Patent Grant
7650222
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention will be applied to a gas engine in which fuel gas introduced via a fuel supply pipe is mixed with air introduced via a charging air supply pipe and this mixture is supplied via a fuel-air mixture supply pipe to a combustion chamber of the engine. The invention relates to a method and device for integrative control of a gas engine equipped with a fuel gas flow control valve to its fuel gas supply pipe to control fuel gas flow, a throttle valve to its fuel-air mixture supply pipe to control fuel-air mixture flow, and an electronic control unit for performing integrative control of engine rotation speed and air fuel ratio by means of the valves, specifically those of a gas engine which is improved in load responsivity in transient operation such as when applying load or rejecting load.
2. Description of the Related Art
Gas engines are internal combustion engines which use as fuel gaseous fuel such as natural gas. They can output high driving power with high efficiency, and widely adopted as engines for driving generators in normal and emergency service, engines for construction equipment, engines for ships, and engines for railroad vehicles. Besides, gas engines are used not only to drive generators for supplying electric power, but waste heat thereof is utilized as heat source for heating water, so they are superior in efficiency in energy use.
In a gas engine, fuel gas is supplied via a mixer into air introduced through a charging air supply pipe, fuel-air mixture consisting of the air and the fuel gas is supplied into a combustion chamber of the engine through an fuel-air mixture supply pipe, and driving power is generated by combustion of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber.
In
As shown in the drawing, charging air flows through an air supply pipe 10 to a gas mixer 12, fuel gas flows through a fuel gas pipe 13, 14 to the gas mixer 12 via a main-chamber regulator 15 where air pressure is regulated and then via a main chamber fuel flow control valve 16 where fuel flow is controlled. The charging air and fuel gas are mixed in the mixer 12 to produce lean fuel-air mixture. The lean mixture is compressed by a compressor 26 of a turbocharger 25, then introduced into a main combustion chamber 7 in the suction stroke through a fuel-air mixture supply pipe 20 to be burned there after compressed in compression stroke. The burnt gas flows out from the combustion chamber 7 and is introduced as exhaust gas through an exhaust pipe 28 to a turbine 27 of the turbocharger 25. The exhaust gas drives the turbine and is exhausted outside.
On the other hand, a part of the fuel gas (subsidiary chamber fuel gas) introduced through the fuel gas pipe 13 is introduced through a subsidiary fuel gas pipe 21 branching from the fuel gas pipe 13 to a subsidiary-chamber regulator 23 where the fuel gas is regulated in pressure, then the fuel gas is introduced into a subsidiary chamber 8 provided in a cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 to be ignited by a spark of an ignition plug located at an upper position of the subsidiary chamber 8 near the top dead center of the engine cycle. The flame produced by the ignition of the fuel gas in the subsidiary chamber jets out to the main combustion chamber 7 to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the main combustion chamber.
It is necessary in the gas engine like this to control air fuel ratio in accordance with characteristics of fuel gas such as calorific value thereof in order to maintain optimum combustion evading occurrence of knocking and misfire and to reduce emission of harmful matter.
Conventionally, fuel-air mixture is controlled by the fuel flow control valve 16 to be a prescribed air fuel ratio with which normal combustion and reasonable exhaust gas property are maintained, and the fuel-air mixture of the prescribed air fuel ratio is supplied through the fuel-air mixture supply pipe 20 to the main combustion chamber 7 of the gas engine 1.
On the other hand, control of engine rotation speed is needed in order to maintain constant rotation speed in spite of changes in load. Engine speed control has been performed through controlling the flow rate of the fuel-air mixture of prescribed air fuel ratio supplied to the main combustion chamber 7 by controlling the opening of a throttle valve 18.
Conventionally, a fuel-air mixture control method consisting of air fuel ratio control and engine speed control as mentioned above has been widely adopted.
There is known another air fuel ratio control method of gas engine as disclosed in document 1 (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 5-141298). According to the disclosure, an oxygen sensor is attached to the exhaust pipe of the gas engine, and whether the fuel-air mixture supplied to the gas engine is rich or lean mixture is detected based on oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas detected by the oxygen sensor, and the air fuel ratio of the fuel-air mixture is controlled based on the result of the detection.
A further air fuel ratio control method of gas engines is disclosed in document 2 (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application NO. 2003-262139). According to the disclosure, air compressed by the compressor of the turbocharger is introduced through an air supply path to fuel injection devices each being provided for each of a plurality of cylinders, on the other hand, fuel gas is introduced through a fuel supply path to the fuel injection devices, and fuel-air mixture mixed in each fuel injection device is supplied to each cylinder. With this control method, necessary air flow is calculated based on detected fuel flow in the fuel supply path, actual air flow is calculated based on detected air pressure and temperature in the air supply path, and air flow in the air supply path is controlled so that actual air flow coincides with calculated air flow.
