | Dahl et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5372606 | Lang et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5374280 | den Dulk | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5376106 | Stahmann et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5376476 | Eylon | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5388578 | Yomtov et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5391200 | Kenknight et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5397342 | Heil, Jr. et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5411031 | Yomtov | May 1995 | A |
| 5411525 | Swanson et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5411529 | Hudrlik | May 1995 | A |
| 5411533 | Dubreuil | May 1995 | A |
| 5411539 | Neisz | May 1995 | A |
| 5431693 | Schroeppel | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5439482 | Adams et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5441518 | Adams et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5443485 | Housworth et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5447519 | Peterson | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5468254 | Hahn et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5485851 | Erickson | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5517983 | Deighan et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5520191 | Karlsson et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5522860 | Molin et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5531779 | Dahl et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5534017 | Van Krieken et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5540727 | Tockman et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5540732 | Testerman | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5545186 | Olson et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5545202 | Dahl et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549655 | Erickson | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5557210 | Cappa et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5591216 | Testerman et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5603732 | Dahl et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5620466 | Haefner et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5626620 | Kieval et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5634938 | Swanson et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5641326 | Adams | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5650759 | Hittmann et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5658318 | Stroetmann et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5662688 | Haefner et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5662696 | Kroll et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5674254 | Van Krieken | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5683431 | Wang | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5683434 | Archer | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5697953 | Kroll et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5697956 | Bornzin | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5704365 | Albrecht et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5713933 | Condie et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5715812 | Deighan et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5718720 | Prutchi et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5724984 | Arnold et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5735883 | Paul et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5738102 | Lemelson | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5779645 | Olson et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5814087 | Renirie | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5817027 | Arand et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5827326 | Kroll et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5836987 | Baumann et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5844506 | Binstead | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5855593 | Olson et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5857977 | Caswell et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5860918 | Schradi et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5861011 | Stoop | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5861013 | Peck et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5871512 | Hemming et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5873898 | Hemming et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5876353 | Riff | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5895414 | Sanchez-Zambrano | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5916243 | KenKnight et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5944680 | Christopherson et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5957956 | Kroll et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5964778 | Fugoso et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5974340 | Kadhiresan | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5987352 | Klein et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6026320 | Carlson et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6038474 | Zhu et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6044298 | Salo et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6045513 | Stone et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6049730 | Kristbjarmarson | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6052620 | Gillberg et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6055454 | Heemels | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6064910 | Andersson et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6076014 | Alt | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6076015 | Hartley et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6091973 | Colla et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6101416 | Sloman | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6084253 | Johnson et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6115628 | Stadler et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6120441 | Griebel | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6126611 | Bourgeois et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6128534 | Park et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6128535 | Maarse | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6132384 | Christopherson et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6134473 | Hemming et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141581 | Olson et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6147680 | Tareev | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6148230 | KenKnight | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6148234 | Struble | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6163724 | Hemming et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6169921 | KenKnight et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6175766 | Bornzin et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6190326 | McKinnon et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6192275 | Zhu et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6221011 | Bardy | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6226551 | Zhu et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6227072 | Ritchey et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6238419 | Lindgren | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6251126 | Ottenhoff et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6253102 | Hsu et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6258039 | Okamoto et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6259947 | Olson et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6266554 | Hsu et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6270457 | Bardy | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6272377 | Sweeney et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6275731 | Zhu et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6277072 | Bardy | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6280380 | Bardy | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6280462 | Hauser et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6282440 | Brodnick et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6285907 | Kramer et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6299581 | Rapoport et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6312378 | Bardy | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6312388 | Marcovecchio et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6324421 | Stadler et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6324427 | Florio | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6336903 | Bardy | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6345201 | Sloman et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6351669 | Hartley et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6351673 | Ding et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6353759 | Hartley et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6358203 | Bardy | Mar 2002 | B2 |
