Patent Application
20250012668
The present disclosure relates to predicting and detecting a failure of a NOx sensor in a vehicle. In particular, the disclosure relates to a method for predicting an upcoming failure of a NOx sensor. The disclosure also relates to corresponding control arrangement and computer program, and to a vehicle comprising the control arrangement.
Exhaust aftertreatment systems are generally designed to reduce emission of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and other environmentally harmful pollutants. Aftertreatment systems often comprise NOx sensors that are inserted in the exhaust stream for use in managing the addition of the reductant material (such as exhaust fluid) to the exhaust stream and other after-treatment practices. Reliable functioning of the aftertreatment system is of course of high importance. However, when an invalid NO value is detected, it may be difficult to point out the actual problem in the aftertreatment system, as the invalid NOx value typically does not indicate what the actual problem is. Hence, an invalid NOx value may result in a NOx sensor replacement also when there is another problem causing the error. To overcome this problem, different solutions for NOx sensor diagnostics, have been proposed.
For example, WO 2020/222641 A1 proposes a diagnostic method for testing a gas sensor mounted in an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine provided with an aftertreatment system and a diagnostic motor management module. The method is based on detecting a noise component from a gas sensor signal to derive a fault sensor condition. However, there is still a need for improved methods for NOx sensor diagnostics.
It is an object of the disclosure to alleviate at least some of the drawbacks with the prior art. In particular it is an object to provide improved methods for NOx sensor diagnostics.
Many NOx sensors tend to at normal usage become noisy at end of lifetime. However, it may be quite inconvenient for a driver to be informed about an error when the noise is so severe, that a total breakdown is imminent or has even already occurred, which would typically be the result when using the technique proposed in WO 2020/222641 A1. It would instead be desirable to provide an earlier warning of end of lifetime of the NOx sensor, such that the driver may plan for a visit to a workshop. Thus, one object of the disclosure is to provide a way to identify a NOx sensor on the way to fail, as well as to determine when it is failing.
According to a first aspect, this disclosure proposes a method for predicting an upcoming failure of a NOx sensor arranged in a vehicle. The method comprises estimating a noise level of an output signal of the NOx sensor. The estimation is performed after at least one sensor start and during at least one start-up time interval starting with a certain offset from the at least one sensor start. During the start-up time interval an output signal level of the NOx sensor is settling towards a valid value. The at least one start-up time interval is succeeded by an operating time interval during which the output signal of the NOx sensor is expected to be valid. The method further comprises predicting an upcoming failure of the NOx sensor based on the estimated noise level exceeding a certain noise level during the at least one start-up time interval. The proposed method provides better diagnostics for identifying or excluding a failing NOx sensor at an early stage in the failing procedure. The identification may be used as a reasonable condition for sensor replacement.
In some embodiments, the at least one start-up time interval starts at the latest 20 s after a sensor start and ends at the latest 180 seconds after a sensor start. By collecting NOx sensor data just after sensor start, early failure detection may be performed in an efficient manner.
In some embodiments, a sensor start is defined as a point in time after the sensor is switched on when the NOx sensor starts to deliver “non-static” values. In this way the relevant time interval for measuring noise is identified.
In some embodiments, the sensor start is preceded by a warm-up operation that brings the NOx sensor from a standby temperature towards an operating temperature at which the NOx sensor delivers “non-static” values. By measuring noise right after warm-up the failure may be identified in good time before the NOx sensor becomes faulty, as this is the point in time where the noise is expected to appear first.
In some embodiments, the method comprises estimating a noise level of the output signal of the NOx sensor during the operating time interval and predicting the upcoming failure of the NOx sensor also based on the estimated noise level during the operating time interval. By estimating noise both during start-up and operation intervals the prediction and/or detection of a failure may be more accurate.
In some embodiments, the at least one start-up time interval comprises a first start-up time interval and a second start-up time interval and wherein the predicting is based on respective estimated noise levels during the first and second start up time intervals. By estimating noise in different time intervals during start-up the prediction of the failure may be more accurate.