However, there has been a disadvantage that response to change of load is slow with the conventional fuel-air mixture control method as mentioned above, although it has an advantage of easiness of controlling air fuel ratio. Particularly, response when load is applied or shut off is slow, and improvement in response to load change has been demanded in order to attain high performance of gas engines. There is as one of problems of responsivity a disadvantage that, even if fine control is carried out to stabilize engine speed, stabilization of engine speed is difficult because of slow responsivity.
As a method of controlling engine speed with rapid response, there is known a method of controlling fuel gas flow to accommodate changes of load. However, with this conventional method, control of air fuel ratio is difficult, and stable combustion control can not be achieved. As it is difficult to keep air fuel ratio in an appropriate range, there occurs a problem of compliance with exhaust emission regulation. Moreover, as fuel flow can not be detected quantitatively with the conventionally prevalent fuel gas flow control method of controlling the opening of the fuel flow control valve, over run or overload of engine due to excessive supply of fuel is apt to occur. Particularly, engine stall or abnormal combustion is apt to occur at application or rejection of load because of difficulty of accurate control of air fuel ratio when applying or shutting off load.
Furthermore, in the conventional fuel-air mixture control method, it is required to have leeway in supercharging pressure in order to secure ample engine output, and decrease in thermal efficiency is unavoidable due to pumping loss caused by throttling the mixture inlet passage to the main combustion chamber. On the other hand, with the fuel gas flow control method, the engine is immune from the problem of output shortage due to increased pumping loss, however, it is difficult to keep air fuel ratio in an appropriate range and comply with exhaust emission regulation.
With air fuel ratio control using a signal from the oxygen sensor as a feedback signal as recited in the document 1, manufacturing cost will be increased due to expansive oxygen sensor.
On the other hand, the gas engine recited in the document 2 is provided with fuel injection devices and fuel flow control valves for each of a plurality of cylinders respectively, and different from the gas engine of this patent application in basic configuration. The configuration of the gas engine of the document 1 is suited for a large engine and difficult to adopt for a small engine. Besides, as a part of air supplied from the compressor is released to outside through the air release valve to control air quantity charged into the combustion chamber, efficiency of the engine is reduced, and a larger compressor is required.
Besides, with the conventional control device, air fuel ratio control and engine speed control are performed by separate control devices respectively, however, there is a disadvantage that manufacturing cost increases since the control devices are expensive, and in addition, to assure coordinated behavior of each device is difficult, which makes smooth control of the engine difficult.
The present invention was made in light of problems of prior arts, and the object of the invention is to provide a method and device for integrative control of a gas engine with which load responsivity is improved with maintaining accurate air fuel ratio control and further smooth and sophisticated control of engine operation by uniting air fuel ratio control and speed control so that coordinated control of the engine is performed under cooperation of the speed control air fuel ratio control, particularly to provide a method and device for integrative control of a gas engine with which responsivity in transient operation such as when load is applied or load is rejected is improved.
To attain the object, the present invention proposes an integrative control method of a gas engine in which fuel gas is introduced via a fuel gas flow control valve to a charging air supply pipe to be mixed with the air and the mixture is controlled in its flow rate by a throttle valve and supplied to combustion chambers of the engine, comprising:
a speed control process for controlling engine rotation speed by calculating a command value of fuel gas flow rate based on deviation of a detected engine rotation speed from a target command value of engine rotation speed and controlling fuel gas flow rate flowing through the fuel gas flow control valve to coincide with the calculated command value of fuel gas flow rate, and
an air fuel ratio control process for controlling air fuel ratio of fuel-air mixture supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine through performing feedback control in which such a command value of fuel-air mixture flow rate is calculated that air fuel ratio of the mixture coincides with an adequate value prescribed for each of detected values of operating conditions of the gas engine with the fuel gas flow flowing at the commanded fuel gas flow rate and a target opening of the throttle valve is determined based on deviation of the actual mixture flow rate calculated based on detected values of operating conditions of the gas engine from the calculated command value of fuel-air mixture flow rate,
whereby at least either fuel gas flow correction or fuel-air mixture flow correction is performed when time-series variation of input signals relating to performance change of the gas engine exceeds a reference range determined beforehand, the fuel gas flow correction being performed by correcting control variables of the fuel gas flow control valve in the speed control process, and the mixture flow correction being performed by correcting opening of the throttle valve in the air fuel ratio control process.
According to the invention, flow rate of fuel gas supplied to the combustion chamber is increased or decreased by directly controlling the fuel gas flow control valve, so responsivity of the control is rapid and stable speed control is possible.
