Patent Grant
12147123
The present application is a National Phase entry of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2021/056653, filed Mar. 16, 2021, which claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2020 002 052.6, filed Mar. 26, 2020, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
In recent years, great strides have been made toward widening the visual angle in LCDs and OLEDs. However, there are often situations in which this very large viewing area in a display screen may be disadvantageous. Increasingly, information such as bank data or other personal information and sensitive data is also available on mobile devices, such as notebooks, mobile phones and tablets. Accordingly, there is a need to control whom may see these sensitive data. It should be possible to choose a wide viewing angle for sharing information on a display with others, e.g., when viewing vacation photographs or for advertising purposes. On the other hand, a small viewing angle is required when it is desirable to treat the displayed information confidentially.
A similar problem arises in automotive engineering. In this case, the driver must not be distracted by image contents, such as, e.g., digital entertainment programs, when the engine is operating, while the passenger would like to view the same also during the drive. Consequently, a display screen is required which can switch between the corresponding display modes.
Add-on films based on microlouvers have already been used for mobile displays in order to protect visible data. However, these films were not switchable/convertible; they always had to be manually applied first and then removed again subsequently. They also had to be transported separately from the display when not immediately needed. A further substantial drawback in the use of such louvered films is connected to the light losses entailed.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,956,107 A discloses a switchable light source with which a display screen can be operated in a plurality of modes. A drawback consists in that all of the outcoupling of light relies on scattering and, therefore, only low efficiency and suboptimal light direction effects are achieved. In particular, it is not disclosed in more detail how to achieve a focused light cone.
CN 107734118 A discloses a display screen which renders the viewing angle of a display screen controllable by means of two backlights. The upper backlight of these two backlights should emit focused light for this purpose. In particular, a grating with opaque portions and transparent portions is mentioned as an embodiment to this end. Presumably, as a result of this, the light of the second backlight which must pass through the first backlight in direction of an LCD panel is also focused and, consequently, the public viewing mode which is actually provided for a wide viewing angle suffers an appreciable narrowing of angle.
US 2007/030240 A1 describes an optical element for controlling the light propagation direction of light originating from a backlight. This optical element requires, for example, liquid crystals in the form of PDLCs, which is expensive on the one hand and poses a safety risk on the other hand especially for consumer applications because PDLC liquid crystals generally require voltages higher than 60 V for their circuitry.
CN 1987606 A in turn describes a display screen which renders the viewing angle of a display screen controllable by means of two backlights. In particular, a “first light plate” is used. This first light plate must be wedge-shaped in order to allow the light to be coupled out in a focused manner as intended. Exact details for achieving the focused light outcoupling with appropriate angle conditions are not disclosed.
Further, US 2018/0267344 A1 describes a setup with two flat illumination modules. In this case, the light of the illumination module located in the rear with respect to the viewing direction is focused through a separate structure. After focusing, the light must still pass the front illumination module which has scattering elements. Accordingly, a sharp light focusing cannot be implemented in an optimal manner for protected viewing.
Lastly, US 2007/0008456 A1 discloses dividing a light emission angle into at least three regions, light impinging on two of these three regions in general. It follows from this that a protected view for which a display illuminated in this way is used is not observable exclusively from one direction.
The methods and arrangements mentioned above generally share the drawback that they appreciably reduce the brightness of the basic display screen and/or require an active, or at least a special, optical element for mode switching and/or require a complicated and expensive production and/or reduce the resolution in the public viewing mode and/or only allow poor viewing protection.
Therefore, it is the object of the invention to describe a method and an arrangement for influencing light propagation directions. The method shall be implementable so as to be inexpensive and suitable for mass production and, in particular, is universally usable with OLED display screens as well as with other types of display screen in order to enable switching between a privacy viewing mode and a public viewing mode, and the resolution of such a display screen shall not be substantially reduced.
