Apparatus which discourages the use of unauthorized program software with proprietory computer hardware. The computer hardware reads a DATA TABLE from a specified location in separable software and displays the content of that table in human recognizable form. The displayed data is then compared with reference data which is stored in the proprietory hardware. The hardware blocks further execution of programs contained in the separable software if the displayed data and reference data are not congruent. In a preferred embodiment the display is material which can only be legally used with the permission of the manufacturer or proprietory of the hardware; for example; a registered trademark or copyrighted material.
Description
The invention relates to methods and apparatus which discourage and/or prevent the use of unauthorized program material with proprietory computer hardware. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 324,744, of Robert T. Mayer, entitled "Protected Programmable Apparatus," filed concurrently herewith and assigned to an assignee of this application. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In many instances the manufacturer and/or proprietor of digital computer hardware may find it necessary or advantageous to exercise control over the nature, origin and/or quality of computer programs, data, or other software which is utilized with the hardware or, in some cases, to totally preclude the operation of certain software with the hardware. The need to control software operation is particularly critical when the computer hardware is utilized to monitor or control the operation of moving or radiating equipment or other potentially dangerous instrumentalities where the uncontrolled use of software developed by a user or third party may expose the equipment manufacturer to liability claims. In many cases government or other certifications of equipment, for example, computerized medical equipment, are conditioned on the use of that equipment with particular software. A manufacturer's desire to control software use may also be based on commercial considerations. For example, a manufacturer may sell hardware at a small profit with the exception of recouping profits from the sale of software. The computer industry has, for some time, utilized various protection code and password techniques to prevent unauthorized users from accessing and/or controlling programs and data at a particular hardware installation or for limiting the use of proprietory software to a particular installation. Those techniques generally require that a unique identification number be associated with each user and/or hardware installation. Their integrity also generally requires that the security of at least a portion of the system software or firmware (which contains and/or checks the password or identification number) be maintained. These prior art techniques are not, therefore, directly adoptable to preclude the use of unauthorized software on hardware systems which move outside of the proprietor's physical control and are thus subject to reverse engineering as, for example: video game consoles which are distributed to the consumer market. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides methods and apparatus for preventing the wrongful use of separable software with electronic digital computer apparatus. In accordance with the methods of the invention the computer apparatus is operated to sense the presence of information at one or more predetermined addressable locations in the separable software and to produce, in response thereto, an audible and/or visual message and/or display which is uniquely derived from that information. The content of the message and/or display, or signals uniquely related thereto, are then compared with reference information which is recorded in hardware or firmware of the computer apparatus to determine if the message and/or display is congruent with the recorded reference information. Some or all further operation of the computer is inhibited if congruence is not detected. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the recorded reference information represents a message and/or display which is lawfully usable only by the proprietor of the digital computer apparatus, for example by virtue of the protection afforded him by the patent, copyright, or trademark statutes or by virtue of the law of unfair competition.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention may be understood with reference to the attached drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the architecture of a programmable video game; FIG. 2 is a memory map of the video game of FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a software implementation of the invention in the video game of FIGS. 1 and 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 schematically represents the architecture of a bus oriented, programmable video game. The architecture of FIG. 1 is also analogous, for example, to the architecture of programmable medical diagnostic apparatus (for example ultrasound or CT scanners) and of some computer controlled machinery. A microprocessor 10 communicates data, instructions, and address information via a bus 11 with a read-only memory (the EXECUTIVE ROM) 12 which contains EXECUTIVE program software, a video generator 13, a random access memory (RAM) 14, a read-only memory 16 (the GAME ROM) containing software for a particular game, and, optionally, with various input-output interfaces 18 which communicate data to one or more accessories, for example a printer or a tape recorder. The mircoprocesor 10, EXECUTIVE ROM 12, video generator 13 and RAM 14 typically are all contained within a single hardware console unit. The GAME ROM 16 and interface 18 are external to and separable from the console and connect to the bus 11 via removable connectors 17 and 19. The microprocessor 10 generally comprises an integrated circuit processor which is capable of addressing and executing program instructions which are stored in ROM's 12 and 16 or in RAM 14, of reading data resident in ROM's 12 and 16, and RAM 14, at I/O interface 18 or in data registers of the video generator 13. The microprocessor is also capable of writing data to addresses in RAM 14, registers in video generator 13, and to I/O interface 18. Video generator 13 may be one