Patent Application
20140249050
This invention relates to the manipulation of microcarriers for an identification purpose, and more specifically but not limited to the manipulation of microcarriers having codes written on them. An example of these microcarriers is described in the prior filed, and at the time of the priority not yet published patent application no. PCT/EP00/03280. Said application is hereby enclosed by reference. Any reference in this disclosure to codes written “on” the microcarriers includes codes written on the surface of the microcarriers as well as codes written at an internal depth of the microcarriers. Identification purposes are for example the reading or detection and the labeling or encoding of the microcarrier.
Drug discovery and drug screening in the chemical and biological arts commonly involve performing assays on very large numbers of compounds or molecules. These assays typically include screening chemical libraries for compounds of interest, screening for particular target molecules in test samples, and testing generally for chemical and biological interactions of interest between molecules. The assays described above often require carrying out thousands of individual chemical or biological reactions. For example, a drug discovery assay may involve testing thousands of compounds against a specific target analyte. Any compounds that are observed to react, bind, or otherwise interact with the target analyte may hold promise for any number of utilities where the observed interaction is believed to be of significance.
A number of practical problems exist in the handling of the large number of individual interactions required in the assays described above. Perhaps the most significant problem is the necessity to label and track each reaction. For example, if a reaction of interest is observed in only one in a group of thousands of reactions, the researcher must be able to determine which one of the thousands of initial compounds or molecules produced that reaction.
One conventional method of tracking the identity of the reactions is by physically separating each reaction into an individual reaction vessel within a high-density array and maintaining a record of the identity of the individual reactants were used in each vessel. Thus, for example, when a reaction of interest is observed in a vessel labeled as number 5 of 1000, the researcher can refer to the record of reactants used in the vessels and will learn from the record of vessel 5 what specific reactants were present to lead to the reaction of interest. Examples of the high-density arrays referred to above are 384-, 864-, 1,536-, 3,456-, and 9,600-well microtiter plate containers, where each well of a microtiter plate constitutes a miniature reaction vessel. Miniaturized reaction wells are used because they conserve space, allow to increase speed and reduce the cost of reagents used in the assays.
The use of microtiter plate containers in chemical and biological assays, however, carries a number of disadvantages. For example, the use of the plates requires carefully separating a very large number of discrete reaction vessels, rather than allowing for all reactions to take place freely, and often more conveniently, in one reaction vessel. Furthermore, the requirement that the reaction volumes be spatially separated carries with it a physical limitation to the size of microtiter plate used, and thus to the number of different reactions that may be carried out on the plate.
In light of the limitations described above in the use of microtiter plates, some attempts have been made to develop other means of tracking individual reactions in high-throughput assays. These methods have abandoned the concept of spatially separating the reactions, and instead track the individual reactions by other means. For example, methods have been developed to carry out high-throughput assays and reactions on microcarriers as supports. Each microcarrier may contain one particular ligand bound to its surface to act as a reactant, and the microcarrier can additionally contain a “code” that identifies the microcarrier and therefore identifies the particular ligand bound to its surface. These methods described above allow for “random processing,” which means that thousands of uniquely coded microcarriers, each having a ligand bound to their surface, may all be mixed and subjected to an assay simultaneously. Those microcarriers that show a favorable reaction of interest between the attached ligand and target analyte may then have their code read, thereby leading to the identity of the ligand that produced the favorable reaction.
A main problem in the prior art is the random position of microcarriers for identification purposes and therefore lacking efficiency in the encoding and in the identification. Merely positioning a encoded microcarrier on a support is not sufficient for allowing an efficient encoding and identification. Several documents disclose a positioning on a solid support. The practice of random processing described above requires accurate encoding of each of the microcarriers separately, and requires accurate, reliable, and consistent identification of the codes. Because assays using random processing rely heavily on the coding of the microcarriers for their results, the quality of the assays depends largely on the reliability, readability, unique code, number of codes, precise dimension and readability of the codes on the microcarriers. Attempts to code microcarriers are still limited to differential coloring (Dye-Trak microspheres), fluorescent labeling (Fluorospheres; Nu-flow), so-called remotely programmable matrices with memories (IRORI; U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,629), detachable tags such as oligonucleotides and small peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,324; U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,099; U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,172), and solid phase particles that carry transponders (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,332). WO 98/40726 describes a solid support being an optical fiber bundle sensor in which separate microspheres carrying different chemical functionalities may be optically coupled to discrete fibers or groups of fibers within the bundle. The functionalities are encoded on the separate microspheres using fluorescent dyes and then affixed to wells etched in the end of the bundle. The disclosures of the patents cited above are incorporated by reference herein.
The invention provides in a first aspect a method for the manipulation of microcarriers wherein an improved position and orientation is obtained. In its broadest scope, the invention provides a method for the manipulation for an identification purpose of a microcarrier comprising the steps of:
(a) an identification purpose step of the microcarrier; and
(b) a positioning and orientation step prior to or during the identification purpose step. Although this method requires both a positioning and an orientation step prior or during the identification purpose step, the invention surprisingly results in a better, more efficient and more reliable identification purpose step. A main reason is the lack of randomness in the degree of freedom of the position of the microcarrier.
