Patent Application
20140147882
A number of food products cannot be sterilized without adversely affecting the quality and/or taste of the product. Such foods, such as milk, are often pasteurized in order to reduce the number of viable pathogens and slow microbial growth without adversely affecting the taste and quality of the product.
There are various pasteurization techniques in use today. These include Ultra High Temperature (UHT), High Temperature/Short Time (HTST), Vat or Batch (LTLT), and Extended Shelf Life (ESL). The UHT pasteurization technique heats the product to 135° C. (275° F.) for a minimum of one second. The HTST pasteurization technique heats the product to 72° C. (161° F.) for 15 to 20 seconds. The Vat or Batch pasteurization technique heats the product to 63° C. (146° F.) for 30 minutes. The ESL pasteurization technique uses even lower temperatures but in combination with microbial filtration.
While pasteurization is effective for enhancing shelf-life and reducing microbial risks, some bacteria survive pasteurization. Such bacteria are known as thermoduric bacteria and are most commonly associated with some contamination source. The standard test for detecting and enumerating thermoduric bacteria is the Laboratory Pasteurization Count (LPC), which serves as an indicator of the effectiveness of farm sanitation and hygiene procedures. Under laboratory conditions pasteurization at lower temperatures is usually easier to implement. However, the use of lower pasteurization temperatures can be associated with a higher risk of residual contamination and hence can require more strict control measures.
LPC typically involves heating a rack of approximately 5 ml samples, each retained within in a sampling bottle, to 63° C. in a water bath for 30 min, followed by immediate cooling. An aliquot of each individual temperature treated sample is then withdrawn from the bottle and deposited into an agar plate, followed by prolonged incubation (typically 24 to 72 hrs) and subsequent colony counting.
While generally effective for detecting and enumerating thermoduric bacteria, LPC is relatively slow and labor-intensive as it includes numerous steps involving manipulation of the samples, and results in a subjective readout.
Accordingly, a need exists for an improved method of detecting and enumerating thermoduric bacteria.
The invention is directed to the detection of thermoduric microorganisms in a product with minimal manipulation of the sample. A first embodiment of the invention is a method of detecting the presence of thermoduric microorganisms in a product. The method includes the steps of (i) placing an aliquot of the product into a vessel equipped with an optical probe sensitive to a thermoduric microorganism metabolite, (ii) pasteurizing the aliquot within the vessel, (iii) incubating the pasteurized aliquot within the vessel for an incubation period, and (iv) periodically interrogating the probe during the incubation period. The interrogations measure changes in the probe reflective of changes in concentration of a thermoduric microorganism metabolite within the aliquot, thereby indicating the presence of viable thermoduric microorganisms in the aliquot.
Thermoduric microorganisms in the product prior to incubation can be enumerated by converting measured changes in the probe to a concentration of thermoduric microorganisms in the pasteurized aliquot based upon a known conversion algorithm.
Interrogation of the probe is preferably effected remotely, through the walls of the vessel, in order to eliminate the need to physically contact the aliquot during the testing period.
A second embodiment of the invention is a method for comparatively detecting the presence of thermoduric microorganisms and total microorganisms in a product. The method includes the steps of (i) obtaining a sample of the product, (ii) placing a first aliquot of the sample into a first retention chamber equipped with a first probe sensitive to a thermoduric microorganism metabolite, (iii) placing a second aliquot of the sample into a second retention chamber equipped with a second probe sensitive to a target-analyte, (d) pasteurizing the first aliquot within the first retention chamber but not the second aliquot, (e) incubating the pasteurized first aliquot within the first retention chamber and the second aliquot within the second retention chamber for an incubation period, and (f) periodically interrogating both probes during the incubation period, wherein the interrogations measure changes in the probe reflective of changes in concentration of a thermoduric microorganism metabolite within the first aliquot and changes in concentration of a target-analyte within the second aliquot, with such changes in concentration indicative of the presence of viable thermoduric microorganisms in the first aliquot and the presence of total viable microorganisms in the second aliquot.
Thermoduric microorganisms and total microorganisms in the product prior to incubation can be enumerated by converting measured changes in the first probe to a concentration of thermoduric microorganisms in the pasteurized first aliquot based upon a known conversion algorithm, and converting measured changes in the second probe to a concentration of total microorganisms in the second aliquot prior to incubation based upon a known conversion algorithm.
Interrogation of the probe is preferably effected remotely, through the walls of the vessel, in order to eliminate the need to physically contact the aliquot during the testing period.
As used herein, including the claims, the term “pasteurization” means heating a product, typically a liquid food product susceptible to degradation at sterilization temperatures, to a specific elevated temperature below that required for sterilization for a defined length of time to slow microbial growth.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “Vat Pasteurization” (VatP) or “Batch Pasteurization” (LTLT) means heated to and held at 63° C. (145° F.) for 30 minutes.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “High Temperature Short Time Pasteurization” (HTST) means heated to and held at 72° C. (162° F.) for 15 seconds.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “Ultra Pasteurization” (UP) means heated to and held at 138° C. (280° F.) for 2 seconds.