Moreover, throttle valve opening is controlled to control mixture flow rate with air fuel ratio controlled to an appropriate air fuel ratio taking the fuel gas flow rate into consideration. Therefore, improvement in responsivity to load change and stable speed control can be achieved with accurate air fuel ratio control maintained. Particularly, load responsivity at load application or load rejection can be improved dramatically.
Although the throttle valve is used in the invention for mixture flow control, air fuel ratio can be controlled based on detected values of pressure and temperature of the engine, so pumping loss, i.e. throttle loss can be reduced to a minimum by balancing advantages of mixture flow control and fuel gas flow control. Furthermore, as air fuel ratio control can be achieved with accuracy by controlling the fuel gas flow control valve and mixture control valve (throttle valve), an expensive exhaust gas sensor (oxygen sensor) is not needed and the device can be manufactures at a moderate cost.
Furthermore, responsivity in transient operation is improved dramatically by performing fuel gas flow correction or mixture flow correction.
Conventionally, there has been no other means to improve responsivity than adjusting PID calculation in rotation speed feedback control.
According to the invention, responsivity to variations in transient operation condition such as at load application or load rejection can be improved dramatically through rapidly increasing or decreasing fuel gas flow by performing the fuel gas flow correction in addition to PID calculation which is difficult to follow transient response. Further, appropriate air fuel ratio of the fuel-air mixture can be maintained in transient operation condition such as at load application or load rejection by performing mixture flow rate correction, so control performance can be improved concurrently with improvement in responsivity.
Moreover, the invention is characterized in that limit ranges of fuel gas flow rates including at least upper limit of fuel gas flow rates are prescribed based on permissible endurance of the gas engine or limit ranges of excess air ratios including at least lower limit of excess air ratios are prescribed based on permissible air fuel ratio for preventing abnormal combustion for various engine speed and load, and limit control is performed so that the command value of fuel gas flow rate does not exceed the limit range for concerned engine speed and load in the speed control process.
According to the invention, quantitative limitation of fuel gas supply for various engine operation conditions can be performed, and limit values having physical meaning for the engine can be set. More specifically, by setting limit ranges for various engine operating conditions based on appropriate air fuel ratio of mixture, mixture can be supplied in a range of appropriate air fuel ratio, so occurrence of misfire abnormal combustion can be prevented. On the other hand, by setting limit ranges for various engine operating conditions based on permissible endurance of the engine, the engine can be operated within permissible ranges of output depending on operation conditions from a viewpoint of durability of the engine, so occurrence of trouble and abnormal deterioration of the engine can be prevented.
Furthermore, the invention is characterized in that the control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve is multiplied by any one of correction coefficients predetermined in accordance with either the rate of change of engine rotation speed, or rate of change of load, or rate of change of inlet mixture pressure in the fuel gas flow correction process.
Responsivity in transient operation can be improved to a large extent by performing fuel gas flow correction in accordance with variation of engine rotation speed, mixture inlet pressure, or load in this way.
Furthermore, the invention is characterized in that a throttle valve opening correction amount predetermined in accordance with the rate of change of fuel gas flow rate is added to the control variable of the throttle valve to obtain a final throttle control variable in the mixture flow correction process.
According to the invention, appropriate air fuel ratio of the fuel-air mixture can be maintained in transient operation condition such as at load application or load rejection by performing mixture flow rate correction, so control performance can be improved concurrently with improvement in responsivity.
Furthermore, the invention is characterized in that the control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve or that of the throttle valve is multiplied by correction coefficient of zero when a signal indicating occurrence of abnormality in the gas engine or machine driven by the gas engine or a signal commanding load rejection is detected in the fuel flow correction process or mixture flow correction process.
According to the invention, occurrence of problems in the device and occurrence of rapid increase of rotation speed can be prevented by performing correction of multiplying correction coefficient of zero to the control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve or that of the throttle valve upon receiving a signal indicating occurrence of abnormality in the gas engine or machine driven by the gas engine or a signal commanding load rejection.
