Method and device for automatic controlling of the deceleration device of a vehicle

Abstract

A method and a device are described for controlling deceleration devices of a vehicle during a braking operation, in particular a vehicle which is equipped with a sensor for adaptive cruise control. During the braking operation, risk dimensions are determined on the basis of driving dynamics models, which are individualized by signals of the surrounding-field sensor system. A first risk dimension is precalculated for the case of continued deceleration and a second risk dimension is precalculated for the case of unbraked further movement of the vehicle. Through the comparison of the two risk dimensions, it is decided whether the automatic vehicle deceleration is to be maintained or whether the braking is to be canceled before the vehicle is brought to a standstill.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] A method and a device are proposed for controlling deceleration devices of a vehicle during a braking operation, in particular of a vehicle which is equipped with a sensor for adaptive cruise control. During the braking operation, risk dimensions are determined on the basis of driving dynamics models, which are individualized on the basis of signals from the surrounding-field sensor system, as well as on the basis the characteristic driver behavior to be expected, which has been obtained through analysis of the prior driver reactions. A first risk dimension is precalculated for the case of continued deceleration and a second risk dimension is precalculated for the case of unbraked further movement of the vehicle. By comparing the two risk dimensions, it is decided whether the automatic vehicle deceleration is to be maintained or whether the braking is to be canceled before the vehicle is brought to a standstill.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

[0002] Cruise controls which reduce the set speed using a ranging sensor when a slower vehicle has been detected driving in front of the particular vehicle are known. These types of systems have been distributed under the name “adaptive cruise control” (ACC). A system of this type is described in the article “Adaptive Cruise Control System Aspects and Development Trends” by Winner et al. (SAE paper 96 1010, International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Feb. 26-29, 1996). Systems of this type have been planned until now as comfort systems, due to which the maximum deceleration performance of these systems is insufficient to delay imminent collisions with vehicles driving in front.

[0003] German Patent 197 50 913 describes an automatic brake control system for motor vehicles which is capable of detecting obstacles and braking the particular vehicle to a standstill in the event of an imminent collision. This is done using an obstacle detection device for detecting an obstacle in front of the vehicle, a stop decision device for deciding whether the vehicle has essentially been stopped, a braking force determination device for determining a braking force to keep the vehicle stopped, a braking force control device, a travel resumption decision device, and a release device for releasing the braking force. This system is distinguished in that a vehicle may be automatically braked to a standstill. However, aborting the deceleration during the braking intervention is mentioned neither in this publication nor in any other known publication.

ESSENCE AND ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The essence of the present invention is to be able to automatically brake vehicles, in particular vehicles having adaptive cruise control, and at the same time to implement the braking so that the occupants are endangered as little as possible. This is done through the features of the independent claims. Advantageous refinements are described in the subclaims. The decision of whether a deceleration for avoiding collisions is to be maintained or aborted is made on the basis of a comparison of two calculated risk dimensions. A first risk dimension, which represents the risk of the particular vehicle in the event of continued deceleration, and a second risk dimension, which represents the risk of the vehicle if the brakes are opened during the deceleration, are provided. During a braking operation, it is possible that the vehicle will begin to rotate about its vertical axis due to insufficient road-surface adhesion or if the steerable front wheels have been turned during braking. If the limit of adhesion of the tires on the roadway is reached again, these types of situations may lead to the particular vehicle becoming uncontrollable and collisions occurring with stationary or moving obstacles. In order to avoid this, it is continuously checked during the braking maneuver to avoid a collision whether it is more favorable in terms of safety to release the brakes and steer the vehicle in a controlled way around the obstacle or whether it is more favorable to maintain the emergency braking even though the brake pedal has been released by the driver and to prevent uncontrolled breakaway of the vehicle.

[0005] Furthermore, it is advantageous that the automatic braking is either automatically initiated braking or braking which is initiated by the driver, but is performed automatically. Both possibilities share the feature, however, that a strong deceleration to avoid a collision or to reduce the collision speed occurs during braking, whose deceleration corresponds to approximately the maximum possible vehicle deceleration.