As used herein, including the claims, the phrase “thermoduric microorganism metabolite” means a molecule consumed or produced during thermoduric microorganism metabolism.
As utilized herein, including the claims, the phrase “surface-to-volume ratio” means the amount of surface per unit volume.
As utilized herein, including the claims, the phrase “elevated surface-to-volume ratio” means a surface-to-volume ratio of greater than 12:1.
As used herein, including the claims, the term “target-analyte” refers to a chemical substance, typically O2, CO2 or H+, constituting a thermoduric microorganism metabolite and capable of modulating the optical signal emanating from an optically-active material such as a photoluminescentprobe. The modulating effect may be achieved by quenching, enhancement, (de)protonation or other means.
Tool
The invention employs a tool specially adapted for use in detecting the presence of microorganisms, particularly thermoduric microorganisms, in a product. The tool is a small vessel 10 defining a retention chamber 19 and equipped with a probe 30 sensitive to a target-analyte in operable communication with the retention chamber 19. The top 11 of the vessel 10 is open for allowing access to the retention chamber 19. A cap 20 or other sealing device may be provided for sealing the top 11 of the retention chamber 19.
Suitable vessels 10 include vials, cuvettes, multi-well plates (e.g., 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 384 well plates), and the like.
The vessel 10 is constructed, configured and arranged to withstand pasteurization temperatures and temperature profiles, and permit any contents placed within the retention chamber 19 of the vessel 10 to be quickly heated and cooled through the diathermal sidewall(s) 13 of the vessel 10. The vessel 10 is preferably constructed, configured and arranged such that thermal equilibration of an aliquot A placed into the retention chamber 19 of the vessel 10 can be achieved within ½ of the pasteurization time period, preferably within ¼th of the pasteurization time period and most preferably even quicker than this.
The retention chamber 19 is preferably sized and configured to facilitate quick heating and cooling of any contents by providing an elevated surface-to-volume ratio, most preferably a high surface-to-volume ratio.
The probe 30 can be any device capable of sensing and reporting changes in a target-analyte concentration within an enclosed volume. In a preferred embodiment, the probe 30 is an optically-active, target-analyte sensitive material configured and arranged to experience changes in target-analyte concentration or partial pressure PA in an aliquot A placed within the retention chamber 19 of the vessel 10. The analyte-sensitive material is preferably a photoluminescent dye embedded within an analyte permeable polymer matrix. Since the preferred type of probe 30 is an optically-active, target-analyte sensitive material, and the most frequent target-analyte of interest is oxygen, the balance of the disclosure shall be based upon a photoluminescent oxygen quenched probe 30 without intending to be limited thereby.
The oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye may be selected from any of the well-known oxygen sensitive photoluminescent dyes. One of routine skill in the art is capable of selecting a suitable dye based upon the intended use of the probe 30. A nonexhaustive list of suitable oxygen sensitive photoluminescent dyes includes specifically, but not exclusively, ruthenium(II)-bipyridyl and ruthenium(II)-diphenylphenanothroline complexes, porphyrin-ketones such as platinum(II)-octaethylporphine-ketone, platinum(II)-porphyrin such as platinum(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphine, palladium(II)-porphyrin such as palladium(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphine, phosphorescent metallocomplexes of tetrabenzoporphyrins, chlorins, azaporphyrins, and long-decay luminescent complexes of iridium(III) or osmium(II).
Typically, the hydrophobic oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye is compounded with a suitable oxygen-permeable and hydrophobic carrier matrix. The carrier matrix, indeed the entire probe 30, must be able to withstand the pasteurisation and incubation conditions. Again, one of routine skill in the art is capable of selecting a suitable oxygen-permeable hydrophobic carrier matrix based upon the intended use of the probe 30 and the selected dye. A nonexhaustive list of suitable polymers for use as the oxygen-permeable hydrophobic carrier matrix includes specifically, but not exclusively, polystryrene, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyvinyl chloride and some co-polymers.
When the probe 30 is based on the quenching of photoluminescence by an analyte, the vessel 10, or at least that portion of the vessel 10 coated with the probe 30, must allow radiation at the excitation and emission wavelengths to be transmitted to and received from the probe 30 with minimal interference. The probe 30 is preferably positioned within the retention chamber 19 proximate the bottom end 12 of the vessel 19.
The vessel 10 may be formed from a wide variety of materials, such as various plastics (e.g., polypropylene or polyethylene terphthalate), glass, etc.
The radiation emitted by an excited probe 30 can be measured in terms of intensity and/or lifetime (rate of decay, phase shift or anisotropy), with measurement of lifetime generally preferred as a more accurate and reliable measurement technique.
Instruments (not shown) for interrogating probes 30 based on the quenching of photoluminescence by an analyte are well known and commercially available from various sources, including bioMérieux SA of France and Mocon, Inc. of Minneapolis, Minn.
In a first embodiment, the invention is a method of detecting the presence of thermoduric microorganisms in a product. The method includes the steps of (i) placing an aliquot A of the product into a vessel 10 equipped with a probe 30 sensitive to a target-analyte, (ii) pasteurizing the aliquot A within the vessel 10, (iii) incubating the pasteurized aliquot A within the vessel 10 for an incubation period, typically at temperatures of between 30° to 55° C., and (iv) periodically interrogating the probe 30 during the incubation period.
