Method and corresponding circuit structure to correlate the transconductance of transistors of different types

Abstract

A method and related circuit structure correlate the transconductance value of transistors of different type, for example MOS transistors and bipolar transistors. The structure comprises a first differential cell formed by transistors of the first type and a second differential cell formed by transistors of the second type connected to each other by means of a circuit portion responsible for calculating an error signal obtained as difference between the cell differential currents and applied to said first differential cell and to an output node of the same circuit structure obtaining a transconductance correlation independent from process tolerances and temperature.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority from European patent application No. 03425430.0, filed Jun. 30, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to a method and relevant circuit structure for correlating the transconductance value of transistors of different types, independently from process tolerances and temperature.

BACKGROUND

As is well known, under small-signal conditions, the output current i_OUT of a transistor is proportional to the input voltages v_in applied thereto by a proportionality coefficient called transconductance g_m.

This transconductance generally varies with temperature and process parameters as a function of the chosen transistor type and of the particular integration process. Therefore, different types of transistors have transconductances that are typically uncorrelated to each other and that are variable with respect to temperature according to convenient laws.

For example, a bipolar NPN transistor and a NMOS transistor are shown with reference to FIG. 1, whose input-output relation under low-signal conditions are respectively:i_c=g_mBJT˜V_in1  (1)i_d=g_mMOS˜V_in2  (2) the respective transconductance expressions are: $\begin{array}{cc}{g}_{\mathrm{mBJT}}\equiv \frac{\alpha ·I_E}{v_T}& \left(3\right)\\ g_{\mathrm{mMOS}}=2\sqrt{K_n·\frac{W}{L}·I_D}& \left(4\right)\end{array}$ where

• • a is the current gain of the common-base-configured bipolar transistor
  • v_T is the thermal voltage
  • W/L is the form factor of MOS transistors
  • K_n is a process constant of the NMOS transistor being proportional to the mobility μ_n and to the oxide specific capacity C_ox
  • I_E is the emitter bias current of the bipolar transistor Q1
  • I_D is the bias current of the MOS transistor M1

From a comparison between the expressions (3) and (4) it is evident that the transconductances of the two types of transistors depend on different process parameters and they also have different laws of variation with temperature and they are thus generally uncorrelated.

At present, there is no effective solution for correlating the transconductance values of different types of transistors, i.e., to achieve a relation like the following one being mediated by a proportionality coefficient γ. G_m_TYPE1=γ˜g_m_TYPE2

SUMMARY

Therefore, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for correlating the transconductances of at least two different types of transistors, independently from process tolerances and temperature and by means of a proportionality coefficient.

In an embodiment of the invention, a circuit structure comprises a pair of differential cells, each cell being formed by a differential pair of transistors of the same type, interconnected to each other by means of a circuit portion responsible for calculating the error signal between the difference of respective differential currents, and using this error signal, in one case conveniently amplified, to bias one of the two differential pairs and simultaneously drive the same circuit structure output.

A correlation between the respective transconductances of the different types of transistors of the first and second cell is therefore obtained, which is totally independent from process tolerances and temperature.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the method and circuit structure according to the invention will be apparent from the following description of embodiments thereof given by way of non-limiting example with reference to the attached drawings.

FIG. 1 shows the comparison between a bipolar NPN transistor and a NMOS transistor and the relevant voltages and currents.

FIG. 2 shows a circuit structure manufactured according to an embodiment of the invention to correlate the transconductances of at least two different types of transistors.

FIG. 3 shows in greater circuit detail a possible embodiment of the example of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 shows a MOS transistor amplifier circuit structure, in BICMOS technology, with compensation of the variations with the temperature of the voltage gain according to the prior art.

FIG. 5 shows a circuit structure according to an embodiment of the invention being output-connected to a MOS transistor amplifier.

FIG. 6 shows a variable gain amplifier allowing, in association with a circuit structure according to an embodiment of the invention, the amplifier output dynamic range to remain constant when the process and the temperature vary.