The invention proposes an integrative control device of a gas engine in which fuel gas is introduced via a fuel gas flow control valve to a charging air supply pipe to be mixed with the air and the mixture is controlled in its flow rate by a throttle valve and supplied to combustion chambers of the engine, the engine being equipped with a rotation speed sensor for detecting engine rotation speed, a inlet pressure sensor for detecting inlet mixture pressure, an inlet temperature sensor for detecting inlet mixture temperature, and a control device which performs engine control based on input signals (from the sensors, wherein the control device comprises
a speed control section for controlling engine rotation speed by calculating a command value of fuel gas flow rate based on deviation of a detected engine rotation speed from a target command value of engine rotation speed and controlling fuel gas flow rate flowing through the fuel gas flow control valve to coincide with the calculated command value of fuel gas flow rate, and
an air fuel ratio control section for controlling air fuel ratio of fuel-air mixture supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine through performing feedback control in which such a command value of fuel-air mixture flow rate is calculated that air fuel ratio of the mixture coincides with an adequate value prescribed for each of detected values of operating conditions of the gas engine with the fuel gas flow flowing at the commanded fuel gas flow rate and a target opening of the throttle valve is determined based on deviation of the actual mixture flow rate calculated based on detected engine rotation speed, inlet manifold pressure, and inlet manifold temperature from the calculated command value of fuel-air mixture flow rate, and
wherein at least either fuel gas flow correction means or mixture flow correction means is provided, the fuel gas flow correction means being a means to perform correction of fuel gas flow through correcting control variables of the fuel gas flow control valve in the speed control section and the mixture flow correction means being a means to perform correction of fuel-air mixture flow through correcting control variables of the throttle valve in the air fuel control section when time-series variation of input signals relating to performance change of the gas engine exceeds a reference range determined beforehand.
Moreover, the invention is characterized in that limit ranges of fuel gas flow rates including at least upper limit of fuel gas flow rates are prescribed based on permissible endurance of the gas engine or limit ranges of excess air ratios including at least lower limit of excess air ratios are prescribed based on permissible air fuel ratio for preventing abnormal combustion for various engine speed and load, and limit control is performed so that the command value of fuel gas flow rate does not exceed the limit range for concerned engine speed and load in the speed control section.
Furthermore, the invention is characterized in that the fuel gas flow correction means performs such correction that the control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve is multiplied by any one of correction coefficients predetermined in accordance with either the rate of change of engine rotation speed, or rate of change of load, or rate of change of inlet mixture pressure.
Furthermore, the invention is characterized in that the mixture correction means perform such correction that a correction amount predetermined in accordance with the rate of change of fuel gas flow rate is added to the control variable of the throttle valve to obtain a final throttle control variable.
Furthermore, the invention is characterized in that the control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve or that of the throttle valve is multiplied by correction coefficient of zero by the fuel flow correction means or mixture flow correction means when a signal indicating occurrence of abnormality in the gas engine or machine driven by the gas engine or a signal commanding load rejection is detected.
As has been described in the foregoing, according to the control method, flow rate of fuel gas supplied to the combustion chamber is increased or decreased by directly controlling the fuel gas flow control valve, so responsivity of the control is rapid and stable speed control is possible. Moreover, throttle valve opening is controlled to control mixture flow rate with air fuel ratio controlled to an appropriate air fuel ratio taking the fuel gas flow rate into consideration. Therefore, improvement in responsivity to load change and stable speed control can be achieved with accurate air fuel ratio control maintained. Moreover, by composing the apparatus such that the speed control section and air fuel ratio control section are unified in the control device so that coordinated control of the engine is performed under cooperation of the speed control section and air fuel ratio control section, smooth and accurate control of engine operation is made possible without requiring a plurality of expensive control devices. In addition, an expensive exhaust gas sensor is not needed to provide, so significant cost reduction is made possible.
Particularly, load responsivity at load application or load rejection can be improved dramatically by performing fuel gas flow correction or mixture flow correction. More specifically,
responsivity to variations in transient operation condition such as at load application or load rejection can be improved dramatically through rapidly increasing or decreasing fuel gas flow by performing the fuel gas flow correction in addition to PID calculation which is difficult to follow transient response. Further, appropriate air fuel ratio of the fuel-air mixture can be maintained in transient operation condition such as at load application or load rejection by performing mixture flow rate correction, so control performance can be improved concurrently with improvement in responsivity.
Furthermore, by performing limit control in the speed control section, quantitative limitation of fuel gas flow in various operating conditions is possible, and limit value having physical meaning for the gas engine can be applied as control limits for the engine. That is, by determining limit ranges of fuel gas flow based on permissible endurance or ruggedness of the gas engine 1, operation is controlled in a range of output permissible for the engine from a viewpoint of durability of the engine, so occurrence of trouble or abnormal deterioration of the engine can be prevented. On the other hand, by determining limit ranges of air fuel ratio (excess air ratio), fuel-air mixture of appropriate air fuel ratio can be supplied to the combustion chamber, occurrence of misfire or abnormal deterioration of the engine can be prevented.
By performing the corrections in conjunction with the limit control, occurrence of abnormal combustion or engine stall can be prevented while maintaining good load responsivity.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be detailed with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is intended, however, that unless particularly specified, dimensions, materials, relative positions and so forth of the constituent parts in the embodiments shall be interpreted as illustrative only not as limitative of the scope of the present invention.