This object is met according to the invention by a method for influencing the light propagation directions of a plurality of adjacent self-luminous and/or illuminated surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) which comprise a transparent substrate on the light exit side. In a first alternative, every surface has its own substrate or, in a second alternative, a plurality of, or all of, the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) share a substrate in common. The aforementioned substrate is arranged above, but not necessarily directly above, the layer of the self-luminous or illuminated surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) which generates the light. Proceeding therefrom, the method according to the invention includes the following steps:
In this first variant of the invention, as also in all of the following variants, a “limited viewing angle” does not necessarily mean that no light at all is emitted in certain directions. On the contrary, a certain residual light can also be emitted, although it hampers comfortable viewing. Typical values for such residual light (measured as luminance), even in zones intended for the limited view, are a few percent, generally 1% to 5% at most, of the peak value (which is the maximum perceptible from the dedicated viewing zone of the limited viewing angle).
In the first alternative, each surface (F1, F2, . . . ) comprises its own substrate (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc., respectively). These substrates are then preferably arranged substantially in a plane. In contrast, in the second alternative, it is also possible that all of the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) comprise a common, two-dimensionally extensive substrate. Further, a plurality of clusters of surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) can comprise a substrate, in which case a plurality of substrates are provided.
In particular, it is possible either to switch the switchable absorbers associated with all of the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) simultaneously for switching between operating states B1 and B2 over the full surface area or to carry out switching between operating states B1 and B2 over only part of the surface area in that only a proper subset of the switchable absorbers is switched.
The common substrate or the individual substrates, respectively, may be seen as transparent spacers made of glass or from a polymer, for example. Similarly, such a substrate may also be an integral component part of an imaging system, for example the substrate of an OLED pixel or OLED panel, or the substrate of an LCD panel. However, if a separate substrate, for example, an OLED panel or LCD panel, is already present, this separate substrate is the common substrate described in this invention or the individual substrates are additional optical layers. As a rule, a substrate used in this invention can have a thickness of a few micrometers to approximately 1 millimeters or a few millimeters depending on the construction.
The limiting of the light propagations of the light emanating from each individual surface (F1, F2, . . . ) is carried out, for example, by arranging permanently or switchably absorbent layers between the individual substrates in the first alternative or inside of the one common substrate in the second alternative, and the planes in which the switchable absorbers and the absorbent layers are arranged, respectively, preferably extend perpendicular to one another to within a tolerance of, at most, 25 degrees.
Alternatively, it is contemplated that the limiting of the light propagations of the light emanating from each individual surface (F1, F2, . . . ) is carried out by selecting the refractive index conditions of the substrate relative to air in such a way that unwanted rays in direction of respective adjacent partial surfaces are converted into total reflection and accordingly—in the basic configuration—are extinguished for the light balance. In practice, an absorber will then generally be applied to the narrow sides of the substrate in order to absorb this light.
In a further embodiment of the invention, a collimating lens is arranged on the partial surfaces of the substrates or substrate on which no switchable absorber is applied in order to achieve a further beam focusing and better enable the limiting of the viewing angle.
Every switchable absorber can comprise, for example, an electrochromic layer and/or a liquid crystal layer and/or an electrophoresis-based layer and/or a layer based on electrowetting with absorbent particles and/or a PDLC (polymer dispersed liquid crystal) layer which switches between opaque and transparent and can be controlled by an electric field.
In a further alternative, it is possible that every switchable absorber comprises a switchable color filter by which the color spectrum of the color emitted through a surface (F1, F2, . . . ) thereunder is absorbed in a first state and transmitted in a second state, and the switchable color filter can be controlled with respect to its state by an electric field.
Every switchable absorber preferably has the geometry of a pinhole diaphragm. It can be round, polygonal and, in particular, rectangular, for example. The order of magnitude of the surface area of the switchable absorbers is generally about 25% to 90% of a self-luminous or illuminated surface (F1, F2, . . . ). In absolute numbers, this amounts to several dozens of square micrometers to a few square millimeters or even square centimeters, depending on the configuration of the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ). Other configurations are also possible.