[0006] Furthermore, it is advantageous that the deceleration means are deactivated during a braking operation if the comparison of the risk dimensions shows that the first risk dimension is greater than the second risk dimension. If the first risk dimension is smaller than the second risk dimension, the braking operation is continued even if the driver deactivates the brake pedal during the braking operation.

[0007] The first and the second risk dimensions are advantageously determined using precalculated movement trajectories of the detected obstacles and of the particular vehicle. For precalculating the movement trajectories, the positions and the movements of the particular vehicle and the stationary and moving obstacles in the area surrounding of the vehicle are taken into consideration using driving dynamics models and the characteristic driver behavior to be expected.

[0008] Furthermore, it is advantageous that the characteristic driving behavior of the driver is taken into consideration in establishing the particular situation. In this case, it is taken into consideration how the driver executes steering, acceleration, and braking activities, whether they are rather slow and done as weakly as possible or abrupt and violent. It may also be taken into consideration which dynamic response the driver uses to accelerate, decelerate, or steer the vehicle on average.

[0009] Advantageously, signals from at least one of the following sensors are processed to detect the surrounding-field situation and the particular vehicle situation: yaw rate sensor, radar sensor, lidar sensor, video sensor, wheel speed sensor, steering angle sensor, accelerator pedal sensor, brake pedal sensor, and mass inertia sensor. It is not necessary according to the present invention for all of the sensor signals listed to be processed; however, it is also possible that further signals of sensors which detect the vehicle surroundings or the particular vehicle movement are additionally taken into consideration.

[0010] The controller of the deceleration means advantageously differentiates at least three states, the controller being able to assume precisely one of the following states at a point in time:

[0011] no deceleration of the vehicle and no deceleration preparation,

[0012] no deceleration of the vehicle, but preparation of the deceleration means by prefilling the braking system and applying the brake linings to the brake disks, and

[0013] maximum possible deceleration of the vehicle.

[0014] Furthermore, it is advantageous if the controller of the deceleration means has at least four states, in particular, that precisely one of the following states is assumed at a point in time:

[0015] no deceleration of the vehicle and no deceleration preparation,

[0016] no deceleration of the vehicle, but preparation of the deceleration means by prefilling the braking system and applying the brake linings to the brake disks,

[0017] deceleration of the vehicle which lies below the maximum possible deceleration of the vehicle, and

[0018] maximum possible deceleration of the vehicle.

[0019] The method described is advantageously executed by a device which provides detection means for detecting the surrounding field situation, the situation of the particular vehicle, and the driver activities; these may be supplied to an analysis device, in which probable movement trajectories of the particular vehicle and the stationary and moving obstacles detected in the surrounding area may be established using driving dynamics models, a first and a second risk dimension are established from these movement trajectories, and means for decelerating the vehicle may be activated or deactivated as a function of the result of the comparison of the first and the second risk dimensions.

[0020] The implementation of the method according to the present invention in the form of a control element which is provided for a control unit, in particular a control unit for an adaptive cruise control, is of particular significance. In this case, a program is stored on the control element which is executable on a computing device, in particular on a microprocessor or ASIC, and is capable of executing the method according to the present invention. The present invention is thus be implemented in this case by a program stored on the control element, so that this control element provided with the program represents the present invention in the same way as the method which the program is capable of executing. In particular, an electronic memory medium may be used as a control element, for example, a “read-only memory” or an “ASIC.”

[0021] Further features, possible applications, and advantages of the present invention result from the following description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention, which are illustrated in the figures of the drawing. In this case, all features described or illustrated form the object of the present invention, alone or in any combination, regardless of their wording in the patent claims or what they are based on and regardless of their formulation and representation in the description and the drawing.

DRAWING

[0022] In the following, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described on the basis of figures.