Overall configuration of the gas engine equipped with an embodiment of the control device according to the invention will be explained with reference to
As shown in the drawing, a gas engine which drives a generator 40 has a mixture supply pipe 20 for supplying a mixture of air and fuel gas to a main combustion chamber 7, and an exhaust pipe 28 for exhausting burnt gas form the main combustion chamber 7. The mixture supply pipe 20 and exhaust pipe 28 are connected to a compressor 26 and a turbine 27 respectively.
The gas engine 1 has a cylinder 2 and a cylinder head 3 on the cylinder, a piston 4 is connected to a crankshaft 5 via a connecting rod 6, and the piston 4 moves up and down in the cylinder 2 as the crankshaft 5 rotates. The main combustion chamber (main chamber) 7 is formed in the cylinder 2 above the piston 4, and a subsidiary chamber 8 connected to the main chamber 7 through a jet hole of the subsidiary chamber 8 is formed in the cylinder head 3.
An air cleaner 11 for filtering removing dust and foreign matter in air and a mixer 12 for mixing air and fuel gas are connected to a charging air supply pipe 10 for supplying charging air to the engine 1. A fuel supply pipe 13 for supplying fuel gas to the engine 1 is branched into a main chamber fuel supply pipe 14 and a subsidiary chamber fuel supply pipe 21. To the main chamber fuel supply pipe 14 are connected a pressure regulator 15 for regulating pressure of fuel gas to be supplied to the main chamber 7 to a prescribed pressure and a main chamber fuel flow control valve (fuel flow metering valve) 16 for controlling fuel gas flow supplied to the main chamber 7. The main chamber fuel flow control valve 16 is a variable opening valve for controlling fluid flow by electronic control and its structure is well known. To the subsidiary chamber fuel supply pipe 21 are connected a compressor 22 for pressurizing fuel gas supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8 and a subsidiary chamber pressure regulator 23 for regulating pressure of the fuel gas to a subscribed pressure, and a pressure difference control valve 24 for controlling pressure difference between the pressure of the fuel gas supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8 and that of the mixture in the mixture supply pipe 20.
The turbocharger 25 comprises a turbine 27 driven by exhaust gas introduced through the exhaust pipe 28, and a compressor 26 connected with a shaft to the turbine 27, which is well known construction.
The gas mixer 12 is connected to the suction port of the compressor 26, and the discharge port of the compressor is connected to the mixture supply pipe 20 for supplying air pressurized by the compressor 26 to the main chamber 7 via inlet ports of the cylinder head 3.
A throttle valve 18 for controlling fuel-air mixture flow supplied to the main chamber 7 is attached to the mixture supply pipe 20. The throttle valve 18 is connected to a governor 19 and mixture flow rate is controlled by controlling the opening of the throttle valve 18. The mixture supply pipe 20 and exhaust pipe 28 respectively has a plurality of branch pipes to be communicated to a plurality of combustion chambers 7 of the multi-cylinder engine 1, although in the drawing is depicted as one pipe respectively for simplification's sake.
In the gas engine 1 composed as described above, charging air sucked through the air supply pipe 10 is introduced to a gas mixer 12, fuel gas is introduced through the fuel gas pipe 13 and 14 to the pressure regulator 15 to be regulated in pressure, then to the fuel gas flow control valve 16 to be controlled in flow rate, and then to the gas mixer 12. The charging air and fuel gas are mixed in the mixer 12 to produce lean fuel-air mixture. The lean mixture is compressed by a compressor 26 of the turbocharger 25, then flows through the throttle valve 18 where flow rate of the mixture is controlled, and then flows through the mixture supply pipe 20 into the main chamber 7 in the suction stroke to be burned there after compressed in compression stroke. On the other hand, a part of the fuel gas is introduced from the fuel gas pipe 13 through the subsidiary fuel gas pipe 21 to the pressure regulator 23 where the fuel gas is regulated in pressure, then the fuel gas is introduced into a subsidiary chamber 8. Pressure of the fuel gas to be supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8 is regulated by the pressure regulator 23 to an appropriate pressure in accordance with engine load based on pressure difference between the pressure of the fuel gas supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8 and that of the mixture in the mixture supply pipe 20 detected by the pressure difference control valve 24. Fuel gas introduced into the subsidiary chamber 8 is ignited by a spark of an ignition plug near the top dead center of the engine cycle. The flame produced by the ignition of the fuel gas in the subsidiary chamber fuel gas jets out to the main chamber 7 to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the main chamber 7, and the mixture is burned in the expansion stroke. The burnt gas is exhausted through exhaust ports in the cylinder head 3 and through the exhaust pipe 28 in the exhaust stroke to be introduced to the turbine 27 of the turbocharger 25.