The present invention is especially suitable for enabling the reading or writing of a code on a microcarrier, whereby the code is generated by a spatial modulation created inside the microcarrier or on its outer surface. This spatial modulation may be defined as a known arrangement of a finite number of distinct volume elements located inside or on the surface of the microcarrier. The known arrangement of distinct volume elements can be generated by (i) changing one or more properties of the material in an individual volume element, or (ii) by removing material from an individual volume element, or (iii) by depositing material on an individual volume element, or (iv) by leaving an individual volume element unchanged, or a combination of the above possibilities. This known arrangement for example, may be such that these volume elements lie on one or more dimensions such as on a line arrangement or in a plane. The main object of the invention is then to position and orient the microcarrier in reference to the writing instrument and the reading instrument, such that knowledge on the position and orientation of the microcarrier allows the writing instrument to generate the code by creating a known arrangement of a finite number of distinct volume elements, which code can subsequently be reliably resolved by the reading instrument using said knowledge on the position and orientation of the microcarrier on which the code is written. Resolving the code is performed by measuring the properties of those volume elements that together constitute the code which is located within the microcarrier or on the surface of the microcarrier. The orientation may be done with reference to one, two, or all three axes, depending on the symmetry of the arrangement of the volume elements. If this known arrangement is designed to be symmetric around one or more axes, the microcarrier does not need to be oriented with reference to rotation around these axes.
The present invention provides a method for the manipulation for an identification purpose of a microcarrier comprising the steps of (a) an identification purpose step of the microcarrier; and (b) a positioning and orientation step prior to or during the identification purpose step. According to an embodiment, the identification purpose step is a detection step for the detection of an identifiable or encoded microcarrier. According to another embodiment, the identification purpose step is a labeling step resulting in an identifiable or encoded microcarrier.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the manipulation for an identification purpose of a microcarrier, wherein said microcarrier is an encoded microcarrier encoded by a code written on the microcarrier. According to yet another embodiment, said microcarrier is encoded by a code written on the microcarrier by exposing the microcarrier to a high spatial resolution light source.
An embodiment of the method according to the invention is a method for the manipulation for identification purposes of a population of microcarriers, whereby the positioning and orientation step further comprises:
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the distribution of step b.1 results in a plane configuration having two dimensions (X,Y).
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, wherein the distribution of step b.1 results in a line configuration. A one dimensional configuration results in a faster detection.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, wherein the distribution step is caused by transportation of the microcarriers preferably according to a laminar flow pattern in a liquid, gaseous or semi-solid environment. Transport of the microcarrier results in the possibility that the detection means can have a fixed position, thereby further improving the detection speed and dismissing any calibration of the detection means.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, wherein the laminar flow pattern in a liquid environment is provided in a capillary tube. Besides the laminar flow pattern, other flow patterns are possible.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, wherein the distribution step is caused by the positioning of the microcarriers in a semi-liquid or a liquid support, wherein said semi-liquid or liquid support may have a differential viscosity or density or can be composed of two or more semi-liquid or liquid layer with different viscosity or density. The microcarrier may then float or be positioned on or in the support at the interface of a viscosity or a density change. The position may vary according to the microcarrier density. The absence of a flow in said distribution of the microcarrier results in the possibility that the detection means could be mobile.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step results from a physical, mechanical, chemical or biological interaction on or near the microcarrier. As an example, chemical interaction can be any kind of interaction such as covalent or Vanderwaals interactions. A biological interaction can be obtained via a direct or indirect coupling of the microcarrier to a support or to a carrier realized via e.g. avidin/biotin, antibody/antigen, antibody/hapten, receptor/ligand, sugar/lectin, complementary nucleic acid (RNA or DNA, or combination thereof), enzyme/substrate, enzyme/cofactor, enzyme/inhibitor and/or immunoglobulin/Staphylococcal protein A interaction.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step restricts the rotational movement of the microcarrier as a result of a magnetic field imposed on the microcarrier.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step restricts the rotational movement of the microcarrier as a result of an electrical field imposed on the microcarrier.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step results from the non-spherical configuration of the microcarrier, and more in particular by the ellipsoidal or cylindrical configuration of the microcarrier.
In a second aspect the invention relates to an apparatus for the manipulation for identification purposes of a microcarrier comprising means for reading or detection, or identification purposes such as optical means, electronic means, physical means, chemical means and magnetic means, or labeling means such as a high spatial resolution light source, and means for the positioning and orientation of the microcarriers.
In an embodiment, the invention relates to an apparatus for the manipulation for identification purposes of a microcarrier comprising means for identification purposes such as a microscope or labeling means such as a high spatial resolution light source, and means for the positioning and orientation of the microcarriers.
An embodiment according to the invention is an apparatus, whereby the means for positioning and orientation of the microcarriers comprises a solid support comprising a number of wells each suitable for housing at least one microcarrier and rotation restriction means.