| 6360127 | Ding et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6363270 | Colla et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6363281 | Zhu et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6368284 | Bardy | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6368287 | Hadas | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6371922 | Baumann et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6375621 | Sullivan | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6393316 | Gillberg et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6398728 | Bardy | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6409675 | Turcott | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6411848 | Kramer et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
| 6415174 | Bebehani et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6415183 | Scheiner et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6418340 | Conley et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6418343 | Zhang et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6421564 | Yerich et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424234 | Stevenson | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424865 | Ding | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6434417 | Lovett | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6434428 | Sloman et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6438409 | Malik et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6438410 | Hsu et al. | Aug 2002 | B2 |
| 6440066 | Bardy | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6449503 | Hsu | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6456481 | Stevenson | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6456880 | Park et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6456881 | Bornzin et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6459929 | Hopper et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6463327 | Lurie et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6466820 | Juran et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6477415 | Yerich et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6477422 | Splett | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6480733 | Turcott | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6480734 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6487443 | Olson et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6491639 | Turcott | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6493586 | Stahmann et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6496715 | Lee et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6505067 | Lee et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6505071 | Zhu et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6512940 | Brabec et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6512953 | Florio et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6522915 | Ceballos et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6542775 | Ding et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6553259 | Mouchawar et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6564106 | Guck et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6567701 | Vonk | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6574507 | Bonnet | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6587726 | Lurie et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6589188 | Street et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6595927 | Pitts-Crick | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6597951 | Kramer et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6600949 | Turcott | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6607509 | Bobroff et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6611712 | Spinelli et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6615082 | Mandell | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6615083 | Kupper | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6615089 | Russie et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6618619 | Florio et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6622046 | Fraley et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6631290 | Guck et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6640136 | Helland et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6641542 | Cho et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6654637 | Rouw et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6658293 | Vonk | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6684100 | Sweeney et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6690967 | Meij | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6701170 | Stetson | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6708058 | Kim et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6725085 | Schwartzmann et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6731973 | Voith | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6731983 | Ericksen et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6731984 | Cho et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6731985 | Poore et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6738668 | Mouchawar et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6738669 | Sloman et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6754523 | Toole | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6754528 | Bardy et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6760615 | Ferek-Petric | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6766190 | Ferek-Petric | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6768923 | Ding et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6768924 | Ding et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6772008 | Zhu et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6773404 | Poezevera et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6778860 | Ostroff et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6782291 | Bornzin et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6788974 | Bardy et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6830548 | Bonnet et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6834204 | Ostroff et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6856835 | Bardy et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6865417 | Rissmann et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6866044 | Bardy et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6881192 | Park | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6884218 | Olson et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6885893 | Lu | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6888538 | Ely et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6889079 | Bocek et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6890306 | Poezevera | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6895274 | Mower | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6904315 | Panken et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6904320 | Park et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6915160 | Auricchio et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6915164 | Bradley et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6917832 | Hutten et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6922589 | Stahmann et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6925324 | Shusterman | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6925330 | Kleine | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6927721 | Ostroff | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6928324 | Park et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6937901 | Zhu et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6937907 | Bardy et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6944495 | MacAdam et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6944579 | Shimizu | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6950702 | Sweeney | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6950705 | Bardy et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6952608 | Ostroff | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6952610 | Ostroff | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6954670 | Ostroff | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6959214 | Pape et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6961613 | Bjorling et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6961619 | Casey | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6973350 | Levine et al. | Dec 2005 | B1 |