FIG. 7 shows a detail of the amplifier of FIG. 6 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows a circuit structure according to an embodiment of the invention being output-connected to a variable gain amplifier.

FIG. 9 schematically shows a detail of the embodiment of FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference to these drawings, and particularly to the example of FIG. 2, a circuit structure comprising a first and a second differential cell 3 and 4, which are connected to each other according to an embodiment of the present invention to correlate the transconductances of at least two different types of transistors, is globally and schematically indicated with 10.

The first cell 3 comprises a differential pair of a first type 1 (TYPE1) of transistors T1a, T1b, while the second cell 4 comprises a differential pair of a second type 2 (TYPE2) of transistors T2a, T2b.

Cells 3 and 4 are interconnected by means of a current mirror circuit portion 6, comprised in the structure 10, responsible for generating an error signal Δε related to the difference of the two cell differential currents, as it will be more apparent in the following description. This current error signal is applied, in an amplified way, to the output node O of the structure 10. This error signal is thus used to bias the first differential cell in order to obtain a feedback inside the structure 10.

According to the diagram of FIG. 2, the transconductances of transistors of different type are correlated to each other independently from process tolerances and temperature, by a proportionality coefficient. In other words, for said two general types of transistors, type 1 and type 2, the following correlation is obtained: gm_TYPE1=γ˜gm_TYPE2 γ being a proportionality coefficient drawn by the ratio between homologous quantities and thus independent both from the temperature and from process tolerances.

In FIG. 2 it can be seen that the first differential cell 3 is connected to a first potential reference, for example a signal ground GND, by means of a current source I_M, whose driving terminal is connected to the output node O.

Applied to the second differential pair 4 of transistors of type 2 is a bias current I_T and a constant differential voltage ΔV_d, which is sufficiently small as to consider the small-signal approximation valid. Under such conditions, the differential current ΔI_TYPE2 of the second differential pair of transistors of type 2 is: ΔI_TYPE2≅g_mTYPE2ΔV_d  (5)

Similarly, by applying the same voltage difference ΔV_d to the first differential pair 3 of type 1, the respective differential output current ΔI_TYPE1 is:ΔI_TYPE1≅g_mTYPE1ΔV_d  (6)

Therefore, where Δε is the error signal related to the difference of the two differential currents and ψ the proportionality coefficient of the input-output relation of the current source I_M, the following result is obtained:i_m=ψ.A₀.Δε=ψ.A₀.(ΔI_{TYPE2−ΔITYPE1})  (7) from which, by replacing (5) and (6) it results:i_M=ψ.A₀.(g_mTYPE2−g_mTYPE1).ΔV_d  (8)

By virtue of the small-signal approximation, it can be assumed that the dependence law of the transconductance g_mTYPE1 of type 1 from the small-signal current i_M is linear and, thus, ρ being the proportionality coefficient, the following result is obtained:g_mTYPE1=ρ.i_M  (9) from which, by replacing (8):g_mTYPE1=ρψ.A₀.(g_mTYPE2−g_mTYPE1).ΔV_d  (10) from which finally, making the transconductance of type 1 explicit, the following result is obtained: $\begin{array}{cc}{g}_{\mathrm{mTYPE1}}=\frac{\rho ·\psi ·A_O·\Delta V_d}{1+\rho ·\psi ·A_O·\Delta V_d}{g}_{\mathrm{mTYPE2}}& \left(11\right)\end{array}$

By manufacturing the error amplifier so that the gain A₀ is such as to make the product ρ˜ψ˜A₀˜ΔV_d sufficiently high, then the transconductance of the differential pair 3 of type 1 will tend to equal the transconductance of the differential pair 2 of type 2, i.e.:g_m_TYPE1≅g_mTYPE2  (12)