In some embodiments, the first start-up time interval starts at 2-10 s after the start of the NOx sensor and ends 5-15 seconds after the start of the NOx sensor. In some embodiments, the second start-up time interval starts 5-15 s after the start of the NOx sensor and ends 20-40 seconds after the start of the NOx sensor. These may be suitable time intervals for estimating noise for some NOx sensors.
In some embodiments, the method comprises estimating a timing of the predicted upcoming failure based on the time intervals during which the noise level of the output signal exceeds the certain noise level. Thereby, a driver may plan for a visit to a workshop before the error occurs.
In some embodiments, the method comprises estimating that the NOx sensor is about to fail within a certain time, based on the noise level of the output signal only exceeding the certain noise level during the at least one start-up time interval. By comparing the noise level during a start-up interval with a threshold an upcoming NOx sensor failure may be predicted.
In some embodiments, the method comprises estimating that the NOx sensor is failing before the certain time, based on the noise level of the output signal also exceeding the certain noise level during the operating time interval. By also comparing the noise level during an operation interval with a threshold an urgent need to exchange the NOx sensor failure may be detected.
In some embodiments, the method comprises providing a warning signal upon the predicting indicating an upcoming failure of the NOx sensor. Thereby, the driver is informed about the NOx sensor condition.
In some embodiments, start of sensor is defined as when the NOx sensor starts to deliver a first high NOx value, such as more than 3000 ppm. In this way a time when noise measurements shall be started can be identified or detected.
In some embodiments, the noise level is estimated to correspond to a variation of the output signal of the NOx sensor over an evaluation period, wherein the variation is compensated for an output signal level change over the evaluation period. This is one example of how noise level may be estimated.
According to a second aspect, the disclosure relates to a control arrangement being configured to perform the method according to any one of the embodiments of the first aspect.
According to a third aspect, the disclosure relates to a vehicle comprising the control arrangement of the second aspect.
According to a fourth aspect, the disclosure relates to a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the first aspect.
According to a fifth aspect, the disclosure relates to a computer-readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the first aspect.
The inventors have, based on data acquired from NOx sensors in trucks, realized that it is possible to detect a precursor of a failing NOx sensor several weeks before the NOx sensor becomes unusable. The proposed technique is based on the insight that the NOx sensor signal is more sensitive to non-ideal conditions just after start-up than after a short while. A method for diagnosing a NOx sensor is therefore proposed where processing is limited to NOx sensor data acquired during a short time interval right after start-up of the NOx sensor, such as up to about two minutes after sensor start (as will be defined below). In short, it is herein proposed that a noise level of a NOx sensor signal is evaluated just after sensor start and that this noise level is monitored over time (i.e. over several sensor starts). Based on how long after NOx sensor start, the noise level starts to increase, a warning for a future sensor failure can be given as well as an indication of when it is time to change the NOx sensor.
A NOx sensor may typically provide two different output signals, O2 and NOx. The estimation of noise may be performed on any one of these signals to diagnose the NOx sensor.
The proposed technique will now be described with reference to
The vehicle 1 comprises a plurality of electrical systems and subsystems. However, for simplicity only some parts of the vehicle 1 that are associated with the proposed technique are shown in
The NOx sensor 3 is a sensor that is configured to monitor a level of nitrogen oxide being emitted by a combustion vehicle, for example to ensure compliance with emissions regulations. NOx sensors may be arranged at several different positions in the exhaust system, for example at a tail pipe 3 (b) or at an engine output 3 (a). One vehicle may comprise many NOx sensors 3, each of which may be diagnosed with the proposed technique. In the example of
The control arrangement 10 is basically a digital computer that is configured to perform the proposed method for diagnosing a NOx sensor 3. The control arrangement 10 may comprise one or more ECUs. ECU is a generic term that is used in automotive electronics for any embedded system that controls one or more functions of the electrical system or sub systems in a transport autonomous vehicle. A vehicle typically comprises a plurality of ECUs that communicate over a Controller Area Network, CAN. For example, the illustrated ECU comprises an Aftertreatment Control Module, ACM.