For certain embodiments of the invention, geometries of inverse pinhole diaphragms are also possible. In an inverse pinhole diaphragm of this kind, those partial surfaces or zones of a substrate which would not otherwise be covered with a switchable absorber compared to a non-inverse pinhole diaphragm are covered with a switchable absorber, and vice versa.
The method according to the invention acquires special practical significance when a multitude of self-luminous surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) are provided, each of which corresponds to a smallest pixel (single-color/monochromatic, e.g., red, green or blue, or solid color) or clusters of smallest pixels of an OLED display screen, mini-LED display screen, VCSEL display screen, QLED display screen, LED display screen or micro-LED display screen so that such a display screen can be switched between an operating state B1 for a limited viewing angle and an operating state B2 for an unrestricted viewing angle. In other words, the plurality of illuminated or self-luminous surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) in their entirety form the aforementioned display screen.
In case of clusters of smallest pixels as self-luminous or illuminated surfaces F1, F2, . . . , it is also contemplated that one or more pixels are divided over the surface area thereof in two different adjacent clusters of this kind. In other words, two self-luminous or illuminated surfaces F1, F2, . . . can also share a smallest pixel of a display screen. This is particularly relevant when the method according to the invention is to be applied to a display screen panel as finished product, for example, an OLED panel or LCD panel, so that the substrate with the switchable absorbers is not applied until afterwards.
Generally, the display screen technology can be self-luminous or illuminated, such as, for example, also LCDs, SEDs, FEDs or others. In case of an LCD panel, this LCD panel is generally backlit by an area-controllable light source. However, it is also possible in this case to use a direct backlight, as it is called, which allows locally varying illumination strengths. In this case, a cluster of pixels is illuminated by separately controllable LEDs. The method according to the invention can also be employed here.
Further, it is possible that a planar illumination source, such as an LCD backlight (direct backlight or controllable over the full surface area), is divided into individual surfaces F1, F2, . . . (e.g., vertical stripes or a two-dimensional grid) in such a way or comprises self-luminous or illuminated surfaces F1, F2, . . . in such a way that the method according to the invention can be implemented thereon. This results in a backlight which emits light either in a limited viewing angle or in an unrestricted viewing angle. If a backlight of this kind is used behind an LCD panel with respect to viewing direction, this LCD panel can be switched between an operating state B1 for a limited viewing angle and an operating state B2 for an unrestricted viewing angle.
Accordingly, the invention also comprises the use of a planar illumination source comprising self-luminous or illuminated surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) for backlighting an LCD panel so that the LCD panel can be operated in a first operating state B1 for a limited viewing angle and in a second operating state B2 for an unrestricted viewing angle.
In a further advantageous configuration, every switchable absorber has the geometry of a pinhole diaphragm. Depending on the application, it may be advantageous that the pinhole diaphragms are arranged on the partial surface or the partial surfaces of the common substrate or of the respective substrate such that the geometric centroids of the self-luminous or illuminated surfaces F1, F2, . . . and of the surface portions not covered by the switchable absorbers do not coincide with one another in parallel projection at least in some of the surfaces F1, F2, . . . . In this way, the limited light propagation directions of the individual surfaces F1, F2, . . . can be varied, namely, in an especially advantageous manner such that, when the surfaces F1, F2, . . . are viewed by an observer, the surfaces F1, F2, . . . at the left-hand edge radiate or emit light toward the right-hand side, i.e., toward the observer, and the surfaces F1, F2, . . . at the right-hand edge radiate or emit light toward the left-hand side, i.e., again toward the observer. An improved homogeneity can be achieved in this way in spite of limited light directions.
In a further embodiment, each switchable absorber has the geometry of an inverse pinhole diaphragm. As has already been mentioned, with an inverse pinhole diaphragm of this kind, compared with a non-inverse pinhole diaphragm, those partial surfaces or zones of a substrate which would not otherwise be covered with a switchable absorber are covered with a switchable absorber, and vice versa.