The gas engine 1 is equipped with a plurality of sensors for detecting engine operating conditions. A MAP sensor 30 for detecting inlet mixture pressure and a MAT sensor 31 for detecting inlet mixture temperature are attached to the mixture supply pipe 20. Also, a rotation speed sensor 32 for detecting rotation speed of the engine, a subsidiary chamber fuel gas pressure sensor 33 for detecting pressure of the fuel gas supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8, a pressure difference sensor 34 for detecting pressure difference between the pressure of the fuel gas supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8 and that of the mixture in the mixture supply pipe 20, and a torque sensor (not shown in the drawing) for detecting engine output torque.
The generator 40 driven by the gas engine 1 is provided with a control panel 41 for overall controlling of the generator including control of shutoff switch attached to the generator 40.
Operation of the gas engine 1 is controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) 50. The electronic engine control unit 50 is composed as a computer having a CPU, RAM, ROM, etc., and a speed control section 51 having a function of controlling engine rotation speed and an air fuel ratio control section 52 having a function of controlling air fuel ratio are composed by these devices in the control unit. The speed control section 51 and air fuel ratio control section 52 perform coordinated control with each other.
To the electronic control unit 50 are inputted detected signals from the MAP sensor, MAT sensor, speed sensor 32, etc. and a shutoff signal from the generator control panel 41. The control unit 50 performs a variety of arithmetic processing based on the input signals and sends calculation results as output signals to each of the valves. As output signals can be cited a fuel gas flow command signal, throttle opening control signal, pressure difference control valve opening control signal, etc.
In a case of a gas engine 1 with the subsidiary chamber 8, a pressure difference control section (not shown in the drawing) is provided in the electronic control unit 50, which controls pressure difference between the pressure of the fuel gas supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8 and that of the mixture in the mixture supply pipe 20 by receiving inlet mixture pressure from the MAP sensor 30, fuel gas pressure from the subsidiary chamber fuel gas pressure sensor 33, and pressure difference from the pressure difference sensor 34. The pressure difference control section is provided with a calculation means for calculating one of pressures or pressure difference among the inlet mixture pressure, the fuel gas pressure, and the pressure difference from two of the pressures or pressure difference using a relation between them, viz. (fuel gas pressure supplied to the subsidiary chamber)=(pressure difference between the pressure of the fuel gas supplied to the subsidiary chamber 8 and that of the mixture in the mixture supply pipe 20)−(inlet mixture pressure). In this wise, even if any one of the sensors malfunctions, necessary pressures and pressure difference can be calculated from two pressure signals from normally functioning sensors. Therefore, provision of a plurality of sensors of the same kind to care for a case of occurrence on malfunction of the sensors becomes unnecessary.
In
Control flow in the speed control section will be explained concretely referring to
Engine speed at no-load running, rated operation, limit speed at increasing operation, decreasing operation is changeable.
Then, limit control is performed to the calculated command value of fuel gas flow rate. In the limit control, a limit range of fuel gas flow including at least an upper limit is set beforehand. When the command value of fuel gas flow rate calculated by the PDI calculation exceeds the upper limit, the command value is corrected so that it in the limit range. The limit range may be set to include an upper limit and a lower limit.
The limit range is set based on specific conditions having physical meaning, for example, following conditions can be thought of as conditions for determining the limit range. Conditions of determining the limit range are not limited to the following conditions.
As a specific example, a method of setting limit ranges based on permissible endurance or ruggedness of the gas engine can be cited. Limit ranges are set as shown in a fuel gas flow limit map of
According to the method, the gas engine can be operated within the permissible range of its endurance, so occurrence of trouble or abnormal deterioration of the engine can be prevented.
As another specific example, a method of setting limit ranges for air fuel ratio in transient operation of the gas engine 1 can be cited. The limit range of air fuel ratio is preferably set so that excess air ratio is in a range of 0.5˜2.2. This range of excess air ratio corresponds to air fuel ratio with which normal combustion is attained.
In this method, excess air ratio of fuel-air mixture with which combustion in the combustion chamber of the gas engine is possible is taken as necessary condition, and limit ranges are set in an excess fuel ratio map as shown in
Fuel gas flow rate corresponding with the lower limit value of excess air ratio is calculated from following equation (1)
Qgas
where, Qgas
According to the method, fuel gas can be supplied so that air fuel ratio is appropriate, and occurrence of misfire or abnormal combustion can be prevented by performing the limit control like this.
As mentioned above, by performing limit control to the fuel gas flow rate calculated by PID calculation, quantitative limitation of fuel gas supply for various engine operation conditions is made possible and a person who sets limit value can set limit values having physical meaning.