An embodiment according to the invention is an apparatus, whereby the means for positioning and orientation of the microcarriers comprises a semi-liquid or a liquid support and rotation restriction means. According to another embodiment, said semi-liquid or liquid support may have a differential viscosity or density or can be composed of two or more semi-liquid or liquid layers with different viscosity or density. The microcarrier may then float or be positioned and oriented on or in the support at the interface of a viscosity or a density change. The position and orientation may vary according to the microcarrier density.
Another embodiment according to the invention is an apparatus, whereby the rotation restriction means are provided via a magnetic and/or electrical field.
Another embodiment according to the invention is an apparatus further comprising a reservoir suitable for containing a population of microcarriers, which reservoir is connectable to a capillary tube and pressure differential means for providing a laminar flow pattern in the capillary tube.
Another embodiment according to the invention is an apparatus, whereby further a magnetic and/or electrical field is provided for the restriction of the rotation of the microcarriers.
In a third aspect of the invention, a microcarrier is provided useful in the method of the first aspect which microcarrier is encoded by a code written on the microcarrier.
An embodiment according to the invention is a microcarrier, whereby the encoded microcarrier is characterized in that the code has been written by exposing the microcarrier to a high spatial resolution light source.
An embodiment according to the invention is a microcarrier, whereby the encoded microcarrier is characterized in that the code has been written by deposition of material on the surface or at the internal depth of said microcarrier.
Another embodiment according to the invention is a microcarrier further comprising a net electrical charge, an electrical dipole momentum or a magnetic dipole momentum. The microcarrier may also be ferro-, ferri- or paramagnetic as such, or has an anisotropy in its shape, an anisotropy in its mass distribution or any combination of these features.
Prior to discussing embodiments on how a microcarrier can be positioned and oriented in a certain way, it is necessary to describe the third aspect of the invention, i.e. the different types of microcarriers that can be used.
As used herein a “microcarrier” also termed “microsphere”, “bead” or microparticle” relates to a reaction volume or a support which may be made from, for example, any materials that are routinely employed in high-throughput screening technology and diagnostics. For example, the microcarriers may be made from a solid, a semi-solid, or a combination of a solid and a semi-solid, and can be supports such as chemical and biological assays and syntheses. Non-limiting examples of these materials include cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, agar, pore-glass, silica gel, polystyrene, brominated polystyrene, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyacrolein, polybutadiene, polycaprolactone, polyester, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyisoprene, polyurethane, polyvinylacetate, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylbenzylchloride, polyvinyltoluene, polyvinylidene chloride, polydivinylbenzene, polymethylmethacrylate, polylactide, polyglycolide, poly (lactide-co-glycolide), polyanhydride, polyorthoester, polyphosphazene, polyphosophaze, polysulfone, grafted copolymer such as polyethylene glycol/polystyrene, cross-linked dextrans, methylstyrene, polypropylene, acrylic polymer, paramagnetic, carbon, graphite, polycarbonate, polypeptide, hydrogels, liposomes, proteinaceous polymer, titanium dioxide, latex, resin, lipid, ceramic, charcoal, metal, bentonite, kaolinite, rubber, polyacrylamide, latex, silicone, e.g., polydimethyldiphenyl siloxane, dimethylacrylamide, and the like or combinations thereof are acceptable as well.
Preferred materials include latex, polystyrene, and cross-linked dextrans. The microcarriers may also be prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or even some viruses. Said microcarriers may be of any shapes and sizes that should be suitable for encoding, positioning and orienting and further identification thereof. For example, the microcarriers may be in the form of spheres, or in the form of beads that are not necessarily spherical. The microcarriers may be, for example, cylindrical or oval. When spherical in shape, the microcarriers may have, for example, a diameter of 0.5 to 300 μm. The microcarrier may also have a diameter of 1 to 200 μm. Other examples of suitable sizes for said microcarrier could range from 10 to 90 μm.
The microcarrier may have different properties such as optical transparency, ferromagnetism, and can have functional surface group for binding ligands such as proteins. The microcarrier may also contain one or more dyes such as fluorophores, luminophores and the like, or a combination thereof. The ferromagnetism can be introduced by either in situ precipitation of ferromagnetic material or coating with a polymer containing ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Examples of ferromagnetic materials include but are not limited to Cr2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Ni- and Co-metals, other metal oxides and metals. The compounds can be introduced during the microcarrier preparation or in a post modification step such as soaking or coating. The ferromagnetic material can be present in said microcarrier at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 50% by weight, or at a concentration ranging from 0.5 to 40%, or for example at a concentration ranging from 1 to 30%.