Accordingly, in this configuration, in which a switchable absorber is arranged substantially facing the self-luminous or illuminated surfaces F1, operating state B1 is produced for a limited mode. The light emitted from the surface F1 is now absorbed by the switchable absorber. However, rays which are still totally internally reflected in the substrate arrive inside the substrate spatially adjacent to the absorber. Additionally, microstructured outcoupling elements which couple the above-mentioned totally internally reflected rays out of the common substrate or respective substrate accompanied by a change in direction are arranged on partial surfaces not covered by the absorbers. The light coupled out through the microstructured outcoupling elements is only visible from the limited viewing angle.
In contrast, when this arrangement is switched to operating state B2, i.e., when the absorber is switched to transparent, an observer is reached not only by light due to the outcoupling elements but also directly by the light of surface F1 which—except for losses due to technical reasons—can now pass the absorber.
Lastly, the invention can be further developed in that permanently scattering microstructures are arranged on the switchable absorbers. The use of permanently scattering microstructures on the switchable absorbers provides effective means for all of the configurations of the invention to optimize the light distribution particularly for operating state B2.
The scattering microstructures do not take effect in operating state B1 because the absorbers are switched to absorb in operating state B1 and, therefore, effectively no light, or virtually no light, of a surface F1 reaches the scattering microstructures.
In contrast, in operating state B2 in which the switchable absorbers are switched to transparent, the scattering microstructures scatter light reaching the switchable absorbers from totally internally reflected light (and, depending on the position of the absorbers) possibly also light directly from the surface F1 in order to optimize the light distribution through scattering, particularly for operating state B2.
It is also contemplated that further operating states B3, B4, etc. are adjustable in which the switchable absorbers are switched to a partially absorbent state, for example, to make light perceptible from the side only conditionally because of reduced brightness.
In particular, it is advantageous for special cases of application that, in two operating states B5 and B6, mutually complementing portions of the switchable absorbers are switched to absorbent and switched to transmissive in a complementary manner. In an exemplary embodiment, half of the absorbers can be switched to absorb and the other half can be switched to transmit in operating state B5. The switching is then inverted for operating state B6, i.e., the first half of the absorbers is switched to transmit and the second half of the absorbers is switched to absorb. Further, at least two switchable absorbers are to be provided per pixel in this case, one switchable absorber belonging to the first half and the other switchable absorber belonging to the second half. It is then possible, e.g., to alternately release the light of the surfaces in one direction and then in another direction in a cyclical timing of operating states B5 and B6. In other words, the two switchable operating states B5 and B6 are cycled through for a temporal-sequential influencing of the light direction. This can be utilized, for example, to generate images in two different directions, for example, in order that two different images which are displayed sequentially in time because of the method according to the invention are projected consecutively and cyclically in different directions. If this is performed fast enough, i.e., above the flicker fusion rate of the human eye, then, depending on the direction preset and image contents, either autostereoscopic displays (both eyes of an observer see two different images quasi-simultaneously) or two different images for two different observers (so-called dual view) are made possible simultaneously on the surfaces F1, F2, . . . .
In other words, a method for influencing the light propagation directions of a plurality of adjacent self-luminous and/or illuminated surfaces F1, F2, . . . is used in this embodiment, in which method the surfaces F1, F2, . . . comprise a transparent substrate on the light exit side, this substrate being arranged above the light-generating layer of the self-luminous or illuminated surfaces F1, F2, . . . , and, in a first alternative, every surface F1, F2, . . . comprises its own substrate and, in a second alternative, all of the surfaces F1, F2, . . . comprise a common, two-dimensionally extensive substrate, having the following steps:
In a corresponding configuration with more than two switchable absorbers for each surface F1, F2, . . . , it is also possible in principle to show more than two images in a temporally sequential manner in more than two directions. This makes possible so-called multi-view 3D systems in which a certain kind of panoramic view is also made possible during head movement.