The limit control may be applied at plurality of steps, in such a case the limit control is accommodated to a limit value of the most small limit range. Or a plurality of steps of limit control may be used properly. There are several methods of setting limit ranges based on other conditions such as a method of setting limit ranges based on the performance of the gas engine 1, a method of setting limit ranges based on power generation efficiency of the generator 40, and a method of setting limit ranges based on exhaust emission.
As a characteristic feature of the embodiment, correction is made to the command value of fuel gas flow obtained by the limit control after PID calculation.
This correction of fuel gas flow is performed by correcting control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve 16 in the speed control section 51 when time-series variation of input signals relating to performance change of the gas engine 1 exceeds a reference range determined beforehand, and applied mainly when the engine makes transient response such as at load applying load rejection.
The input signals relating to performance change of the gas engine 1 are signals which change with changes of the performance, and an engine rotation speed signal, load signal, inlet mixture pressure signal, abnormal/shutoff signal of the generator or gas engine can be cited for example as such signals.
A fuel gas flow correction process will be explained concretely hereunder in (I)˜(IV).
(I) Correction in Accordance with the Rate of Change of Engine Rotation Speed
A prescribed correction coefficient for load shutoff is made effective when variation of engine rotation speed per unit time exceeds a variation for judging shutoff and the engine is under rated speed operation and engine speed exceeds a prescribed speed for judging load shutoff.
When variation of engine rotation speed per unit time is equal to or lower than a variation for judging load application and the engine is under rated speed operation and engine speed is equal to or lower than a prescribed speed for judging load application, a prescribed correction coefficient for load application is made effective. The control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve 16 is multiplied by the coefficient when these coefficients are made effective, that is, the control signal multiplied by the coefficient is outputted as a final control signal for controlling the fuel gas control valve 16.
(II) Correction in Accordance with the Rate of Change of Engine Load
A fuel gas flow correction coefficient under varying loads is obtained from a map in which fuel gas flow correction coefficients are determined for variation of load (kW signal) per unit time. In
(III) Correction in Accordance with the Rate of Change of Inlet Mixture Pressure
A fuel gas flow correction coefficient under varying inlet mixture pressure is obtained from a map in which fuel gas flow correction coefficients are determined for variation of inlet mixture pressure (MAP) per unit time. In
(IV) Correction in accordance with abnormal or shutoff signal This is a correction processing performed to shut off fuel gas supply based on an abnormal/shutoff signal from the control panel 41 connected to the generator 40 or based on an abnormal/shutoff signal from the gas engine 1 using the signal as a trigger.
When an input signal indicating occurrence of abnormality of the generator 40 or gas engine 1 is detected or an input signal of load shutoff is detected, the control variable of the fuel gas flow control valve 16 is multiplied by correction coefficient of 0 (zero), that is, the control variable (valve opening) of the control valve 16 is reduced to zero.
In this wise, by performing fuel gas flow correction as described above in addition to PID calculation which is difficult to follow transient response, responsivity to variations can be maintained even in transient operation. More specifically, responsivity in transient operation can be improved drastically by performing correction to increase or decrease fuel gas flow in accordance with input signals relating to performance change such as variations of engine rotation speed, inlet mixture pressure, engine load, etc. Moreover, by multiplying correction coefficient 0 when a signal indicating occurrence of abnormality of the generator 40 or gas engine 1 is detected, occurrence, of trouble in the apparatus or occurrence of rapid increase of engine speed can be prevented.
Prevention of occurrence of abnormal combustion or engine stall while maintaining good load responsivity is possible with the embodiment by using the fuel gas flow correction in conjunction with the limit control.
It is preferable to determine end time of the fuel gas flow correction process such that the fuel gas flow control according to the fuel gas flow correction is kept on during a time period determined beforehand or the control is stopped when values of relating to engine performance reach predetermined values.
As has been described, in the speed control section 51 is performed engine speed control by controlling the main chamber fuel gas flow control valve 16 using the command value of fuel gas flow rate obtained by the PID calculation, limit control, and fuel gas flow correction.
Next, control flow in the air fuel ratio control section 52 will be explained.
First, engine load factor is calculated from the following equation (2) based on the command value of fuel gas flow calculated in the speed control section 51 and detected engine speed.
where, LOAD: engine load factor(%), Gas: command value of fuel gas flow (1/sec), Gas_MAX: fuel gas flow at maximum output of the engine (1/sec), MAX_Sp: maximum engine rotation speed (min−1), Speed: engine rotation speed (min−1).
An adequate air fuel ratio is obtained from a map in which adequate air fuel ratios are determined beforehand for a variety of engine load factors and engine rotation speeds using the detected engine speed and the calculated engine load factor, and a command value of mixture flow rate is calculated from the following equation (3) so that excess air ratio of the mixture coincides with the obtained excess air ratio when mixed with the fuel gas flow of the commanded fuel gas flow rate calculated in the speed control section 51.