[0023] FIG. 1 shows a state diagram for the controller of the deceleration devices having three operating states,

[0024] FIG. 2 shows a state diagram for the controller of the vehicle deceleration devices having four operating states,

[0025] FIG. 3 shows a sketch of a driving situation in which the method according to the present invention is used,

[0026] FIG. 4 shows a further sketch of a traffic situation in which the method according to the present invention is used, and

[0027] FIG. 5 show a block diagram of the device according to the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0028] FIG. 1 shows a state transition diagram of a preferred embodiment for the controller of the deceleration means. In FIG. 1, block 1 represents the operating state in which no deceleration and no deceleration preparation are required. This means that the braking system is unpressurized and no braking intervention occurs. State block 2 represents the operating state in which no deceleration of the vehicle is required, but the deceleration means are prepared for a possible imminent deceleration. This is done by prefilling the braking system and applying the brake linings to the brake disks without exerting pressure on them in order to be able to cause more rapid deceleration in the event of braking. Operating state 3 in block 3 represents braking of the vehicle using a maximum possible deceleration, in order to avoid an imminent collision or to mitigate a collision which may no longer be avoidable. Transition 4 from operating state 1 into operating state 2 occurs automatically when a sensor signal determines a driving state in which an imminent collision must be expected. This is advantageously performed by monitoring the yaw rate or the steering angle deflection, the radar, lidar, or video sensors, or the brake pedal sensor. If a signal of this type exceeds a preselected threshold value or a combination of the signals exceeds a preselected combination of threshold values, the deceleration means are prepared for possible imminent emergency braking in the way described above. If these preparation criteria of transition 4 no longer exist after a preselected time, the deceleration preparation is canceled in that the braking system is made unpressurized again. This procedure corresponds to transition 5 from operating state 2 into operating state 1. Transition 6 from operating state 2 into operating state 3 represents the incitation of a strong deceleration, in that the deceleration means prepared for a braking operation are activated and are operated using maximum possible deceleration. This is done by analyzing the sensor signals supplied to the device, in that it is recognized from one or more of these signals that a collision with a stationary or moving obstacle is unavoidable. Transition 7 from operating state 3 to operating state 2 embodies the aborting of a deceleration using maximum possible deceleration, braking preparation being maintained.

[0029] Transitions 4, 5, 6, and 7 in FIG. 1 are controlled automatically according to the present invention, in that the sensor input data is analyzed in the way according to the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 2 describes a similar exemplary embodiment, a further operating state 8 for controlling the deceleration means being provided in this exemplary embodiment. This further operating state 8 represents a deceleration of the vehicle which lies below the maximum possible vehicle deceleration and may therefore be described as partial deceleration. Operating states 1, 2, and 3 correspond to identical operating states 1, 2, and 3 from FIG. 1. Transitions 4, 5, 6, and 7 between the operating states also correspond to identical transitions 4 to 7 from FIG. 1. Transitions 9, 10, 11, and 12 are newly added. Transition 9 between operating state 3 and operating state 8 represents a reduction of the vehicle deceleration from approximately the maximum possible vehicle deceleration to a partial deceleration. Transition 10 represents the transition from state 8 to state 3 and embodies an increase in the deceleration from a partial deceleration to the maximum possible vehicle deceleration. Transition 11 from state 2 to state 8 represents the initiation of a deceleration, in that the deceleration system prepared for braking begins actual deceleration of the vehicle, this vehicle deceleration corresponding to a deceleration which lies below the maximum possible vehicle deceleration. State 12 in the reverse direction represents the cancellation of a partial deceleration toward further movement without deceleration, but using a braking system which is prepared for deceleration.

[0031] Operating state 8 of the state transition diagram in FIG. 2 embodies decelerations which lie below the maximum possible vehicle deceleration. This means that in this state 8 a variable brake pressure is possible, which may change as it is observed over time.