The codes written on the microcarriers according to the teaching in PCT/EP00/03280 may be of any geometry, design, or symbol that can be written and read on the microcarriers. For example, the codes may be written as numbers or letters, or as codes in the form of symbols, pictures, bar codes, ring codes, or three-dimensional codes. Ring codes are similar to bar codes, except that concentric circles are used rather than straight lines. A ring may contain, for example, the same information as one bar. The codes may be written on the surface of the microcarriers or at an internal depth of the microcarriers. For example, the codes may be written at an internal depth of the microcarriers, and more particularly in the center plane of the microcarriers. Depending on the shape of the microcarriers, the center plane may be a preferable location for writing the code because it may provide the largest surface area available for writing. Furthermore, for microcarriers having curved surfaces, it may be more advantageous to write the codes at an internal depth rather than on the curved surfaces. This is because it may often be more convenient to write and read the codes on a flat plane rather than on a curved surface.
The codes can be written on the microcarriers, for example, by using a high spatial resolution light source, such as a laser, a lamp, or a source that emits X-rays, α and β rays, ion beams, or any form of electromagnetic radiation. The codes can also be written on the microcarriers through photochroming or chemical etching. A convenient method for writing the codes is through the use of a high spatial resolution light source, and in particular a laser or a lamp in combination with a confocal microscope. The codes may also be written at an internal depth of the microcarrier by using the above-described methods.
The codes can also be written by deposition of material on or in said microcarrier. Examples of method of deposition include but are not limited to laser deposition and electrochemical deposition. Examples of material which can be used for said deposition include but is not limited to any organic compound or material; any inorganic compound or material; a particulate layer of material or a composite material; polymeric materials; crystalline or non-crystalline materials; amorphous materials or glasses; carbonaceous material such as, for example, graphite particles or carbon nanotubes; metallic material, such as, for example, gold, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, rhodium, iridium; any metal chalcognide; metal oxide such as for example, cupric oxide, titanium dioxide; metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal telluride, metal alloy, metal nitride, metal phosphide, metal antimonide, semiconductor, semi-metal. Said material can be deposited in the form of particles such as micro or nanoparticles. For example, the particles are nano-particles, that is, typically, particles in the size range of 10 nm to 1000 nm.
Knowledge on the position and orientation of the microcarrier is essential to facilitate the writing and/or reading of the above written codes involves, in particular when these identification purpose steps are performed in a high throughput application. Knowledge on position and orientation of the microcarrier will improve even more the identification purpose steps.
The microcarriers may contain a photosensitive substance. For example, the microcarrier may contain a bleachable substance, and the codes on the microcarriers may be in the form of bleached patterns within the bleachable portions of the microcarriers. The microcarriers may contain the bleachable substance either on the surface of the microcarrier or also within the body of the microcarrier. Any reference in this application to the bleaching of substances “on” the microcarriers includes bleaching at the surface of the microcarrier as well as bleaching at an internal depth of the microcarriers. Preferred bleachable substances include bleachable fluorescent or electromagnetic radiation absorbing substances. The microcarriers may contain bleachable luminophores. Examples of luminophores that can be used include fluorescers, phosphorescers, or scintillators. Bleachable chemiluminescent, bioluminescent, or colored substances may be used. Non-limiting examples of bleachable substances are listed herein: 3-Hydroxypyrene 5,8,10-Tri Sulfonic acid, 5-Hydroxy Tryptamine, 5-Hydroxy Tryptamine (5-HT), Acid Fuhsin, Acridine Orange, Acridine Red, Acridine Yellow, Acriflavin, AFA (Acriflavin Feulgen SITSA), Alizarin Complexon, Alizarin Red, Allophycocyanin, ACMA, Aminoactinomycin D, Aminocouniarin, Anthroyl Stearate, Aryl- or Heteroaryl-substituted Polyolefin, Astrazon Brilliant Red 4G, Astrazon Orange R, Astrazon Red 6B, Astrazon Yellow 7 GLL, Atabrine, Auramine, Aurophosphine, Aurophosphine G, BAO 9 (Bisaminophenyloxadiazole), BCECF, Berberine Sulphate, Bisbenzamide, BOBO 1, Blancophor FFG Solution, Blancophor SV, Bodipy F1, BOPRO 1, Brilliant Sulphoflavin FF, Calcien Blue, Calcium Green, Calcofluor RW Solution, Calcofluor White, Calcophor White ABT Solution, Calcophor White Standard Solution, Carbocyanine, Carbostyryl, Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow, Catecholamine, Chinacrine, Coriphosphine O, Coumarin, Coumarin-Phalloidin, CY3.1 8, CY5.1 8, CY7, Dans (1-Dimethyl Amino Naphaline 5 Sulphonic Acid), Dansa (Diamino Naphtyl Sulphonic Acid), Dansyl NH—CH3, DAPI, Diamino Phenyl Oxydiazole (DAO), Dimethylamino-5-Sulphonic acid, Dipyrrometheneboron Difluoride, Diphenyl Brilliant Flavine 7GFF, Dopamine, Eosin, Erythrosin ITC, Ethidium Bromide, Euchrysin, FIF (Formaldehyde Induced Fluorescence), Flazo Orange, Fluo 3, Fluorescamine, fluorescein isothiocyanate (“FITC”), Fura-2, Genacryl Brilliant Red B, Genacryl Brilliant Yellow 10GF, Genacryl Pink 3G, Genacryl Yellow 5GF, Gloxalic Acid, Granular Blue, Haematoporphyrin, Hoechst 