The object of the invention is also met by an arrangement according to the invention for influencing the light propagation directions, comprising:
The above-mentioned configuration variants and interrelationships of means and effect of the method according to the invention apply analogously here and are not described again so as to avoid repetition.
The performance capability of the invention is basically retained if the above-described parameters are varied within certain limits.
It will be understood that the features mentioned above and those yet to be explained below may be used not only in the stated combinations but also in other combinations or alone without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The invention will be explained in more detail in the following with reference to drawings which also disclose key features of the invention. The drawings show:
The drawings are not to scale and are merely schematic diagrams.
In the present method according to the invention for influencing the light propagation directions of a plurality of adjacent self-luminous and/or illuminated surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) which comprise in each instance a transparent substrate 1 on the light exit side, every surface has its own substrate 1 in a first alternative or, in a second alternative, all of the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) use a common substrate 1. The aforementioned substrate 1 is arranged above, but not necessarily directly above, the light-generating layer of the self-luminous or illuminated surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) as is shown in
The method according to the invention comprises the following steps:
In this first variant of the invention, as also in all of the following variants, a limited viewing angle does not necessarily mean that no light at all is emitted in certain directions. On the contrary, a certain residual light can also be emitted, although it impairs comfortable viewing. Typical values for such residual light (measured as luminance) even in zones intended for the limited view are a few percent of the peak value (which is perceptible from the dedicated viewing zone of the limited viewing angle).
In the first alternative, each surface (F1, F2, . . . ) comprises its own substrate 1 (or 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc., respectively). These substrates are then preferably arranged substantially in a plane. In contrast, in the second alternative, it is also possible that all of the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) comprise a common, two-dimensionally extensive substrate 1.
It is possible in particular either that the switchable absorbers 2 associated with all of the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) are switched simultaneously between operating states B1 and B2 for a full area switching or that switching is carried out over a partial area between the operating states B1 and B2 in that only a strict subset of the switchable absorbers 2 is switched.
The above-mentioned limiting of the light propagations of the light emanating from each individual surface (F1, F2, . . . ) is carried out, for example, by arranging permanently absorbent layers 3 between the individual substrates 1 in the first alternative or inside of the one common substrate 1 in the second alternative. This approach is illustrated in
In a particular configuration, the absorbent layer 3 can also be switched between a transparent state and an absorbent state. The planes in which the switchable absorbers 2 and the (permanently or optionally switchable) layers 3 are arranged are preferably perpendicular to one another to within a tolerance of a maximum of 25 degrees.
In contrast,
Other variants of the above-mentioned limiting of obliquely directed rays are possible.
In a further development of the invention, a collimating lens 4 is arranged in each instance on the partial surfaces of the substrates 1 or substrate 1 to which there are no switchable absorbers applied so as to achieve a further beam focusing and better enable the limiting of the viewing angle.
Every switchable absorber 2 can comprise, for example, an electrochromic layer and/or a liquid crystal layer and/or an electrophoresis-based layer and/or a layer based on electrowetting with absorbent particles, each of which can be controlled by an electric field. The absorbent effect can easily be switched on and switched off in this way. It will be appreciated that controlling means, such as a controller, are available for this purpose.
In the case of electrochromic layers as absorbers 2, they can be inexpensively vapor deposited on the substrate 1 or substrates 1 and contacted with electrodes for control.
In a further embodiment, it is possible that every switchable absorber 2 comprises a switchable color filter which, in each instance, absorbs the color spectrum of the color emitted below through a surface (F1, F2, . . . ) in a first state and transmits it in a second state, the switchable color filter being controllable with respect to its state through an electric field. This can involve quantum dots, for example.
Every switchable absorber 2 preferably has the geometry of a pinhole diaphragm. It is explicitly possible that more than one (permanently) non-absorbent geometric portion is provided for each switchable absorber 2 or for each pinhole, respectively.