[0032] FIG. 3 represents a possible traffic situation, in which the method according to the present invention is used. A street 13 is shown, one roadway being provided in each direction. Vehicle 14, which is equipped with the device according to the present invention, moves on this roadway. A vehicle 15 is driving ahead of this vehicle 14, and a vehicle 16 is approaching in the opposite direction. In the indication-free operating state, the controller of the deceleration means of vehicle 14 occupies operating state 1. This means that vehicle 14 follows vehicle 15. If the surrounding-field sensor system of vehicle 14 recognizes that the hazard potential increases, which is caused, for example, by strong deceleration of vehicle 15 or by the sudden appearance of an obstacle between vehicle 14 and vehicle 15, the controller of the deceleration means enters operating state 2. This has the consequence that the deceleration means are prepared for possible imminent emergency braking, in that the braking system of the vehicle is prefilled and the brake linings are applied to the brake disks. If the risk dimension for vehicle 14 increases, two reactions are possible. Either the driver recognizes the hazard situation himself and initiates a braking operation through a corresponding brake pedal operation, or the driver does not recognize the risk dimension of this driving situation and the controller of the deceleration means automatically initiates a braking operation. In the further course of these two possible braking operations, the surrounding-field sensor system determines risk dimensions, from the recognized obstacles, in this example vehicles 15 and 16 or a suddenly appearing obstacle between vehicles 14 and 15, for a continued deceleration and for an abort of the deceleration. To determine these risk dimensions, the positions and speeds of the obstacles are determined using the surrounding-field sensor system and their further movement trajectories are precalculated. In the course of the deceleration operation, it may occur that the road-surface adhesion of the wheels of vehicle 14 loses adhesion and the vehicle begins to skid. This is indicated in the exemplary situation, as is illustrated in FIG. 3, by arrow 17, which represents a movement of the vehicle about its vertical axis. In this situation, the method according to the present invention is to ensure that when the road-surface adhesion of the wheels sets in again, the vehicle does not move further onto the opposite roadway. For this purpose, it is necessary not to abort the braking for avoiding a collision, but rather to continue to a standstill, even if the driver lets up the brake pedal and desires an end to the deceleration.

[0033] In FIG. 4 a further traffic situation is illustrated in which the method according to the present invention is used. A roadway 13 is illustrated which has one lane in each direction of travel. Vehicle 14, which is equipped with the device according to the present invention, a vehicle 15 driving in front of this vehicle, and a vehicle 16, which approaches on the opposite lane, are located on these lanes. The movement directions of the vehicles are indicated by arrows in the figure. In this figure as well, the surrounding-field sensor system of vehicle 14 detects the traffic situation in the detection range of the vehicle and analyzes this situation with regard to the risk dimension. If the risk dimension increases, for example, due to strong braking of vehicle 15 driving ahead or a suddenly appearing obstacle between vehicles 14 and 15, the controller of the deceleration means enters state 2 from state 1, in that the braking means are prepared for a deceleration. If the hazard potential increases in the further course of this situation or the driver of vehicle 14 initiates deceleration by a brake pedal operation, using which a collision is to be avoided, the controller of the deceleration means enters state 3 from state 2, as shown in FIG. 1, or enters state 8 or 3 from state 2, as shown in FIG. 2. As a consequence of this strong deceleration, the wheels of vehicle 14 may lose road-surface adhesion. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the driver of vehicle 14 wishes to perform an avoidance maneuver through a steering intervention and therefore turns the steerable front wheels. In this case, if the decelerated wheels regained road-surface adhesion, the vehicle would abruptly continue the movement direction in the direction of dashed arrow 20 as a consequence of the steering deflection. In the case of an approaching vehicle 16, this would end in a collision with this vehicle. In order to avoid this, the surrounding-field sensor system of vehicle 14 observes the current driving events and evaluates the situation for continued deceleration using a first risk dimension and for an aborted braking situation using a second risk dimension. In this case, the second risk dimension would be greater than the first, since a collision would be unavoidable in the event of an abort of the deceleration operation. In this case, the controller of the deceleration means would continue the braking operation, even if the driver indicated a desire for aborting deceleration by letting off the brake pedal. However, a traffic situation is also conceivable, using braking to avoid a collision, in which the driver maintains the brake pedal operation, through which a second risk dimension would arise which would be greater than the first risk dimension of continued emergency braking. In this case, the controller of the deceleration means would abort the braking operation, even if the driver continued to operate the brake pedal. The driver thus intuitively receives the possibility of performing an avoidance maneuver, whose risk dimension would lie below a continued braking operation. The controller of the deceleration means therefore has the possibility of independently deciding whether it is more favorable in case of an imminent collision to continue the deceleration, in order to further reduce a possible collision speed, or whether it would be more advantageous to abort the deceleration and open the possibility of an avoidance maneuver to the driver. In particular in vehicles which are not equipped with electronic driving dynamics controllers, this method offers an increase in the driving safety.