In the common application the value of A₀ is determined in order to ensure the desired static precision $\frac{\Delta g_m}{g_m},$ according to the following relation: $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\Delta g_m}{g_m}=\frac{1}{\rho ·\psi ·A_O·\Delta V_d}& \left(13\right)\end{array}$

When the condition (12) between the differential pairs 4 and 3 of type 2 and of type 1 is satisfied, the bias current I_M′, obtained from the current IM by means of a current mirror ratio, can be used to bias general circuit blocks comprising transistors of type 1 and generally indicated by block 5. Between the transistors of the general block 5 of type 1 and those of type 2 the following relation is satisfied:g_m_TYPE1≅γ˜g_mTYPE2  (14) whose proportionality coefficient will depend only on the mirror ratio $\frac{I_M^{\prime }}{I_M}$ and on type 1 transistor size ratio.

A possible BiCMOS technology implementation of the circuit structure of FIG. 2 is shown in FIG. 3 with the numeral 20 according to an embodiment of the invention.

In this embodiment the MOS transistor transconductance has been correlated to the bipolar transistor one.

In this example a first MOS transistor differential cell 13 is connected to a second bipolar transistor differential cell 14 by means of a current mirror circuit portion 16 being cascode-connected and comprising MOS transistors M5-M8. A bipolar transistor Q3 operates as a current source for the first differential cell 13.

It is, however, possible that the circuit portion 16 is manufactured with bipolar transistors. Similarly, also the current source, manufactured by means of the bipolar transistor Q3, can be manufactured by means of a MOS transistor.

The circuit operation is the following. The bipolar transistor differential pair 14 is biased by a queue current I_T, the value of the respective transconductance is thus $g_{\mathrm{mBJT}}\equiv \frac{\alpha ·I_T}{2·v_T}.$

Each input differential pair is biased by the common mode voltage I_B.R₂ and it is excited by the constant differential voltage ΔV_d=I_B.R₁. The latter is fixed sufficiently low (ΔV_d<<2v_T) as to consider the following small-signal approximation valid: $\begin{array}{cc}\Delta I_{\mathrm{BJT}}=\alpha ·I_T·\tanh \left(\frac{\Delta V_d}{2v_T}\right)\cong g_{\mathrm{mBJT}}·\Delta V_d& \left(15\right)\end{array}$ where the differential current of the second bipolar transistor differential pair 14 has been indicated with ΔI_BJT. Under such conditions, similarly for the first MOS transistor differential pair 13, the following result is obtained:ΔI_MOS≅g_mMos˜ΔV_d  (16)

The cascode M5-M8 current mirror 16 performs both the difference between the two differential currents ΔI_BJT and ΔI_MOS and the current-voltage conversion through the dynamic resistance in the interconnection node A between respective conduction terminals of the transistors M2 and M8, thus producing an “error signal” Δv_ε. The use of a cascode mirror 16 with respect to a simple mirror advantageously provides a higher accuracy and considerably reduces the systematic equivalent input offset. Therefore the so-obtained error signal Δv_ε has the following expression:Δv_ε=(ΔI_BJT.ΔI_MOS).r_OUT≅(g_mBJT−g_mMOS).r_OUT.ΔV_d  (17)

A transistor M9, located at the output of the structure 20 in follower configuration, provides again the same error signal Δv_ε. at the output node 17 thereof coinciding with the transistor Q3 base. Therefore, g_m3 being the transistor Q3 transconductance, the following result is obtained:g_mMOS=ξ.g_m3.Δv_ε  (18) ξ being the proportionality coefficient of the current-transconductance relation achieved though the linearization of the expression (4), i.e.:g_mMOS=ξ.i_c3  (19)

Combining the (17) and the (18) a similar relation to the one seen in general terms is obtained: $\begin{array}{cc}{g}_{\mathrm{mMOS}}=g_{\mathrm{mBJT}}·\frac{\xi ·g_{\mathrm{m3}}·r_{\mathrm{OUT}}·\Delta V_d}{1+\xi ·g_{\mathrm{m3}}·r_{\mathrm{OUT}}·\Delta V_d}& \left(20\right)\end{array}$

Therefore for sufficiently high gain values A₀=g_m3.r_OUT the transconductance of the MOS differential couple tends to the one of the bipolar differential pair, i.e.g_mMOS≅g_mBJT  (21)

A current source Q4, obtained in this embodiment by means of a bipolar transistor, connects the output 17 to a group 15 of MOS transistors which indicates a general MOS transistor circuit portion.