| 6975904 | Sloman | Dec 2005 | B1 |
| 6978178 | Sommer et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6983264 | Shimizu | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6988003 | Bardy et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6993379 | Kroll | Jan 2006 | B1 |
| 6993389 | Ding | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6999817 | Park et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7006869 | Bradley | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7025730 | Cho et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7027861 | Thompson | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7027868 | Rueter et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7027871 | Burnes et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7031773 | Levine et al. | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7039459 | Bardy | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7039465 | Bardy | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7043299 | Erlinger | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7050851 | Plombon et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7062327 | Bradley et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7065400 | Schechter | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7065407 | Bardy | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7065410 | Bardy et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7069080 | Bardy | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7076296 | Rissmann et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7079988 | Albera | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7081095 | Lynn et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7085599 | Kim et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7090682 | Sanders et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7092754 | Bardy et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7094207 | Koh | Aug 2006 | B1 |
| 7096064 | Deno et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7103404 | Staler et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7107093 | Burnes | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7113823 | Yonce et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7115097 | Johnson | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7117036 | Florio | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7120495 | Bardy et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7123960 | Ding | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7123963 | Sawchuk et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7127290 | Girouard | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7129935 | Mackey | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7139610 | Ferek-Patric | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7144586 | Levy et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7146212 | Bardy et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7149575 | Ostroff et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7155278 | King et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7160252 | Cho | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7177689 | Ternes et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7179229 | Koh | Feb 2007 | B1 |
| 7181285 | Lindh | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7184835 | Kramer et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7191003 | Greenhut et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7191004 | Kim et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7194302 | Bardy et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7194309 | Ostroff et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7194313 | Libbus | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7203540 | Ding et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7203542 | Obel | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7203543 | Meyer et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7212862 | Park et al | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7225016 | Koh | May 2007 | B1 |
| 7225021 | Park et al. | May 2007 | B1 |
| 7225035 | Brabec et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7228173 | Cazares | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7228174 | Burnes et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7233821 | Hettrick et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7236819 | Brockway | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7242978 | Cao | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7242983 | Frei et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7245962 | Ciaccio et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7248921 | Palreddy et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7248925 | Bruhns et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7263399 | Carlson | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7277754 | McCabe et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7277757 | Casavant et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7286876 | Yonce et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7299086 | McCabe et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7299093 | Zhu et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7308311 | Sorensen | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7319900 | Kim et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7330761 | Zhang | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7337000 | Meyer et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7340302 | Falkenberg et al. | Mar 2008 | B1 |
| 7359749 | Quenet et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7363086 | Koh et al. | Apr 2008 | B1 |
| 7369889 | Astrom et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7392086 | Sathaye | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7412287 | Yonce et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7426412 | Schecter | Sep 2008 | B1 |
| 7438686 | Cho | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7457664 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7463924 | Bardy et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7468040 | Hartley | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7469161 | Gandhi et al. | Dec 2008 | B1 |
| 7471983 | Voegele et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7477932 | Lee | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7496409 | Greenhut et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7499751 | Meyer et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7509170 | Zhang et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7519423 | Begemann et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7555336 | Sheth et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7555340 | Dong et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7558628 | Yonce et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7580741 | Cazares et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7587240 | Zhang et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7617002 | Goetz | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7620452 | Russie | Nov 2009 | B1 |
| 7647108 | Freeberg | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7653431 | Cazares et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7657314 | Sathaye et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7680536 | Sathaye et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7684861 | Sanders | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7706866 | Zhang et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7711423 | Burnes et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7734333 | Ghanem et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7734347 | Sathaye et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7738959 | Manrodt et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7761162 | Dong et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7761164 | Verhoef et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7792585 | Shelchuk | Sep 2010 | B1 |
| 7848812 | Crowley et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7953489 | Warren et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7957803 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7996072 | Haefner | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8010203 | DeMulling et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8036743 | Savage et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8065002 | Arand et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8078276 | Dong et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8135463 | Burnes et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8150512 | Bornzin et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8160700 | Ryu et al. | Apr 2012 | B1 |