The aliquot A within the vessel 10 may be pasteurized by any of the generally accepted pasteurization techniques, including Ultra High Temperature (UHT), High Temperature/Short Time (HTST), and Vat or Batch. For compliance purposes, it is preferred to use the same time and temperature values utilized with the currently employed LPC (i.e., 63° C. for 30 min). In order to avoid the problems associated with use of a water bath to achieve pasteurization temperatures, it is preferred to use a dry block heater to achieve and maintain stable pasteurization and incubation temperatures.
The interrogations measure changes in the probe 30 reflective of changes in concentration of a target-analyte within the aliquot A, thereby indicating the presence of viable thermoduric microorganisms in the aliquot A. Conversion algorithms used to convert the measured probe emissions to an oxygen concentration are well know to and readily developable by those with routine skill in the art.
If desired, the concentration of thermoduric microorganisms in the product prior to incubation can be determined by analyzing measured changes in the probe 30 in communication with the pasteurized aliquot A. Conversion algorithms for converting the measured emissions to a concentration of microorganisms in a sample are well know to and readily developable by those with routine skill in the art.
Nutrients can be added to the aliquot A prior to pasteurization for purposes of promoting growth of thermoduric microorganisms (or subsets thereof) in the aliquot A. Such nutrients, commonly referenced as culture media, are widely available from a number of sources. Persons of routine skill in the art would be able to identify and select suitable nutrients for incorporation into the aliquot A.
It is generally preferred to hermetically seal the aliquot A within the retention chamber 19 to facilitate handling (e.g., avoid spillage), prevent evaporation, and prevent both bacterial and target-analyte contamination of the aliquot A. The open top 11 of the retention chamber 19 can be sealed by any of the well know sealing techniques capable of withstanding the thermal treatment, including specifically but not exclusively a screw cap 20, a heat or adhesive sealing foil (not shown), layer of mineral oil (not shown), etc.
The method is particularly suited for use in safety testing of liquid food products intended for human consumption, such as milk, juices and beverages.
In a second embodiment, the invention is a method for comparatively detecting the presence of thermoduric microorganisms and total microorganisms in a product. The method includes the steps of (i) obtaining a sample of the product, (ii) placing a first aliquot A1 of the sample into a first retention chamber 191 equipped with a first probe 301 sensitive to a target-analyte, (iii) placing a second aliquot A2 of the sample into a second retention chamber 192 equipped with a second probe 302 sensitive to a target-analyte, (d) pasteurizing the first aliquot A1 within the first retention chamber 191 but not the second aliquot A2, (e) incubating the pasteurized first aliquot A1 within the first retention chamber 191 and the second aliquot A2 within the second retention chamber 192 for an incubation period, and (f) periodically interrogating both probes 301 and 302 during the incubation period, wherein the interrogations measure changes in the probe 301 or 302 reflective of changes in concentration of a target-analyte within the aliquot A1 or A2 respectively, with such changes in concentration indicative of the presence of viable thermoduric microorganisms in the first aliquot A1 and the presence of total viable microorganisms in the second aliquot A2.
As with the first embodiment, the first aliquot A1 may be pasteurized by any of the generally accepted pasteurization techniques, including Ultra High Temperature (UHT), High Temperature/Short Time (HTST), and Vat or Batch. For compliance purposes, it is preferred to use the same time and temperature values utilized with the currently employed LPC (i.e., 63° C. for 30 min). In order to avoid the problems associated with use of a water bath to achieve pasteurization temperatures, it is preferred to use a dry block heater to achieve and maintain pasteurization temperatures.
The interrogations measure changes in the probe 30 reflective of changes in concentration of a target-analyte within the aliquot A, thereby indicating the presence of viable thermoduric microorganisms in the first aliquot A1 and the presence of total microorganisms in the second aliquot A2. Again, conversion algorithms used to convert the measured probe emissions to an oxygen concentration are well know to and readily developable by those with routine skill in the art.
If desired, the concentration of thermoduric microorganisms in the product prior to incubation can be determined by analyzing measured changes in the first probe 301 to a concentration of thermoduric microorganisms in the pasteurized first aliquot A1, and the concentration of total microorganisms in the product prior to incubation can be determined by analyzing measured changes in the second probe 302 to a concentration of total microorganisms in the pasteurized second aliquot A2. Conversion algorithms used to convert the measured emissions to a concentration of microorganisms (thermoduric or total) in a sample are well know to and readily developable by those with routine skill in the art.
Nutrients can be added to both aliquots A1 and A2 prior to pasteurization/incubation for purposes of promoting growth of relevant microorganisms in the product.
As with the first embodiment, it is generally preferred to hermetically seal the aliquots A1 and A2 within the corresponding retention chamber 191 and 192 to prevent both bacterial and target-analyte contamination of the aliquot A1 and A2.
As with the first embodiment, the method is particularly suited for use in safety testing of food products intended for human consumption, such as milk.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2011/062233 | 7/18/2011 | WO | 00 | 1/17/2014 |