When the queue current generator Q3 is manufactured by means of a MOS transistor, the current source Q4 should also be manufactured by means of a MOS transistor in order to keep the mirror factor between the queue generator currents unchanged.

The current I_C4 of the transistor Q4, obtained from the bias current I_C3 through the ratio of the areas of transistors Q4 and Q3, can thus be used to bias circuits 15 using NMOS transistors. The transconductance g_mMOS* of these NMOS transistors will be therefore equal to the one of the cell 14 comprising the pair of bipolar transistors Q1-Q2, conveniently reduced by the ratio of the current mirror factor formed by the transistors Q3, Q4, this mirror factor being equal to the ratio of the emitter areas of these transistors Q4 and Q3 and of the ratio of NMOS transistor form factors, i.e.:g_mMOS≅γ.g_mBJT  (22)

A possible use of this circuit is the generation of a bias current effective to keep the voltage gain of MOS transistor amplifiers 15 having a gain of the g_mMOS.R_L type in BICMOS technology applications constant when the temperature varies.

Generally, MOS transistor amplifiers, having a gain of the g_mMOS.R_L type, are biased by means of a current I_BIAS drawn as ratio between the difference of V_GS of two MOS transistors and an allocated resistance having the same temperature variation coefficient of the load resistance, i.e.: $\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\mathrm{BIAS}}=\frac{\Delta V_{\mathrm{GS}}}{R^{*}}\\ \mathrm{where}\frac{1}{T}\frac{\partial }{\partial T}{R}^{*}\equiv \frac{1}{T}\frac{\partial }{\partial T}{R}_L\end{array}& \left(23\right)\end{array}$

Through simple mathematical steps it can be demonstrated that the law (23) offsets in temperature both the transconductance g_mMOS variation and the load resistance R_L variation, and thus it offsets temperature voltage gain variations. By way of example FIG. 4 shows a possible bias circuit 19 implementing said law.

In a dual way, for bipolar transistor circuits, the voltage gain is offset in temperature by circuits being similar to the one of FIG. 4 producing a bias current which is proportional to the absolute temperature (PTAT).

Usually in BICMOS technology integrated circuits, the two typologies of MOS transistor and bipolar transistor amplifiers use each a convenient bias circuit to offset gain variations in temperature.

On the contrary, according to an embodiment of the present invention, by using a compensation circuit structure, it is possible to use a single current bias reference for both typologies of amplifiers.

For example, with reference to FIG. 5, since the relation (22) applies for any process and temperature condition, it is possible to bias the bipolar differential pair 14 Q1-Q2 with a queue current (current generator IT) drawn from a PTAT bias circuit, and to use thus the output current of the transistor Q4 collector to bias MOS transistor amplifiers 18 having a g_mMOS.R_L gain, as indicated in figures. The compensation in temperature of the bipolar transistor pair transconductance therefore provides via the relation (22) that the transconductance of MOS transistors is also constant when the temperature varies.

The use of the circuit structure according to an embodiment of the invention is particularly advantageous in biasing circuits having an extremely limited current consumption and those using, for accuracy reasons, external reference resistances. In fact, in the first case, by using a single current reference for both typologies of transistors, the silicon area occupation is considerably reduced, halving the area commonly dedicated to the resistances of current references R*. In the second case, the use of said bias system allows two temperature-constant-gain current references to be obtained starting from a single external reference, to the advantage of the number of components used and of the whole application cost.