In the illustrated embodiment, the control arrangement 10 is configured to perform the proposed method on-board. The control arrangement 10 is configured to receive an output signal, such as NOx sensor data (i.e. sensor values), from the NOx sensor 3. For example, sensor data is collected at every NOx sensor start and sent to the control arrangement 10 for further processing and analysing. It must be appreciated that in alternative embodiments the control arrangement 10 may be, at least partly, arranged off-board. The control arrangement 10 will be described in further detail below. The proposed technique for diagnosing a NOx sensor will now be conceptually explained with reference to
The proposed technique is based on analysing a noise level of an output signal of the NOx sensor. The output signal, also referred to as NOx sensor signal, is basically a signal that corresponds to or represents a measured NOx level. Noise is typically defined as a deviation, such as a standard deviation, of individual samples from an average level. In other words, noise may be seen as level of instantaneous deviation from a smooth curve.
First, an example measure for the noise level is defined. It must be anticipated that the noise level may be defined in several different ways, and this is only one example, which is described for reference.
In this example a mean value for the output signal between two samples (n−1 and n) is determined as:
Noise at sample NOx_noisen will then be defined as a deviation of the individual sample n from the mean NOx_meann:
The average noise level over a time period (for example 1 second) comprising N samples is then defined as a standard deviation similar expression that corrects for the general change over the evaluation period as:
In equation (3), N0 is the first sample in the time period and N1, the last sample in the time period, where N=N1−N0+1. With this definition NOx_mean_noise=0 if the sensor values are on a straight line.
In other words, noise is defined as irregular fluctuations that accompany the output signal but that are not part of it. The noise level herein represents an amplitude or power of such irregular fluctuations. In some embodiments, the noise level is estimated, or calculated, to correspond to a variation of the output signal of the NOx sensor over an evaluation period, such as one or a few seconds. In some embodiments, the variation is compensated for an output signal level change over the evaluation period. In other words, the variation may be compensated for a signal level change that corresponds to an actual change of the output signal caused for example by a change in NOx level. As stated above, the proposed technique may as well be implemented using other ways of estimating the noise level.
The proposed technique is based on estimating a noise level of an output signal of the NOx sensor in different time intervals that take place right after start-up of the NOx sensor.
The sensor head of the NOx sensor 3 is typically a ceramic rod. Inside the rod an electric heater is arranged, along with electric conductors forming electrodes where gas can react catalytically. The ceramic rod also comprises cavities where gas diffuse. The NOx sensor 3 has a working temperature of about 800-850 C° and is sensitive to sharp temperature changes that can induce stress in the sensor head which may cause cracking the ceramics. The cracking may result in reduction of electrode surfaces, changes in the gas diffusion and in that the electric conductors break.
In a cold after treatment system 2, there may be water that is forced out when the engine is started or evaporated when the exhaust system is warmed up. To protect the NOx sensor 3 from the water or damage, the NOx sensor 3 is normally kept in a “stand-by” position (reasonably low temperature to prevent damage) until it is assured that all water is gone. When it is appreciated that all water is gone, an order is sent to the NOx sensor 3 to heat up to its working temperature.
Hence, the order to start warming up may in principle be sent at any time after power is connected to the NOx sensor. The time to heat up is for example in the range 30 to 120 seconds. Before and during the heating, the output signal comprises “dummy” values. These values are static to the extent that one and the same value is sent many times. The static values may indicate that there is no real value corresponding to a NOx or O2 level, but it may also be values that could be measured output levels. Depending on where in the heating up process, different static values can be sent.
After a certain amount of heating, the sensor begins to deliver values that change over time (i.e. non-static values). This indicates that the NOx sensor is approaching a temperature where measured NOx and O2 levels correspond to “valid” values (see below). At this time, the NOx sensor may be considered started, but not fully operational as the values are typically still not fully “valid”. In other words, in some embodiments, sensor start 21 is defined as a point in time, after the sensor is switched on, when the NOx sensor 3 starts to deliver “non-static” values. In other words, sensor start 21 takes place after the sensor is switched on, which herein typically refers to that power is connected to it. The time between switch on and sensor start 21 may vary. The sensor start 21 is preceded by a warm-up operation that brings the NOx sensor 3 from a standby temperature towards an operating temperature at which the NOx sensor 3 delivers “non-static” values. The sensor start 21 is succeeded by “start-up” operation characterised in that the NOx sensor 3 delivers non-static values that may not be fully valid. Other sensor types may have different start-up behaviour.