33258, Indo-1, Intrawhite Cf Liquid, Leucophor PAF, Leucophor SF, Leucophor WS, Lissamine Rhodamine B200 (RD200), Lucifer Yellow CH, Lucifer Yellow VS, Magdala Red, Marina Blue, Maxilon Brilliant Flavin 10 GFF, Maxilon Brilliant Flavin 8 GFF, MPS (Methyl Green Pyronine Stilbene), Mithramycin, NBD Amine, Nile Red, Nitrobenzoxadidole, N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)diethyl amine (NODD), Noradrenaline, Nuclear Fast Red, Nuclear Yellow, Nylosan Brilliant Flavin E8G, Oregon Green, Oxazine, Oxazole, Oxadiazole, Pacific Blue, Pararosaniline (Feulgen), Phorwite AR Solution, Phorwite BKL, Phorwite Rev, Phorwite RPA, Phosphine 3R, Phthalocyanine, phycoerythrines, Phycoerythrin R, Polyazaindacene Pontochrome Blue Black, Porphyrin, Primuline, Procion Yellow, Propidium Iodide, Pyronine, Pyronine B, Pyrozal Brilliant Flavin 7GF, Quinacrine Mustard, Rhodamine 123, Rhodamine 5 GLD, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine B 200, Rhodamine B Extra, Rhodamine BB, Rhodamine BG, Rhodamine WT, Rose Bengal, Serotonin, Sevron Brilliant Red 2B, Sevron Brilliant Red 4G, Sevron Brilliant Red B, Sevron Orange, Sevron Yellow L, SITS (Primuline), SITS (Stilbene Isothiosulphonic acid), Stilbene, Snarl 1, sulpho Rhodamine B Can C, Sulpho Rhodamine G Extra, Tetracycline, Texas Red, Thiazin Red R, Thioflavin S, Thioflavin TCN, Thioflavin 5, Thiolyte, Thiozol Orange, Tinopol CBS, TOTO 1, TOTO 3, True Blue, Ultralite, Uranine B, Uvitex SFC, Xylene Orange, XRITC, YO PRO1, or combinations thereof. Optionally such bleachable substances will contain functional groups capable of forming a stable fluorescent product with functional groups typically found in biomolecules or polymers including activated esters, isothiocyanates, amines, hydrazines, halides, acids, azides, maleimides, alcohols, acrylamides, haloacetamides, phenols, thiols, acids, aldehydes and ketones. With regard to the volume of substance that may be bleached within the microcarriers, one example of such a volume is between 0.01 cubic nanometer and 0.01 cubic millimeter of the microcarrier, another example of such a volume is between 1 cubic nanometer and 100 000 cubic micrometer, yet another example of such a volume is between 10 000 and 10 000 cubic micrometer, another example of such a volume is between 0.01 cubic micrometer and 1000 cubic micrometer. The bleachable substances should be chosen so that, when bleaching occurs, the code remains on the microcarrier at least for the period of time that is desired for the use of the microcarriers and any necessary reading of the codes. Said code should at least be preserved for the duration of the assay, wherein the microcarrier is used. This functional life of the code may be from several minutes up to several months, even up to several years depending on the assay to be performed. Thus, a certain amount of diffusion of non-bleached molecules into the bleached areas is acceptable as long as the useful life of the code is preserved. As used hereinafter the terms fluorescent dye, fluoresce; fluorochrome, or fluorophore are used interchangeably and bear equivalent meanings.
Codes bleached on microcarriers may also be written to have different intensities of fluorescence or color within bleached areas of the microcarriers. For example, a bleached coding may contain several different degrees of bleaching, thereby having several different intensities of fluorescence within the bleached region as a whole. Thus, microcarriers may be encoded not only by the geometry of the pattern bleached on the microcarriers, but also by the use of different fluorescent intensities within the pattern.
The codes may be written on the microcarriers through the use of scanning microphotolysis (“SCAMP”). The technical features of SCAMP were first described in P. Wedekind et al., “Scanning microphotolysis: a new photobleaching technique based on fast intensity modulation of a scanned laser beam and confocal imaging,” Journal of Microscopy, vol. 176, pp. 23-32 (1994), the content of which is incorporated by reference herein. Photobleaching is a well-known phenomenon referring to the fading of colors due to the fact that certain wavelengths of light when shone on a given pigment will cause the pigment's molecules to resonate and eventually break down. This is also the reason why fluorescent molecules often tend to bleach when excited by a powerful laser beam of specific wavelength. The codes may be photobleached using a conventional (non-scanning) light microscope, wherein a stationary (laser) light beam is focused on the sample during the bleaching process. The stationary position of the (laser) light beam during the bleaching process results in a photobleached area that has a circular geometry. Although non-scanning light microscopes technically yield an irradiated area of 2 μm or less in diameter, broadening of the bleach spot often occurs due to the stationary laser beam. This results in large circular bleached spots that are from one μm to 35 μm, typically from 10 μm to 20 μm in diameter or even larger such as 15 μm-35 μm. The availability of laser light scanning microscopes opened new opportunities for microphotolysis methods. The combination of photolysis, beam scanning, and confocal microscopy lead to the development of SCAMP. In SCAMP, bleaching occurs during scanning a sample by switching between low monitoring and high photobleaching laser intensity levels in less than a microsecond using an intensity modulation device such as an acousto-optical modulator (“AOM”). The combination of bleaching during scanning and the use of the AOM, which generates extremely short bleaching pulses, prevents the broadening of the bleach spot that occurs in conventional microphotolysis due to longer photobleaching times and the stationary laser beam. SCAMP allows for bleaching spots at the resolution limit of the objective lens used.