In a dual way, the method provided can be naturally applied to bias bipolar differential couples starting from a current reference for MOS transistor amplifiers with the same above-mentioned advantages.

Another possible use of such a circuit is the generation of a bias system effective to keep constant the output dynamic range of a variable gain amplifier 25 of the type shown in FIG. 6 when the temperature and the process vary.

Variable gain amplifiers 25, of the type shown in FIG. 6, are used in some typologies of receivers requiring a high gain low noise performance and a low gain high linearity performance. The circuit operation is the following. The two differential pairs 23, 24 perform the voltage-current conversion starting from the same input signal V_IN thus generating two current differential signals g_mMOS.V_IN and g_mBJT.V_IN which add on output nodes 26, 27. The current-voltage conversion is performed by two load resistances R_L. The voltage gain expression of this amplifier is thus:A_V(I_T1,I_T2)=[g_mBJT(I_T1)+g_mMOS(I_T2)].R_L  (24)

A control circuit portion 28 provides the queue currents I_T1 and I_T2 as function Γ of the control signal V_C.(I_T1,I_T2)=Γ(V_C)  (25)

Therefore, once the intervention of the control circuit portion 28 fixed, the amplifier gain is a function of the control voltage V_C. An embodiment of the control circuit portion 28 which can be used is shown in FIG. 7.

In such a control circuit 28, which is known, the current I_EE is deviated on the output branches according to the control voltage VC, according to the following relation. $\begin{array}{cc}{I}_{\mathrm{T1}}=\frac{\alpha ·I_{\mathrm{EE}}}{1+\exp \left(\frac{V_C}{V_T}\right)},I_{\mathrm{T2}}=\alpha ·I_{\mathrm{EE}}-I_{\mathrm{T1}}& \left(26\right)\end{array}$

Therefore, by using this control circuit 28, under both extreme gain conditions (for V_C<<0 and V_C>>0), only a differential pair 23 or 24 is active and biased by the current α.I_EE.

Supposing that the bipolar pair 24 transconductance is higher than the MOS couple 23 transconductance, the output dynamic range, considered as the ratio between the highest and the lowest gain value, is: $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{A_{V\mathrm{MAX}}}{A_{V\mathrm{MIN}}}=\frac{g_{\mathrm{mBJT}}}{g_{\mathrm{mMOS}}}=\frac{\frac{\alpha ·I_{\mathrm{EE}}}{V_T}}{2\sqrt{K_n·\frac{W}{L}·\alpha ·I_{\mathrm{EE}}}}& \left(27\right)\end{array}$

Two important limits derive from this latter expression:

• • Since both transconductances depend on uncorrelated process parameters the output dynamic range considerably varies with process tolerances.
  • The temperature control law applied to the current I_EE generation can offset only one of the two transconductances, therefore the output dynamic range will considerably vary with temperature.

By applying the circuit structure 20 according to an embodiment of the invention according to the scheme of FIG. 8 both above-mentioned problems can be solved.

The basic idea is to provide the gain-control circuit portion 28 with the two bias currents I_T1MAX and I_T2MAX so that the same control circuit 28 provides them as queue currents to the differential pairs Q5-Q6 and M3-M4 under both extreme gain conditions. By applying this scheme to the expression (22), the output dynamic range is the following: $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{A_{V\mathrm{MAX}}}{A_{V\mathrm{MIN}}}=\frac{g_{\mathrm{mBJT}}}{g_{\mathrm{mMOS}}}=\frac{g_{\mathrm{mBJT}}}{\gamma ·g_{\mathrm{mBJT}}}=\frac{1}{\gamma }& \left(28\right)\end{array}$ where γ is a very accurate proportionality factor since it depends only on the ratio between form factors and emitter areas, and it is therefore independent from process and temperature variations. Therefore under these conditions the output dynamic range is very accurate and independent from temperature variations.