At start-up, the output level of the NOx sensor 3 may have a characteristic curve shape where the sensor output typically rises to over 3000 ppm at the sensor start 21, as illustrated in
There may of course be some noise even when the signal has stabilised, but at this stage the output signal level (such as the low pass filtered output signal signal) should typically at least be correct. Hence, in some embodiments, the output signal is considered valid when the output signal level is valid. In some embodiments, the output signal is expected to be valid when enough time has elapsed since sensor start, to assure that any invalidity is not caused by the start-up process, heating, etc. The time required to assure this is typically specified by the sensor manufacturers and differs for different sensors
In summary, after sending a start command that triggers the heat up to the NOx sensor, the operation of the NOx sensor goes through different stages. One could say that the start-up procedure comprises “initial operation”, characterised by heat up, where sensor output is characterised by static values. The initial operation is followed by “start-up operation” where sensor output is non-static, but possibly invalid. When the start-up procedure is complete, the NOx sensor is in “normal operation”, which is characterised by that the output signal is valid, provided that the sensor is not broken or defect in some way.
The proposed technique is based on the insight that right after start-up it is possible to detect elevated noise levels (or elevated sensor instability), which is correlated with an upcoming sensor failure and may thus be used for NOx sensor diagnosis. In other words, elevated noise levels can be seen at times when the sensor deliver values between static values and “valid” values.
Furthermore, the inventors have gained the insight that for a NOx sensor 3 that is about to break, the length of a time span with elevated sensor instability increases the closer the time of complete breakdown is. In other words, when a sensor is approaching end of lifetime, noise will first appear within a time span right after start-up 21. This time span will then extend in time the closer the breakdown gets. The process is typically not monotonic. Hence, noisy and noise free periods may occur stochastically. When the sensor is finally broken (i.e. end of lifetime) it cannot provide any valid values anymore.
It is herein proposed to diagnose a NOx sensor by studying a noise level of an output signal of the NOx sensor in different time intervals (or time windows) after each sensor start in order to see how noise in the different time periods change over time. The definition of time intervals used for the sensor diagnosis is based on these different types of operation described above.
More specifically, the time interval around sensor start 21 is here referred to as an initial time interval t0. The initial time interval t0 comprises warm-up operation, and possibly also a short time right after sensor start 21. Before sensor start 21 it does generally not make any sense to analyse the output signal of the NOx sensor, as it typically comprises dummy values. Also, the first seconds after sensor start 21 may be of less value, due to the peak behaviour described above. Hence, the initial time interval t0 is a time interval that may be omitted in the NOx sensor diagnoses.
One or more intervals succeeding the initial time interval t0 comprises the “start-up operation” described above and are of particular interest for the diagnosis as this is where noise is likely to appear first when a breakdown is approaching. These intervals are herein referred to as start-up intervals and are characterised in that the NOx sensor is started in the sense that it does not deliver static values. In the start-up interval the output signal may not be completely valid. In the illustrated example there are two start-up intervals t1, t2. In the first start-up interval t1 the sensor output is invalid (i.e. non-zero) all the time. The second start-up interval t2 comprises the middle and the end of the “start-up operation”. In
It may be difficult to detect the actual timing of the sensor start. Also, it may as mentioned above not be desirable to analyse signal properties around the initial peak at sensor start. Hence, in the illustrated example the first start interval t1 starts a few seconds after sensor start 21. The first start interval t1 just after start, is typically only a few seconds in length. Subsequent time intervals t2, t3 are typically longer.
In the illustrated example embodiment the three time intervals are defined as follows:
The number of time intervals is up to implementation and may depend on a level of detail required in the diagnosis. Also relevant time intervals depends on which type of sensor is used. In a very simple embodiment, a noise level is estimated in one starting interval which starts at the latest 20 s after a sensor start and ends at the latest 180 seconds after a sensor start.