Writing codes on microcarriers may also involve bleaching the microcarriers to produce different levels of intensity in the bleached code. In addition to conveying the information in the design of the code itself, information can also be conveyed by different intensities within the bleached patterns. The ability to encode the microcarriers with different intensities may permit smaller codes on the microcarriers, thus saving space, but still conveying the same number or more of unique identifiers to code microcarriers. As an example, it is possible to bleach four different intensities in the beads. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, for example, by repeated bleaching over some portions of the bead relative to others, or by dissipating different levels of acoustic power into an AOM to produce a plurality of different laser powers that will create bleached patterns having different intensities based on the power of laser light used for each portion of the code.
The code may also be written by photochroming. Photochromic materials of interest undergo an irreversible change in light absorption that is induced by electromagnetic radiation, most common applications involve irreversible changes in color or transparency on exposure to visible or ultraviolet light. This is often seen as a change in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm), and can be rapid or very slow. A code could then be written in the inside of a bead that contains a photochromic dye, with focused UV light. There are two major classes of photochromic materials, inorganic and organic. Examples of the inorganic type are the silver halides. The organic photochromic systems can be subdivided according to the type of reaction. The photochromic compounds can be soluble in normal organic solvents such as hexane, toluene, acetone and DMSO. A non-limiting example is the use of a dispersion in polystyrene at concentration as high as 99%. Said compounds are also stable in low as well as high pH and are stable over a wide range of temperature. The photochromic compounds of interest are irreversible, wherein the color change is not reversed when the illumination is absent. Most of the interesting compounds are thermally irreversible, i.e. they do not change back to the original colorless state at room temperature. Advantageous photochromic dyes are those that cannot be bleached back to their original state. Non-limiting examples of photochromic compounds of interest include derivatives of diarylethenes with heterocyclic aryl groups such as furan, indole, thiophene, selenophene, thiazole aryl groups, monomeric and polymeric forms of said compounds and the like. Examples of compounds include 1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis (2,4,5-trimethylthiophen-3-yl)ethene, 2,3-bis(2,4,5-trimethylthiophen-3-yl)maleic anhydride, 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenylthiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene, 1,2-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene, 1,2-di(2-dimethyl-5-phenylthiophen-3-yl)perfluorocylopentene, 1,2-bis(2-methyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene, 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene, 2-(1-octyl-2-methyl-3-indolyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)maleic anhydride, 2-(2′-methoxybenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-3-(2-dimethyl-3-indolyl)maleic anhydride, 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)-perfluoro cyclopentene, 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluoro cyclopentene, 1,2-bis(2-methyl-6-nitro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene, 1,2-bis(2-methoxy-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene and the like. The photochromic compounds can be added to the microsphere in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 100%. In another embodiment, the photochromic compounds can be added to the microsphere in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 80%. In yet another embodiment, the photochromic compounds can be added to the microsphere in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 50%. The photochromic compound can also be added in an amount ranging from 1 to 3%. Photochroming is potentially faster and easier to control than the bleaching of fluorescent dye, because the coloration is normally linear with incident power. Readout is simplified because it is sufficient to take an image that reveals the code on a transparent background. A pattern written by localized bleaching in a fluorescent bead, on the other hand, would require a confocal microscope to detect it. It is possible to encode up to several tens of thousand microcarriers per second by photochroming.
Other methods for writing codes can also be used, such as code writing by changing the refractive index or by selective spectral photobleaching. In the case of spectral photobleaching the microcarriers may contain one or more different dyes each dye having unique spectral characteristics, and wherein one or more of these dyes may be bleached at different intensities.