Moreover, by generating the bias currents I_T and I_T1MAX starting from a PTAT current reference and using a control circuit 30 whose variation law Γ(V_C) is independent from the temperature, also the absolute value of the voltage gain (expression (24)) will not depend on the temperature. An example of control circuit 30 is shown in FIG. 9 wherein a current reference I_PTAT can be seen, indicated with 29, to supply respective circuit branches 31, 32 equipped with differential amplifiers arranged to drive respective output transistors Q8, Q9.

A voltage reference obtained from a corresponding bias current I_T1MAX, I_T2MAX is also applied to each amplifier, and by means of a current mirror circuit portion.

The method and the circuit structure according to the above embodiments of invention solve the technical problem and allow the transconductances of at least two different types of transistors to be correlated, independently from process tolerances or temperature and by means of a proportionality coefficient.

An integrated circuit may incorporate one or more of the circuits discussed above in FIGS. 2-9, and an electronic system may incorporate such an integrated circuit.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for correlating the transconductance value of transistors of different types, for example MOS transistors and bipolar transistors, wherein that it: provides a circuit structure comprising a first differential cell formed by transistors of the first type and a second differential cell formed by transistors of the second type; applies to the first and second differential cell, biased through respective queue currents, a constant differential voltage; draws an error signal related to the difference of the two differential currents by means of a circuit portion comprised in said circuit structure; and applies this error signal to said first differential cell and to an output node of the circuit structure drawing a transconductance correlation independent from process tolerances and temperature.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the error signal application to said output node of the circuit structure occurs by means of an amplifier.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein a current being proportional to said error signal is applied to bias circuit portions of the first type of transistors.

4. A method according to claim 1, wherein a current is applied on said output node of the circuit structure is applied to bias circuit portions of the first type of transistors by means of a mirror of one of said queue currents.

5. A circuit structure to correlate the transconductance value of transistors of different type, for example MOS transistors and bipolar transistors, wherein the circuit structure comprises a first differential cell formed by transistors of the first type and a second differential cell formed by transistors of the second type connected to each other by means of a circuit portion, comprised in said circuit structure, responsible for calculating an error signal as difference between the cell differential currents and applied to said first differential cell and to an output node of the same circuit structure obtaining a transconductance correlation independent from process tolerances and temperature.

6. A circuit structure according to claim 5, wherein said first differential cell is connected to a first potential reference by means of a current driven generator.

7. A circuit structure according to claim 6, wherein a current being proportional to said error signal is applied to bias circuit portions comprising transistors of the same type of said first differential cell.

8. A circuit structure according to claim 6, wherein the first cell comprises MOS transistors and the second cell comprises bipolar transistors and in that said cells are connected to each other by means of a cascode-connected current mirror circuit portion.

9. A circuit structure according to claim 8, wherein said current mirror circuit portion comprises MOS transistors.

11. A circuit structure according to claim 8, wherein said current mirror circuit portion comprises bipolar transistors.

12. A circuit structure according to claim 8, wherein said current driven generator is a bipolar transistor connected to the first differential cell.

13. A circuit structure according to claim 8, wherein both current generators driven by the node are MOS transistors.

14. A circuit structure according to claim 2, wherein said amplifier is a MOS transistor.

15. A circuit structure according to claim 8, wherein said current being proportional to said error signal is coupled to a variable gain amplifier equipped with a gain control circuit portion.

16. A circuit structure according to claim 15, wherein a bias current generated by said circuit structure is provided to said gain control circuit portion.

17. A bias circuit, comprising: a first circuit including a first type of transistor and operable to receive a first bias signal and an input signal and to generate a first output signal in response to the input signal; a second circuit including a second type of transistor and operable to receive a second bias signal and the input signal and to generate a second output signal in response to the input signal; a first bias-signal generator operable to generate the second bias signal in response to a third bias signal; and a second bias-signal generator coupled to the first and second circuits and to the first bias-signal generator and operable to generate a third bias signal in response to the first and second output signals.

18. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein: the first circuit comprises a differential pair of the first type of transistors; and the second circuit comprises a differential pair of the second type of transistors.

19. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein: the first and second bias signals respectively comprise first and second bias currents; the input signal comprises an input voltage; and the first and second output signals respectively comprise first and second output currents.

20. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein the third bias signal comprises a bias current.

21. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein the third bias signal comprises a bias voltage.

22. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein the first bias-signal generator comprises a comparator.

23. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein the first bias-signal generator comprises a current mirror.

24. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein the second bias-signal generator comprises a controllable current source.

25. The bias circuit of claim 17 wherein: the first circuit includes only transistors of the first type; and the second circuit includes only transistors of the second type.

26. A bias circuit, comprising: a first differential pair of a first type of transistors having a bias node operable to receive a first bias current, first and second input nodes operable to receive a differential input voltage, and first and second output nodes; a second differential pair of a second type of transistors having a bias node, first and second input nodes operable to receive the differential input voltage, and first and second output nodes; a current mirror having an input node coupled to the first output node of the first differential pair and the second output node of the second differential pair and having an output node coupled to the second output node of the first differential pair and the first output node of the second differential pair; and a bias-current generator having a control node coupled to the output node of the current mirror and having an output node coupled to the bias node of the second differential pair.

27. The bias circuit of claim 26 wherein the first and second types of transistors comprise bipolar transistors and MOS transistors, respectively.

28. An integrated circuit, comprising: a first circuit including a first type of transistor and operable to receive a first bias signal and an input signal and to generate a first output signal in response to the input signal; a second circuit including a second type of transistor and operable to receive a second bias signal and the input signal and to generate a second output signal in response to the input signal; a first bias-signal generator operable to generate the first bias signal; a second bias-signal generator operable to generate the second bias signal in response to a third bias signal; and a third bias-signal generator coupled to the first and second circuits and operable to generate the third bias signal in response to the first and second output signals.

29. The integrated circuit of claim 30, further comprising: an amplifier circuit comprising a first amplifier having the first type of transistors and a second amplifier having the second type of transistors; and a gain control circuit operable to generate first and second bias signals for the first and second amplifiers, respectively, in response to the third bias signal.

30. An electronic system, comprising: an integrated circuit, comprising, a first circuit including a first type of transistor and operable to receive a first bias signal and an input signal and to generate a first output signal in response to the input signal, a second circuit including a second type of transistor and operable to receive a second bias signal and the input signal and to generate a second output signal in response to the input signal, a first bias-signal generator operable to generate the first bias signal, a second bias-signal generator operable to generate the second bias signal in response to a third bias signal, and a third bias-signal generator coupled to the first and second circuits and operable to generate the third bias signal in response to the first and second output signals.

31. A method, comprising: generating with a first type of transistor a first output signal in response to an input signal and a first bias signal; generating with a second type of transistor a second output signal in response to the input signal and a second bias signal; and adjusting the second bias signal to a level that causes the second output signal to equal the first output signal with a predetermined accuracy.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein adjusting the second bias signal comprises generating a third bias signal, adjusting the second bias signal with the third bias signal, and biasing a second type of transistor with the third bias signal.

33. A method, comprising: biasing a first differential amplifier having transistors of a first type with a first bias signal; biasing a second differential amplifier having transistors of a second type with a second bias signal; generating a first output signal by amplifying an input signal with the first differential amplifier; generating a second output signal by amplifying the input signal with the second differential amplifier; comparing the first and second output signals; and adjusting the first bias signal in response the comparison of the first and second output signals.

34. the method of claim 33 wherein adjusting the first bias signal comprises: reducing the first bias signal if the first output signal is greater than the second output signal; and increasing the first bias signal if the first output signal is less than the second output signal.