Qmix
where, Qmix
As an adequate excess air ratio map, a map shown for example in
On the other hand, actual mixture flow rate is calculated based on the detected value of engine speed signal, inlet mixture pressure (MAP signal), and inlet mixture temperature (MAT signal). Required mixture flow rate is calculated by the following equation (4).
where, Qmix: actual mixture flow (1/sec), Speed: engine rotation speed (min−1), V: total piston swept volume (1), Ve: volumetric efficiency, MAP: inlet manifold pressure (kPa), MAT: inlet manifold temperature (K), Tn: absolute temperature of 0° C. (273.2K), and Pn: absolute pressure of 1 atmospheric pressure (101.31 kPa).
Feedback control is performed to determine target opening of the throttle valve 18 by PID calculation based on deviation of the actual mixture flow rate from the command value of mixture flow rate.
The embodiment is featured in performing correction of throttle opening to the result of PID calculation.
The correction of throttle valve opening is done in accordance with the rate of change of fuel gas flow rate. The correction of throttle valve opening is done mainly at transient operation of the engine such as at load application or load rejection, and a throttle opening correction value is obtained from a map in which throttle correction values are predetermined for values of variation of fuel gas flow rate per unit time and the obtained correction value is added to the throttle control variable to obtain a final output of throttle control variable.
In
By this throttle opening correction, appropriate air fuel ratio can be maintained in accordance with fuel gas supply at transient operation such as at load application or load rejection, resulting in improvement in responsivity and controllability.
As another method of controlling throttle opening, it is also suitable to perform such that fuel gas supply is shut off based on an abnormal/shutoff signal from the control panel 41 connected to the generator 40 or based on an abnormal/shutoff signal from the gas engine 1 using the signal as a trigger.
This is performed in such a way that, when an input signal indicating occurrence of abnormality of the generator 30 or the gas engine 1 is detected or a signal commanding load rejection is detected, the throttle control variable is multiplied by a correction coefficient of 0, that is, the control variable (valve opening) of the throttle valve 18 is reduced to zero.
According to the embodiment, improvement in responsivity to load variation and stable control of the engine can be obtained. Particularly, improvement in responsivity to load change at transient operation such as load application or load rejection can be attained by enabling accurate air fuel ratio control.
Moreover, by composing the device such that the speed control section 51 and air fuel ratio control section 52 are unified in the electronic control unit 50 so that coordinated control of the engine is performed under cooperation of the speed control section 51 and air fuel ratio control section 52, smooth and accurate control of engine operation is made possible without requiring a plurality of expensive control devices. In addition, an expensive exhaust gas sensor is not needed to provide, so significant cost reduction is made possible.
In a case the invention is applied to a gas engine equipped with a turbocharger 25, turbo lag is suppressed to a minimum which contributes to improvement in responsivity.
When applying load, exhaust energy is increased by increasing fuel gas flow in advance by the speed control section 51, rotation speed of the turbocharger 25 increases swiftly to increase charging air flow and control of increasing fuel gas flow can be performed, so responsitivity can be further increased.
By performing limit control in the speed control section 51, quantitative limitation of fuel gas flow in various operating conditions is possible, and limit value having physical meaning for the gas engine can be applied as control limits for the engine. That is, by determining limit ranges of fuel gas flow based on permissible endurance or ruggedness of the gas engine 1, operation is controlled in a range of output permissible for the engine from a viewpoint of durability of the engine, so occurrence of trouble or abnormal deterioration of the engine can be prevented. On the other hand, by determining limit ranges of air fuel ratio (excess air ratio), fuel-air mixture of appropriate air fuel ratio can be supplied to the combustion chamber, occurrence of misfire or abnormal combustion can be prevented.
Furthermore, according to the embodiment, responsivity at transient operation can be improved dramatically by performing fuel gas flow correction or throttle opening correction. To be more specific, responsivity at transient operation when load is applied or load is rejected can be improved to a large extent through rapidly increasing or decreasing fuel gas flow by performing the fuel flow correction in addition to performing PID calculation with which it is difficult to follow transient change of engine operating condition. Moreover, appropriate air fuel ration can be maintained in accordance with fuel gas flow by the throttle valve opening correction in transient operation such as when load is applied or load is rejected, and load responsivity and engine control performance can be improved.
Furthermore, by performing the corrections in conjunction with the limit control, occurrence of abnormal combustion or engine stall can be prevented while maintaining good load responsivity.
The integrative control method and device of the invention with which load responsivity is improved with accurate air fuel ratio control maintained can be applied widely to gas engines such as engines for driving generators in normal and emergency service, engines for construction equipment, engines for ships, and engines for railroad vehicles.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-224666 | Aug 2007 | JP | national |
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