Moreover, the microcarriers may be functionalized, i.e. said microcarrier may contain one or more ligands or functional units bound to the surface of the microcarriers. A large spectrum of chemical and biological functionalities may be attached as ligands to said microcarriers. These functionalities include all functionalities that are routinely used in high-throughput screening technology and diagnostics. The choice of the ligand will vary according to the analytes to target. The ligand may for instance be an organic entity, such as a single molecule or an assemblage of molecules. Examples of functionalization include the attachment, often via a linker, to an antibody or antibody fragment, to an oligonucleotide or a to a detectable tag. In some embodiments, the microcarrier can have multiple functionalities. As used herein, the term functional unit is meant to define any species that modifies, attaches to, appends from, coats or is covalently or non-covalently bound to the surface of said microcarrier. Functionalized, as defined herein, includes any modification of the surface of the microcarrier as covalently or non-covalently modified, derivatized, or otherwise coated with an organic, inorganic, organometallic or composition monolayer, multilayer, film, polymer, glass, ceramic, metal, semi-metal, semiconductor, metal oxide, metal chalcoginide, or combinations thereof. While such functionalization may occur most commonly at the outer surface of the microcarrier, it also may occur at interior surfaces of the microcarrier, as it might in the case in a porous or hollow microcarrier. Examples of target analytes for the microcarrier-bound ligands include antigens, antibodies, receptors, haptens, enzymes, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, drugs, hormones, pathogens, toxins, or any other chemicals or molecules of interest. The ligands or functional units may be attached to the microcarriers by means conventionally used for attaching ligands to microcarriers in general, including by means of a covalent bound and through direct attachment or attachment through a linker. Furthermore, the microcarriers can be further functionalized in a variety of ways to allow attachment of an initial reactant with inorganic or organic functional group, including but not limited to, acids, amines, thiols, ethers, esters, thioesters, thioethers, carbamates, amides, thiocarbonates, dithiocarbonates, imines, alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, aromatic groups, alcohols, heterocycles, cyanates, isocyanates, nitriles, isonitriles, isothiocyanates, and organocyanides, or combinations thereof; any inorganic coordination complex, including but not limited to 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- and 9-coordinate complexes; any organometallic complex, including but not limited to species containing one or more metal-carbon, metal-silicon, or metal nitrogen bonds.
In another embodiment, the functional unit or functionalization of the microcarrier comprises a detachable tag. A detachable tag is any species that can be used for detection, identification, enumeration, tracking, location, positional triangulation, and/or quantitation. Such measurements can be accomplished based on absorption, emission, generation and/or scattering of one or more photons; absorption, emission generation and/or scattering of one or more particles; mass; charge; faradaic or non-faradaic electrochemical properties; electron affinity; proton affinity, neutron affinity; or any other physical or chemical property, including but not limited to solubility, polarizability, melting point, boiling point, triple point, dipole moment, magnetic moment, size, shape, acidity, basicity, isoelectric point, diffusion coefficient, or sedimentary coefficient. Such molecular tag could be detected or identified via one or any combination of such properties.
The present invention further relates to a method for the manipulation for an identification purpose of a microcarrier, comprising the steps of
Said method may conveniently also include a step whereby selectively those microcarriers are identified on which a target-analyte reaction of particular interest occurred. For instance, microcarriers with a target-analyte reaction of interest may be separated from the rest of the microcarriers, and those microcarriers may then be subjected to steps d) and e) of the above method.
According to another embodiment the present invention relates to a method, wherein the positioning and orientation step results from a physical, mechanical, chemical or biological interaction on or near said microcarrier. Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step restricts the rotational movement of the microcarrier as a result of a magnetic field imposed on the microcarrier. Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step restricts the rotational movement of the microcarrier as a result of an electrical or a magnetic field imposed on the microcarrier. Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step results from the non-spherical configuration of the microcarrier, and more in particular by the ellipsoidal or cylindrical configuration of the microcarrier. Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step results from the anisotropy in the mass distribution of the microcarrier. In such a case, an axial positioning and orientation in a gravitational as well as in a centrifugal manner may be obtained. Another embodiment according to the invention is a method, whereby the positioning and orientation step results from one or more combination of the above-described features. For example, a combination of magnetic forces and anisotropy in shape, combination of magnetic forces and anisotropy in weight, etc.
According to another embodiment, the positioning and orientation step can occur in a flow cell in a flow cytometer. The term flow cytometer is used herein for any apparatus that creates a single file flow of particles within a fluid and measures fluorescence from the particles. The sample fluid can be constrained within a narrow flow channel or by hydrodynamic focussing within a sheath fluid. For example, to position and orient particles in the flow, it is possible to employ the principle of hydrodynamic focusing in a so-called sheath flow cell or chamber. The sample fluid containing the particles can be injected into the center of a faster surrounding flow, the sheath flow, in front of a convergent nozzle. As the liquid passes through the convergence into the observation area, the sample flow is accelerated, stretched out and centered to pass through the focus of the observation system. The fluid may be air, water, solvent, buffer and the like. Different type of flow cells can be used, non-limiting examples are cited herein: cells with a closed optical chamber which can be used to detect fluorescence, scattering or light extinction, particles sorters using open-ended flow cells that divide the flow into electrically charged droplets, which can be deflected by an electrical field into containers to sort particles according to their fluorescent signal for example, flow cells that can have asymmetric nozzles or have asymmetric constrictions in the flow chamber to orient non-spherical particles onto the optical axis. Another example includes a flow cell apparatus as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,895 incorporated herein by reference.
According to another embodiment, the positioning and orientation step may also occur by the dielectrophoretic caging of microcarriers. Dielectric particles, such as polystyrene microcarrier, suspended in a liquid can be manipulated by a high-frequency electrical field in a microelectrode cage. For example, microcarrier may be brought into a specially designed flow cell with a number of electrodes; by modifying the amplitude, frequency and phase of the fields, the microcarrier can be positioned and oriented.