| 8175703 | Dong et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8200331 | Libbus et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8200332 | Libbus et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8209013 | Brooke et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8233979 | Shelchuk | Jul 2012 | B1 |
| 8265736 | Sathaye et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8271086 | Voegele et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8271087 | Sathaye et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8306622 | Arcot-Krishnamurthy et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8401646 | Stadler et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 20020002327 | Grant et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020035377 | Bardy et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020035378 | Bardy et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020035379 | Bardy et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020035381 | Bardy et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020052631 | Sullivan et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020082658 | Heinrich et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095184 | Bardy et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020107544 | Ostroff et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020107545 | Rissmann et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20030023175 | Arzbaecher et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030135248 | Stypulkowski | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030195571 | Burnes et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199945 | Ciulla | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030204213 | Jensen et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030208241 | Bradley et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212436 | Brown | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040064162 | Manrodt et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040082975 | Meyer et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040116978 | Bradley | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040172065 | Sih et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040215253 | Weinberg | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040215277 | Oosterhoff et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040230229 | Lovett | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040260351 | Holmstrom et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050004612 | Scholten et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050010120 | Jung | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050038478 | Klepfer et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043652 | Lovett et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050060002 | Zhu et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050060007 | Goetz | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050065587 | Gryzwa | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050085865 | Tehrani | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113710 | Stahmann et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050131476 | Kim et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050131477 | Meyer et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050131478 | Kim et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20060069322 | Zhang et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060074331 | Kim et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060074454 | Freeberg | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060111747 | Cazares et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060116593 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129193 | Zhang | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129194 | Zhang | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129195 | Sathaye et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129196 | Dong et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129197 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129198 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129199 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060241711 | Sathaye | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060247693 | Dong et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060247695 | Stalsberg et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060253043 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060253044 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070049974 | Li et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070055124 | Viswanathan et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070129764 | Burnes | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070142741 | Berthon-Jones et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070239057 | Pu et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255321 | Gerber et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080004665 | McCabe et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080009909 | Sathaye et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080046019 | Sathaye et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080071318 | Brooke et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080234556 | Brooke et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080294215 | Sathaye | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080300644 | Sathaye | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090030470 | Holmstrom | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043351 | Sathaye | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043352 | Brooke | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054946 | Sommer et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20100125306 | McCabe et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100152801 | Koh et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100198292 | Honeck et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100305637 | McCabe et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100305638 | McCabe et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100305647 | McCabe et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100324617 | Ong | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110004264 | Siejko et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110022110 | Min | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110022112 | Min | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110098770 | Ryu et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110098773 | Brisben et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110098774 | Brisben et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110152956 | Hincapie Ordonez et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110196441 | Ryu et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110196442 | Ryu et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110245890 | Brisben et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110319954 | Niazi et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120035685 | Saha et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078320 | Schotzko et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120101543 | Demmer et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120101546 | Stadler et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120130442 | Rockweiler et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150253 | Burnes et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120229496 | Bloemer | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120271371 | Keel et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120290036 | Karamanoglu et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120296387 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120296388 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120323291 | Sathaye et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120330372 | Sathaye et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130006332 | Sommer et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130035738 | Karst et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130046356 | Jensen et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130046369 | Eggen et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130053916 | Sambelashvili et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130053918 | Sambelashvili et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0468720 | Jan 1992 | EP |
| 0560569 | Sep 1993 | EP |
| 0940155 | Sep 1999 | EP |
| 1038498 | Sep 2000 | EP |
| 1151718 | Nov 2001 | EP |
| 1291038 | Mar 2003 | EP |
| 1629863 | Mar 2006 | EP |
| 9217240 | Oct 1992 | WO |
| 9220402 | Nov 1992 | WO |
| 9904841 | Feb 1999 | WO |
| WO0001438 | Jan 2000 | WO |