or more dedicated integrated circuits which produce a raster scan television signal in response to image data received via bus 11 from microprocessor 10 and/or one or more of memories 12, 14 and 16. The video generator may typically include a character generator for producing alphanumeric characters in a video image in response to ASCII coded character information and position addresses received from the data and may, additionally, contain circuitry for generating object oriented displays and/or for mapping information contained in random access memory 14 to points in the video image. The raster scan television signal produced by video generator 13 is fed to and displayed on cathode ray tube 15 which may be contained in the video game console or may be a separate television monitor or receiver. The video generator may also be capable of generating audible signals which are produced either through television receiver 15 or through a separate loudspeaker in the game console. Microprocessor 10 communicates with memories 12, 14 and 16, and the registers of video generator 13 by transmitting discrete address information, identified with those components, over bus 11. The "address space" of a preferred embodiment of the video game is illustrated in FIG. 2. A group of, for example, 4K addressable locations comprise data stored in the EXECUTIVE read only memory. The EXECUTIVE read-only memory contains data and program routines which are utilized by all or many of the separable game programs which operate with the console unit. These may, for example, comprise programs for initializing the console at the start of each game or for generating standard displays. The address space further includes for example approximately 32K addresses assigned to the separable GAME ROM 16 which contains program routines and data which are uniquely associated with one or more particular video games and which function to generate the displays, score keeping, and logic function of those games. The address space further includes for example approximately 16K of random access memory 14 which may alternately be utilized for storage of a video display in any format (for example as a direct bit map of in a coded character or object oriented format) or for scratch-pad data storage. A relatively small number of locations of the address space are associated with registers and control functions in the video generator and are utilized by the microprocessor to control the mode and operation of the generator and to determine the status of the display. As indicated in FIG. 2 the video generator 13 is capable of reading information from the GAME ROM and of reading and/or writing information to and from the RAM 14 as well as to and from its own registers 21. The microprocessor 10 can read and write information to and from the video generator registers, the RAM 14, and the external I/O port and can read information from the GAME and EXECUTIVE ROM's. Hardware circuitry associated with the microprocessor 10 automatically reads a first program instruction from address 0 of the EXECUTIVE ROM whenever the console is RESET. A RESET typically occurs whenever power is applied to the console, when a "RESET" key is depressed, and whenever a new GAME ROM 16 is inserted in connector 17. FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an initialization routine which implements the present invention in the video game console of FIG. 1. Except as indicated in the following text, the initialization routine is implemented as firmware instructions installed in the EXECUTIVE ROM 12 and is thus contained, in unalterable form, as a physical part of the video game control console hardware. A RESET (whether produced by power on, the insertion of a ROM cartridge in connector 17, or by a manual reset key), causes the microprocessor hardware to execute the instruction at location 0 in the EXECUTIVE read-only memory 12. Location 0 contains an instuction which causes program execution to jump to an ENABLE routine which is stored at a previously determined location in the EXECUTIVE ROM. The ENABLE routine first issues a command to the video generator 13 which causes the video generator to clear the video display to a blank screen and then proceeds to read information from a DATA TABLE which is contained at predetermined addresses in the GAME ROM, and to write corresponding information into the video display control area of the RAM. The video generator 13 may, possibly, include hardware which disables the operation of the audio and/or video display upon receipt of a given command or sequence of commands. After loading the data from the GAME ROM into the RAM the ENABLE routine checks the loaded data to determine whether or not it contains instructions which, if supplied to the video generator would disable the generator operation. If such instructions are present in the RAM the program loops back to location 0 and will continue to execute an endless loop of the previously described program instructions until the GAME ROM is removed. During execution of the loop, the video display will remain blank and the console will be incapable of executing any program code contained in the GAME ROM. Alternately, the display may be made to present the text "INVALID SOFTWARE" or a similar appropriate message. If the ENABLE routine determines that the DATA TABLE does not contain a code which would disable the video generator, it then utilizes the data contained in the DATA TABLE as a display input to the video generator 13. The microprocessor issues a command to the video generator 13 to display the stored inputted data on the display 15. After the video generator has been enabled and while the image is being displayed the microprocessor compares the data stored in the RAM 14 and/or the contents of DATA TABLE in GAME ROM 16 with a field of reference data which is recorded at locations in the EXECUTIVE ROM 12. If the comparison indicates that the data stored for input to the video display is different from that stored in the reference table of the EXECUTIVE ROM, the microprocessor loops back to location 0 and continues to execute an endless loop until the GAME ROM is removed. The loop will alternately clear the screen and present the display defined by the DATA TABLE in the GAME ROM; but no execution of programs or other display fields contained in the data