In the above-mentioned drawings in
It is also possible that different switchable absorbers 2 have different geometric shapes as shown, for example, in two or more of the drawings in
Further, an absorber 2 can have the geometry of an inverse pinhole diaphragm as is shown in
In absolute numbers, the surfaces of the absorbers 2 can have a size of several dozens of square micrometers to a few square millimeters or possibly even more, depending on the configuration of the surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ). Further configurations are contemplated and can be implemented according to the case of application.
The variants according to
In contrast,
The method according to the invention acquires special practical significance when there is a plurality of self-luminous surfaces (F1, F2, . . . ) which correspond in each instance to a smallest pixel of an OLED display screen, mini-LED display screen, VCSEL display screen, QLED display screen, LED display screen or micro-LED display screen so that such a display screen can be switched between an operating state B1 for a limited viewing angle and an operating state B2 for an unrestricted viewing angle. Either RGB subpixels (red, green, blue), other monochromatic pixels or solid-color pixels are contemplated as smallest pixels depending on the configuration of display technology. In general, the display technology can be self-luminous or illuminated, for example, LCD, SED, FED or the like.
In a further configuration shown in
In a further configuration which is shown as schematic diagram in
Accordingly, in a configuration according to
A further particular of this configuration consists in that microstructured outcoupling elements 5 which couple the above-mentioned totally internally reflected rays out of the common substrate 1 or out of the respective substrate 1 accompanied by a change in direction are arranged on partial surfaces not covered by the absorbers 2, and the light coupled out through the microstructured outcoupling elements 5 is only visible from the limited viewing angle. This is indicated in
On the other hand, if this configuration is switched to operating state B2 as is shown in
To this extent, this configuration operates somewhat differently than any of the configurations described above because, in this case, the distribution of the absorbers 2 in the form of an inverse pinhole diaphragm and the use of totally internally reflected rays come into play.
Lastly, the drawings in
The arrangement according to the invention for influencing the light propagation directions can also be illustrated referring to
The configuration variants and interrelationships of means and effect which were mentioned above apply analogously and are not described again so as to avoid repetition.
The above-stated object is met by the above-described method according to the invention and the arrangement according to the invention for influencing the light propagation directions. Both the method and the arrangement can be implemented so as to be inexpensive and suitable for mass production and, in particular, are universally usable with OLED display screens but also with other types of display screen in order to enable switching between a privacy mode and a public mode, and the resolution of such a display screen is not appreciably reduced.
The invention described above can advantageously be used in cooperation with an image reproduction device anywhere that confidential data are displayed and/or entered, such as when entering a PIN number or displaying data in automatic teller machines or payment terminals or for entering passwords or when reading emails on mobile devices. The invention can also be applied in passenger cars in order to make selectable contents visible to the driver or, alternatively, not to burden the driver with distracting image contents. Further cases of application lie within the field of lighting and advertisement, in particular for preventing light pollution.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2020 002 052.6 | Mar 2020 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/056653 | 3/16/2021 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2021/190997 | 9/30/2021 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5956107 | Hashimoto et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 20070008456 | Lesage et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070030240 | Sumiyoshi et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070171193 | Nakamura | Jul 2007 | A1 |
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| 20180267344 | Wu | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20190171080 | Wu et al. | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20190353943 | Smith et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1651981 | Aug 2005 | CN |
| 1987606 | Jun 2007 | CN |
| 101004871 | Jul 2007 | CN |
| 107734118 | Feb 2018 | CN |
| 109445164 | Mar 2019 | CN |
| 102015012271 | Apr 2017 | DE |
| 10 2019 003 383 | Nov 2019 | DE |
| 2007219486 | Aug 2007 | JP |
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| 10-2008-0043601 | May 2008 | KR |
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| 20080043601 | May 2008 | KR |
| 10-1257931 | Apr 2013 | KR |
| WO-2014125793 | Aug 2014 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20230028201 A1 | Jan 2023 | US |