| WO0017615 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| WO0240097 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO0247761 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| WO02087696 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| WO03003905 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| WO03028550 | Apr 2003 | WO |
| WO2004026398 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| WO2004091720 | Oct 2004 | WO |
| WO2005058412 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| WO2005089865 | Sep 2005 | WO |
| WO2006065707 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| WO2007087025 | Aug 2007 | WO |
| WO2008005270 | Jan 2008 | WO |
| WO2009020639 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/116,525, filed Apr. 28, 2005, Meyer et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/116,544, filed Apr. 28, 2005, Meyer et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/116,558, filed Apr. 28, 2005, Dong et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/116,565, filed Apr. 28, 2005, Stalsberg et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/116,578, filed Apr. 28, 2005, Stalsberg et al. |
| Office Action dated Nov. 3, 2009 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/520,879, 8 pages. |
| Office Action Response dated Dec. 2, 2009 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/520,879, 7 pages. |
| Office Action dated Mar. 10, 2010 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/520,879, 15 pages. |
| Office Action dated Apr. 17, 2007 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/114,569, 11 pages. |
| Office Action Response dated Aug. 17, 2007 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/114,569, 9 pages. |
| Office Action dated Nov. 14, 2007 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/114,569, 13 pages. |
| Office Action Response dated Jan. 14, 2008 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/114,569, 8 pages. |
| Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 14, 2008 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/114,569, 4 pages. |
| Office Action dated Nov. 9, 2007 from U.S. Appl. No. 10/955,393, 13 pages. |
| Office Action Response dated Apr. 21, 2008 from U.S. Appl. No. 10/955,393, 12 pages. |
| Office Action dated Jul. 31, 2008 from U.S. Appl. No. 10/955,393, 8 pages. |
| Office Action Response dated Dec. 22, 2008 from U.S. Appl. No. 10/955,393, 9 pages. |
| Office Action dated Mar. 20, 2009 from U.S. Appl. No. 10/955,393, 10 pages. |
| Office Action Response dated Jun. 9, 2009 from U.S. Appl. No. 10/955,393, 10 pages. |
| Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 2, 2009 from U.S. Appl. No. 10/955,393, 4 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Dec. 12, 2008 from PCT Application No. PCT/US2008/009488, 14 pages. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Feb. 18, 2010 from PCT Application No. PCT/US2008/009488, 7 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Apr. 6, 2009 from PCT Application No. PCT/US2009/033687, 16 pages. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/890,668, filed Aug. 7, 2007, Sathaye et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 12/154,410, filed May 22, 2008, Sathaye. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 12/154,411, filed May 22, 2008, Sathaye. |
| File history for EP Application No. 08795112.5 as retrieved from European Patent Office electronic file system on Mar. 15, 2011, 64 pages. |
| Office Action dated May 13, 2011 from Australian patent application No. 2008284265, 3 pages. |
| Acar et al., SVD-based on-line exercise ECG signal orthogonalization, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 46, No. 3, Mar. 1999. Abstract only. |
| Belouchrani et al., Blind Source Separation Based on Time-Frequency Signal Representations, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 46, No. 11, pp. 2888-2897, Nov. 1998. |
| Cohen et al. Capture Management Efficacy in children and young adults with endocardial and unipolar epicardial systems. Europace, vol. 6, pp. 248-255, 2004. |
| Comon, Independent component analysis, A new concept?, Signal Processing, vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 287-314, Apr. 1994. |
| Gallois et al., Multi-Channel Analysis of the EEG Signals and Statistic Particularities for Epileptic Seizure Forecast, Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, pp. 208-215, Oct. 23-26, 2002. |
| Gradaus et al., Nonthoracotomy Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Placement in Children: Use of a Subcutaneous Array Leads and Abdominally Placed Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Children, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 356-360, Mar. 2001. |
| Hartz et al., New Approach to Defibrillator Insertion, Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 97, pp. 920-922, 1989. |
| Hyvärinen et al., Independent Component Analysis: A Tutorial, Helsinski University of Technology, Apr. 1999. |
| Kolettis et al., Submammary Implantation of a Cardioverter-Defibrillator with a Nonthoractomy Lead System, American Heart Journal, vol. 126, pp. 1222-1223, Nov. 1993. |
| Leng et al., “Lead Configuration for Defibrillator Implantation in a Patient with Congenital Heart Disease and a Mechanical Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve”, PACE, vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 1291-1292, Aug. 2001. |
| Park et al., Use of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in an Eight-Month-Old Infant with Ventricular Fibrillation Arising from a Myocardial Fibroma, PACE, vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 138-139, Jan. 1999. |
| Rieta, et al., Atrial Activity Extraction Based on Blind Source Separation as an Alternative to QRST Cancellation for Atrial Fibrillation Analysis, Computers in Cardiology, vol. 27, pp. 69-72, 2000. |
| Schuder et al., Experimental Ventricular Defibrillation with an Automatic and Completely Implanted System, Trans. American Society Artif. Int. Organs, vol. 16, pp. 207-212, 1970. |
| Schuder et al., Transthoracic Ventricular Defibrillation in the Dog with Truncated and Untruncated Exponential Stimuli, IEEE Transitions on Bio-Medical Engineering, vol. BME-18, No. 6, pp. 410-415, Nov. 1971. |
| Schuder et al., Ventricular Defibrillation in the Dog Using Implanted and Partially Implanted Electrode Systems, American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 33, pp. 243-247, Feb. 1974. |
| Smits et al., Defibrillation Threshold (DFT) Model of a Fully Subcutaneous ICD System, Europace Supplements, vol. 2, Jun. 2001 at col. 778, p. B83. |
| Splett et al. “Determination of Pacing Capture in Implantable Defibrillators: Benefit of Evoked Response Detection Using RV Coil to Can Vector,” PACE, vol. 23, 2000, pp. 1645-1650. |
| Stirbis et al., Optimizing of the Shape of Implanted Artificial Pacemakers, Kaunas Medical Institute, Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 25-27, 1986. |
| Verrier et al., Sleep, dreams, and sudden death: the case for sleep as an autonomic stress test for the heart, 31 Cardiovascular Research 181-211, 1996. |
| Verrier et al., Sleep Related Cardiovascular Risk: New Home-Based Monitoring Technology for Improved Diagnosis and Therapy, 2 A.N.E. 158-175, 1997. |
| Waldemark et al., Detection of Apnea using Short Window FFT Technique and Artificial Neural Network, 3390 SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering 122-133, 1998. Partial article. |
| Zarzoso et al., Blind Separation of Independent Sources for Virtually Any Source Probability Density Function, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 47, No. 9, pp. 2419-2432, Sep. 1999. |
| Zarzoso et al., Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiogram Extraction: Blind Separation Versus Adaptive Noise Cancellation, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 12-18, Jan. 2001. |
| Office Action Response dated May 19, 2010 from U.S. Appl. No. 11/520,879, 13 pages. |
| File history for U.S. Appl. No. 12/154,410. |
| File history for U.S. Appl. No. 12/154,411. |
| File history for U.S. Appl. No. 11/890,668. |
| File history for U.S. Appl. No. 12/368,828. |
| File history for U.S. Appl. No. 11/520,879. |
| File history for EP Application No. 08795112.5 as retrieved from the European Patent Office Electronic File System on Jul. 18, 2011, 140 pages. |
| Ajilore, O. et al., “Nightcap: laboratory and home-based evaluation of a portable sleep monitor,” Psychophysiology, Jan. 1995;32(1):92-8. Abstract only. |
| Krahn, AD et al., “Recurrent syncope. Experience with an implantable loop recorder,” Cardiol Clin. May 1997:15(2):313-26. Abstract only. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090043352 A1 | Feb 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11890668 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 12220496 | US |