stored in the GAME ROM will be permitted. If the microprocessor determines that the data field stored in the RAM is congruent with the reference field stored in the EXECUTIVE ROM the mircoprocessor commands a delay loop, for example 5 seconds, during which the display defined by the DATA TABLE of the ROM is presented on the display screen 15; it then branches to execute a video game or other program contained in the GAME ROM. It is a feature of the invention that the display which is produced by the video generator 13 in response to the DATA TABLE stored in the RAM be a humanly recognizable display which can only legally be used by or with the permission of the manufacturer or proprietor of the console. For example, the display may comprise audio or visual material which is copyrighted by the console proprietor; may contain one or more registered trademarks or other industrial or commercial property rights of the proprietor or may present text which unequivocally indicates that the program material originated from, was manufactured by or was produced under license of or with the permission of the proprietor. If the program material contained in the read-only memory is protected by a patent or is the subject of a patent application the text may also unequivocally state that fact. Apparatus which is the subject of a U.S. patent application could also include a phrase indicating that the apparatus practices the invention of that application and/or corresponding foreign applications and/or patents granted thereon or some other similar identifying phrase. For example, such language could include a phrase similar to "This apparatus uses the invention of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 324,744 entitled Protected Programmable Apparatus filed on Nov. 25, 1981 and assigned to U.S. Philips Corporation and any patent issuing thereon." This phrase, of course, includes the filing date of that application, which is the related application filed concurrently herewith. Alternatively, the phrase could read "This apparatus practices the invention of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 324,744" which is the serial number of the application identified two sentences above. This latter phrase could include the language "the invention of the claims etc." This phrase could also include reference to corresponding foreign applications and patents. Under some conditions it might be found objectionable to display these types of phrases. If it should be so found the program material can be arranged so that the delay loop of FIG. 3 is bypassed and the signals which produce these phrases are short lived enough to produce a display which is imperceptible to a normal viewer. Nevertheless, the phrase or phrases could be viewed if the display were, for example, filmed by a slow motion camera. Such displays by non-licensed equipment may constitute an admission of infringement. In one of the embodiments in which the subject matter disclosed herein can be used, namely a programmable TV game the program material including its instructions and the code that will produce the particular desired display would be contained in a ROM mounted in a cassette like cartridge which is made to be plugged into a console containing the computer equipment which the ROM operates with. The information contained in the DATA TABLE which is stored in the GAME ROM and read by the ENABLE routine may be an actual bit pattern memory map of the image to be presented on the display 15. Alternately, the information in the program ROM DATA TABLE may be a code which enables a character generator in the video generator 13 to present a display or it may be a predetermined set of characters which are recognized by the microprocessor as an instruction which has no function other than to cause the set-up of the RAM for example by using data stored in the EXECUTIVE ROM to present the indicated display. Likewise, the comparison made between the DATA TABLE and the reference data stored in the EXECUTIVE ROM need not indicate equivalence but merely a predetermined relationship therewith, such as congruence between the data. As used herein, the term "congruence" means that the data, when processed by the video generator 13, will produce a display having the same recognizable and distinguishing features which can only be used by or with the permission of the console manufacturer. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the display is cleared before the image controlled by the data in the DATA TABLE is presented. In this way, it is assured that the display does not contain any text, in addition to the commanded display, which might alter its meaning or interpretation. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention claimed herein, the commanded image is retained on the display 15 for a predetermined minimum time, for example 5 seconds, to assure that it is recognizable and understandable by a viewer. The invention is not restricted to hardware which determines that a predetermined data field is visually displayed at the start of program operation. Thus, in alternate embodiments, the EXECUTIVE ROM routine may contain program code which assures that some or all of the display produced by the Data Table is continuously shown during operation of the program contained in the GAME ROM. Alternately, the console may contain timing interrupt circuits (20, FIG. 1) and/or program code which causes the microprocessor to jump to the ENABLE routine at regular intervals so that the proprietory image is likewise displayed at regular intervals. Although the preferred embodiment of the invention has been described as a software program which operates in conjunction with a video game hardware console, those skilled in the art will recognize that some or all of the functions described in software terms could alternately be implemented by hardware circuits and that the circuitry described herein is operable in other computer controlled apparatus, for example medical imaging or machine control apparatus. Likewise the source of program which is separable from the console need not be a read-only memory but might, alternately, be any other known program source which is separable from the console, for example magnetic tape or disc memory or a modem which receives data from a remote location over a communication circuit.