One way of determining the time intervals is to study a curve shape of a NOx sensor 3 in a test environment. Another possibility is to make a rough estimation based on a predefined settling time (i.e. time to operation) defined by the manufacturer. The one or more start-up intervals t1, t2 would then mainly take place before the settling time.
In the diagram it is visible that for all time intervals t1, t2, t3 levels for noise will stay below certain levels until sensor start to approach end of lifetime. The time scale in days do not refer to the lifetime of the sensor, but to a time period the sensor position was evaluated. When end of lifetime is approaching noise level in a first start-up time interval t1 start to increase. This happened after about 360 days. Around day 420, when noise levels in time segment t1 has reached a significant level, the noise levels in proceeding second start-up interval t2 also start to increase. Finally, around day 440, noise level also start to increase in operation interval t3. Noise level appearing after about 1 min can be considered as the “long time” noise level and is an indicator of an absolute need to change the NOx sensor. In this example the NOx sensor is replaced around day 455. Hence, a clear indication for what is about to come can typically be determined from around day 370-390. Thus, with the proposed technique, it is possible to predict the breakdown based on noise level in time segment t1 many weeks (here about 90 days) before the end of life.
Actual output signal levels that should be used as triggers to replace a NOx sensor, as well as length of time segments, is up to implementation and depends on hardware, placement and other requirements, such as error tolerance. The noise levels may of course also be evaluated and judged together with other information and other sensor data. For example, with several NOx sensors in the after treatment system, time series and levels may be compared.
The proposed method for predicting an upcoming failure of a NOx sensor will now be described with reference to
The method may be implemented as a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer (e.g. a processor in the control arrangement 10 (
In an initial step the control arrangement obtains NOx sensor data and/or an output signal from a NOx sensor. If the control arrangement 10 is arranged on-board sensor data may be communicated directly from the NOx sensor or over the CAN bus. An off-board control arrangement 10, may receive sensor data via a communication interface configured to enable communication with the vehicle 1.
Hence, after a sensor start 21 noise level of an output signal of the NOx sensor 3 is estimated. In other words, the method comprises estimating S1 a noise level of an output signal of the NOx sensor 3. The estimation S1 is performed after at least one sensor start (as described above) and during at least one start-up time interval t1, t2 starting with a certain offset from the at least one sensor start. In other words, in some embodiments the estimating S1 is performed repetitively over time after a plurality of sensor starts. The noise level is a measure defining an amount of noise in the at least one start-up interval. The noise level estimation S1 is performed by analysing NOx sensor data using for example the algorithm described above.
Typically, the data used as a basis for the estimation S1 is collected after each sensor start, but it may also be collected after some sensor starts, such as after every second or third sensor start etc. In some embodiments, data for several sensor starts are first collected and noise level is estimated S1 afterwards, but typically relatively shortly after. This may be feasible if the estimating S1 is performed off-board. Alternatively, noise level is estimated S1 in real-time. The estimation S1 may be done for one or more output signals such as output signals representing O2 or NOx level.
The certain offset in relation to the sensor start 21 depends on the implementation, but the at least one start-up time interval t1, t2 should at least cover a time period that takes place before the output signal of the NOx sensor is stable. For example, the certain offset is 5 seconds as in the example above, but longer intervals may be feasible. The certain offset may be calculated by studying a curve shape at start-up of the particular sensor type to be analysed in a known environment, for example in a test chamber free from NOx. The certain offset shall typically be set such that the initial peak after start-up is excluded, while a period when the output signal is settling towards a valid level is included in the at least one start-up time interval t1, t2.
During the start-up time interval t1, t2 an output signal level of the NOx sensor 3 is settling towards a valid value. In other words, the level of the output signal is approaching a valid level. The at least one start-up time interval t1, t2 is succeeded by an operating time interval t3 during which the output signal of the NOx sensor 3 is expected to be valid, as explained above. In other words, in the operating time interval t3 the output signal level has settled at a valid level.