[0034] The schematic construction of the device according to the present invention for performing the method according to the present invention is sketched in FIG. 5. In a control unit 21 for controlling the deceleration means, an input field 22 is provided, among other things. This input field 22 receives signals 24 to 26 from various sensors 23 to 25. Sensors 23 to 25 may be one or more of the following devices: yaw rate sensor, radar sensor, lidar sensor, video sensor, wheel speed sensor, steering angle sensor, accelerator pedal sensor, brake pedal sensor, and mass inertia sensor. Signals 24 to 26 provided by these sensors are relayed to input field 22, from where they are supplied to an analysis device 27 using a data exchange system 28. This analysis 25 device 27 may be a microprocessor or an ASIC. The movement trajectories of the stationary or moving obstacles detected by at least one of sensors 23 to 25 are precalculated on the basis of driving dynamics models in this analysis device 27. Using these precalculated movement trajectories, a first risk dimension for continued deceleration and a second risk dimension for aborted deceleration may be determined. By comparing these two risk dimensions, analysis device 27 decides whether the deceleration is to be continued or aborted. Depending on the result of the decision, a signal 31 which controls deceleration means 30 is supplied via data exchange device 28 to output field 29.

Claims

1. A method for automatically controlling the deceleration devices (30) of a vehicle (14) during automated braking, wherein, before and during automated braking of the vehicle, the surrounding-field situation and the particular situation are detected using detection devices (23, 25); a first risk dimension for continued deceleration of the vehicle and a second risk dimension for unbraked further movement of the vehicle are determined on the basis of the situations detected; and it is decided from a comparison of the first risk dimension with the second risk dimension whether the deceleration devices (30) remain activated or are deactivated.

2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the automated braking is an automatically controlled deceleration to avoid a collision or to reduce the collision speed.

3. The method as recited in one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the deceleration means (30) are deactivated during a braking operation if the comparison of the risk dimensions shows that the first risk dimension is greater than the second risk dimension.

4. The method as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and the second risk dimensions are determined using precalculated movement trajectories of the detected obstacles.

5. The method as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein, to precalculate the movement trajectories, the positions and the movements of the particular vehicle (14) and the stationary or moving obstacles (15, 16) in the area surrounding the vehicle are taken into consideration using driving dynamics models.

6. The method as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the characteristic driving behavior of the driver is taken into consideration in establishing the particular situation.

7. The method as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein signals from at least one of the sensors including yaw rate sensor, radar sensor, lidar sensor, video sensor, wheel speed sensor, steering angle sensor, accelerator pedal sensor, brake pedal sensor, and mass inertia sensor are processed to detect the surrounding-field situation and the particular situation.

8. The method as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the controller of the deceleration means has at least three states, in particular, the controller of the deceleration means can assume the following states no deceleration of the vehicle and no deceleration preparation; no deceleration of the vehicle, but preparation of the deceleration means by prefilling the braking system and applying the brake linings to the brake disks, and maximum possible deceleration of the vehicle.

9. The method as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the controller of the deceleration means has at least four states; in particular, the controller of the deceleration means can assume the following states: no deceleration of the vehicle and no deceleration preparation; no deceleration of the vehicle, but preparation of the deceleration means by prefilling the braking system and applying the brake linings to the brake disks, deceleration of the vehicle which lies below the maximum possible deceleration of the vehicle, and maximum possible deceleration of the vehicle.

10. A device for automatically controlling the deceleration devices of a vehicle, wherein detection means (23, 25) are provided for detecting the surrounding-field situation, the vehicle situation, and the driver activities; these are supplied to an analysis device (27), in which probable movement trajectories are established using driving dynamics models; a first and a second risk dimension are established from these movement trajectories;, and means (30) are provided for decelerating the vehicle, which are activated or deactivated as a function of the result of the comparison of the first and the second risk dimensions.

11. The device as recited in claim 10, wherein the deceleration is a braking operation to avoid a collision or to reduce the collision speed.