Claims
1. In electronic apparatus which includes:
digital computer means which functions to produce a sequence of two or more output signal states which are at least partially determined by stored program instructions;
connecting means attached to the computer means which functions to receive stored program instructions from a source which is physically separable from the computer means and to supply the received instructions to the computer means; and
display means which functions to produce an audible and/or visual message and/or display in response to one or more distinct output signal states of the computer means, which states are at least partially determined by the received program instructions;
the improvement comprising comparison means attached to the computer means, which includes recorded reference information, which functions to detect congruence between said one or more distinct output signal states of the computer means and the reference information, and which inhibits the computer means from producing at least one output signal state in the absence of said congruence.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the digital computer means include a memory, the distinct output signal states represent information stored at specific addressable locations in the memory and the display means include means for mapping information from the memory as indicia at a plurality of points on a cathode ray tube display.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for producing the display include a character generator and the distinct output signal states comprise coded digital input signals supplied to the character generator.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for producing the display functions to produce a unique proprietory display in response to a unique output signal state of the computer means and wherein the comparison means function to detect congruence between the unique output signal state and the recorded reference information.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the unique proprietory display comprises copyrighted material.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the unique proprietory display comprises one or more registered trademarks.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the unique proprietory display includes indicia which identify the origin of the electronic apparatus.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the computer means causes the display means to produce a unique indication if congruence is not detected.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the comparison means further functions to block program execution by the digital computer means in the absence of such congruence.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the comparison means further functions to inhibit output signal states which would cause the means for producing the display to produce certain classes of displays.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the comparison means further functions to block input signals to the computer means in the absence of detected congruence.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the computer means transmits output signals at least to the display means and the comparison means functions to block the output signals from the computer means in the absence of detected congruence.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the display means produces an entire display in response to one unique signal state and wherein the comparison means detects congruence between the recorded information and the unique signal state.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the comparison means functions to inhibit one or more output signal states of the computer means at all times when congruence is not detected.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the comparison means functions to inhibit one or more output states of the computer means unless congruence is detected at regular intervals.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the comparison means functions to inhibit output states of the computer means unless congruence is detected within a predetermined time of a particular event.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the particular event is the occurrence of a reset signal in the digital computer means.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the particular event includes a change in the content of the recorded program by information received by the connecting means.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the means for detecting congruence function to inhibit the computer means unless congruence is continuously determined during a predetermined minimum time period.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the display means produce a video message and/or display in response to said distinct output signal states.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the display means produce an audible message and/or display in response to said distinct output signal states.
22. Apparatus including:
computer equipment;
program material including a plurality of instructions and being removably connectable to said computer equipment;
said computer equipment when connected to said program material operating to produce signals in accordance with said instructions;
a display device responsive to said signals and producing a display thereof;
said instructions containing a code causing said computer equipment to produce signals which if received by said display device would produce a particular display; and
said computer equipment including means preventing said equipment from operating with program material not containing said code.
23. A method for operating electronic apparatus comprising:
operating a digital computer to produce a sequence of two or more output signal states which are at least partially determined by stored program instructions which are received from a source which is physically separable from the digital computer;
producing a humanly recognizable audio message and/or visual display in response to one or more distinct output states of the computer which are at least partially determined by program material received from the separable source; and
detecting congruence between said program instructions received from the separable source and reference information which is stored in the digital computer and inhibiting the computer from producing at least one output signal state in the absence of said congruence.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the step of producing the display comprises producing a unique proprietory display in response to a unique output signal state of the computer and wherein the step of comparing comprises detecting congruence between the unique output signal state and the recorded reference information.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the unique proprietory display comprises copyrighted material.
26. The method of claim 24 wherein the unique proprietory display comprises one or more registered trademarks.
27. The method of claim 24 wherein the unique properietory display includes indicia which identify the origin or maker of the digital computer.
28. The method of claim 24 further comprising the step of producing a unique indication if congruence is not detected.
29. The method of claim 24 further comprising the step of inhibiting one or more output states of the computer unless congruence is detected at regular intervals.
30. The method of claim 24 further comprising the step of inhibiting one or more output states of the computer unless congruence is detected within a predetermined time of a particular event.
31. The method of claim 24 further comprising the step of inhibiting one or more output states unless congruence is detected within a predetermined time of the occurrence of a RESET signal in the digital computer.
32. The method of preventing wrongful use of separable software to operate or control a computer comprising the steps of including in the software instructions or data which cause the computer to produce a humanly recognizable sequence of characters which are only legally useable with the permission of the computer manufacturer or proprietor; causing the computer to display said characters as an audible and/or visual message and/or display; comparing said instructions or data with reference data which is permanently stored in the computer and inhibiting further execution, compilation, or interpretation of at least selected instructions by the computer in the absence of a predetermined relationship therebetween.
33. Programming means for use with apparatus including computer equipment and a display device; said programming means including a plurality of instructions, part of which is a code; said programming means being removably connectable to said computer equipment; said computer equipment when connected to receive said instructions operating to produce signals in accordance therewith; said display device being responsive to said signals and producing displays; said code causing said computer equipment to produce signals which if received by said display device would cause it to produce a particular display; and said computer equipment including means preventing said equipment from operating with programming means not containing said code.
Patent Grant
4454594