The at least one start-up time interval comprises one, or two or more, start-up time intervals. In some embodiments, the at least one start-up time interval t1, t2 comprises a first start-up time interval t1 and a second start-up time interval t2. In some embodiments, the first start-up time interval t1 starts at 2-10 s after the start of the NOx sensor 3 and ends 5-15 seconds after the start of the NOx sensor 3. In some embodiments, the second start-up time interval t2 starts 5-15 s after the start of the NOx sensor 3 and ends 20-40 seconds after the start of the NOx sensor 3. As described above, suitable time periods for the time intervals are up to implementation and sensor type.
In addition to estimating the noise level during the at least one start-up time interval t1, t2 the noise level may also be estimated during normal operation t3. A normal noise level during normal operation may serve as a confirmation that the sensor is likely delivering valid values once the output level has settled. Also a more urgent need for replacement may be detected or confirmed by analysing the noise level in this interval. In other words, in some embodiments, the method comprises estimating S2 a noise level of the output signal of the NOx sensor 3 during the operating time interval t3.
The NOx sensor is then diagnosed by analysing the noise level in the one or more start-up intervals. This may be done by comparing the present noise level for one start-up interval with a certain noise level of the start-up interval, such as a reference noise level. In some embodiments, the certain noise level may be a threshold. The certain noise level may be predefined. In some embodiments, the certain noise level may be updated in an ongoing manner based on data from other vehicles. The certain noise level may be a level which is significantly higher (i.e. a certain amount higher) than an expected noise level for properly functioning NOx sensors. The certain noise level may be determined by measuring the noise level for a large number of reference vehicles with fully functional sensors. In experiments noise level equal to 10 times the average noise level of a fully functional sensor noise was used.
More specifically, the NOx sensor may then be diagnosed by analysing changes in noise level in the start-up interval. If noise is detected this serves as an indication of an upcoming failure or breakdown. If there has not been any noise in previous start-up intervals, then an elevated noise level in the start-up interval may be an indication of an upcoming breakdown due to end of lifetime. In other words, the method comprises predicting S3 an upcoming failure of the NOx sensor 3 based on the estimated noise level exceeding a certain noise level during the at least one start-up time interval t1, t2.
Accuracy of the diagnosis may be achieved by studying the noise level in a plurality of (i.e. two or more) start-up time intervals, as explained above. The longer after start-up noise is present, the closer is the upcoming failure. Hence, in some embodiments, the predicting S3 is based on respective estimated noise levels during the first and second start up time intervals t1, t2.
In some embodiments, the predicting S3 is also based on the estimated noise level during the operating time interval t3. Noise in the operating time interval t3 is typically an indication about a failure that is imminent. On the other hand, absence of noise in the operating time interval t3, may server as an indicator that the break down is not equally imminent.
As the noise level may vary considerably from one sensor start to another and occasional high values may occur, low pass filtering may first be performed to remove most of the variation and better reflect noise caused by the upcoming breakdown. Stated differently, in some embodiments a time series of evaluated noise levels (corresponding to a time series of succeeding sensor starts), is low pass filtered to remove occasional high values and focus on persistent high values. In this way single bad values are ignored. In some embodiments, the predicting is based on low pass filtered noise level during the time intervals t1, t2, t2, for a time series of sensor starts.
Hence, by analysing in which intervals the noise level is elevated and to what extent it is possible to predict when an upcoming breakdown will occur. Typically each defined time interval may be associated with a certain timing in relation to the actual break down. These timings would typically depend on sensor type and implementation and could be determined by studying data from similar vehicles. In other words, in some embodiments, the method comprises estimating S4 a timing of the predicted upcoming failure based on the time intervals t1, t2, t3 during which the noise level of the output signal exceeds the certain noise level. The estimate of when the sensor will break may be quite uncertain, with a large variation. However the noise level in the different time segments gives an indication of the speed of the break down process.
For example, it may be expected that the NOx sensor will fail at the earliest in x weeks when there is noise in interval t1, t2 but not, t3. However, if there is only noise in t1, then the breakdown may be expected after more than y weeks, where y weeks is more than x weeks. The parameters x and y depend on implementation and on the NOx sensor type and model. More extensive testing in a known environment may be performed to identify behaviour at start-up of different sensor types. For example, time it takes for the sensor to go from “initial operation” to “start-up operation” and finally to “normal operation” may be analysed by studying the output signal of a NOx sensor in a test environment where the NOx level is known. Thereafter, suitable time intervals t1, t2, t3 for the diagnosis may be determined as described above. Stated differently, in some embodiments, the method comprises estimating S4 that the NOx sensor 3 is about to fail within a certain time, based on the noise level of the output signal only exceeding the certain noise level during the at least one start-up time interval t1, t2. As described above, the certain time depend on the NOx sensor type and model and for accurate timings more extensive testing may be performed. If the method is performed off-board parameters like the certain time and above mentioned thresholds may be adjusted based on data from a plurality of vehicles, such as from an entire fleet of vehicles.
On the other hand, if there is also elevated noise in t3 then it is expected that the NOx sensor will fail before the x weeks. For example, a few weeks earlier. In this scenario, when there is typically noise in all analysed time intervals it may be that the NOx sensor has already started to fail. Stated differently, in some embodiments, the method comprises estimating S4 that the NOx sensor 3 is failing before the certain time, based on the noise level of the output signal also exceeding the certain noise level during the operating time interval t3.
The outcome of the diagnoses may be used in different ways. Typically it is desirable to inform a driver or owner of the vehicle 1 about the failure or upcoming failure. Hence, in some embodiments, the method comprises providing S5 a warning signal upon the predicting indicating an upcoming failure of the NOx sensor 3. The warning signal is typically sent over the CAN bus to another ECU, such as the Instrument Cluster, ICU. The ICU may then provide a visible (or audible, tactile etc.) warning to the driver. The warning may alternatively be wirelessly communicated to for example a workshop.
The control arrangement comprises a processor 101 and memory 102. The control arrangement 10, or more specifically the processor 101 of the control arrangement 10, is configured to cause the control arrangement 10 to perform all aspects of the method described above and below. This is typically done by running computer program code P stored in the data storage or memory 102 in the processor 101 of the control arrangement 10. The data storage 102 may also be configured to store parameters for use when diagnosing the NOx sensor, such as time offsets and threshold values mentioned above.
The control arrangement 10 may also comprise a communication interface 103 for communicating with other control units of the vehicle (for example over the ECU) and/or with external systems, such as with an off-board server. If the control arrangement is arranged off-board the communication interface is configured to receive NOx sensor data from the vehicle 1.
More specifically, the control arrangement 10 is configured to estimate S1 a noise level of an output signal of the NOx sensor 3, during at least one start-up time interval t1, t2 that takes place shortly after each time the NOx sensor 3 is started, and to predict an upcoming failure of the NOx sensor 3 based on the estimated noise level exceeding a certain noise level during the at least one start-up time interval t1, t2.
This document has dealt with a sensor failing to produce valid O2 and NOx values as “at end of lifetime”. This is not necessarily completely true. It is possible that the engine and after treatment system are responsible for the sensor behaviour, i.e. the sensor cannot produce good data any longer under the conditions it is working, but if conditions were much less unideal, the sensor would start to produce good data again. It can also be that something else in the exhaust aftertreatment system is broken. However, to what extent a sensor can recover or to what extent the engine and exhaust system is contaminating or accelerating a sensor failure, is not the scope here.
The terminology used in the description of the embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings is not intended to be limiting of the described method, control arrangement or computer program. Various changes, substitutions and/or alterations may be made, without departing from disclosure embodiments as defined by the appended claims.
The term “or” as used herein, is to be interpreted as a mathematical OR, i.e., as an inclusive disjunction; not as a mathematical exclusive OR (XOR), unless expressly stated otherwise. In addition, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are to be interpreted as “at least one”, thus also possibly comprising a plurality of entities of the same kind, unless expressly stated otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes”, “comprises”, “including” and/or “comprising”, specifies the presence of stated features, actions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, actions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. A single unit such as e.g. a processor may fulfil the functions of several items recited in the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21210388.1 | Nov 2021 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE2022/051076 | 11/18/2022 | WO |