According to another embodiment, the positioning and orienting of the microcarriers may also occur in a semi-liquid or a liquid support, wherein said semi-liquid or liquid support may have a differential viscosity or density or can be composed of two or more semi-liquid or liquid layer with different viscosity or density. The microcarrier may then float or be positioned on or in the support at the interface of a viscosity change. The position and orientation may vary according to the microcarrier density. The absence of a flow in said distribution of the microcarrier results in the possibility that the detection means could be mobile.
According to another embodiment, the positioning and orientation step may also occur by for example: trapping the microcarrier in strongly focused laser beams, so-called “laser tweezers”. The positioning and orientation step may also occur using acoustic waves such as ultrasonic trapping, wherein the microcarrier is trapped in standing waves in a liquid. A “microlathe” which is usually used to modify the shape of particles with a UV laser, can also be used to position and orient the microcarrier for the identification step.
According to another embodiment, the positioning and orientation step may also occur using two or more combination of the above-described method for positioning and orienting.
According to an embodiment, the encoding step can be performed as described above in the description of the microcarrier. The encoding process, thus, can be selected from the group comprising photochroming, chemical etching, material deposition, photobleaching, or exposing said microcarrier to a high spatial resolution light source, such as a UV laser. According to another embodiment, the encoding step is performed by photochroming. According to another embodiment, the encoding step is performed by photobleaching.
According to an embodiment, the encoding comprises the writing of a code on a microcarrier whereby the code is generated by spatial modulation created inside the microcarrier or on its outer surface. According to yet another embodiment, said spatial modulation is a known arrangement of a finite number of distinct volume elements located inside or on the surface of the microcarrier. According to another embodiment, said spatial modulation can be generated by one or more steps comprising (i) changing one or more properties of the material in an individual volume element, (ii) removing material from an individual volume element, (iii) depositing material on an individual volume element or (iv) leaving an individual volume element unchanged, or a combination thereof.
According to an embodiment, the target analyte reaction step can consist of contacting a solution that may contain said analyte with a composition comprising a molecule, species or material that interacts with said analyte bound to an encoded microcarrier or a microcarrier and in the identification step further detecting whether an interaction has occurred. Said step also includes allowing a target analyte reaction for analytes in gas, vapor, semi-liquid or solid phase.
According to another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method wherein the identification step is performed by any physical or chemical means of interrogation, including but not limited to electromagnetic, magnetic, optical, spectrometric, spectroscopic and mechanical means. The identification step relates to the interpretation of the information coded within a microcarrier and may also be referred a as “interrogation step” or “reading step” or “differentiation step”. The identification step may be performed using identification means including but not limited to visual inspection means, digital (CCD) cameras, video cameras, photographic film, or current instrumentation such as laser scanning devices, fluorometers, luminometers, photodiodes, quantum counters, plate readers, epifluorescence microscopes, scanning microscopes, confocal microscopes, capillary electrophoresis detectors, or by other means for amplifying the signal such as a photomultiplier tube or other light detector capable of detecting the presence, location, intensity, excitation and emission spectra, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence lifetime, and other physical properties of the fluorescent signal.
In another embodiment, the identification step is performed using an optical identification mean. The reading of the codes may be performed with an ordinary microscope if the code is on the surface of the microcarrier or, if the microcarrier is sufficiently translucent, at an internal depth of the microcarrier. Reading of the codes may also be performed using a confocal microscope, a transmission microscope or a fluorescence microscope. In particular, the codes may be read by suspending the microcarriers in an aqueous environment, placing the microcarriers between two glass slides or placing them in microcapillaries, and observing the codes through a microscope or confocal microscope. The reading may also be performed by using a laser beam scanning instrument. The reading may also be performed in a flow cell. A myriad of light sources and photodetectors are known in the flow cytometer art.
According to another embodiment, during the identification step, the microcarrier can be 3D-positioned in individual wells, in such a way that all microcarrier successively pass the stationary scanning beam of an identification mean. The reading velocity could also be increased if the microcarriers themselves pass the scan beam. The limiting factors in such a case would be the response time of the detector and the time required by the decoding algorithm. For examples, the wells could be positioned on a disc according to a spiral with a linear increasing radius. Therefore, the disc would merely need to rotate with a constant angular velocity during which the scanner moves with a constant velocity in a radial direction and the microcarriers will pass one by one the scan beam.
Said method can be useful for performing a target analyte assay. Example of target-analyte assay include but are not limited to DNA hybridization, enzyme-based assays, immunoassays, combinatorial chemistry assays, assays conducted to screen for certain compounds in samples, and also assay for detecting and isolating compounds from those samples.
The present invention further relates to a method for encoding a microcarrier, wherein the encoding comprises the writing of a code on a microcarrier whereby the code is generated by spatial modulation created inside the microcarrier or on its outer surface. According to an embodiment, the spatial modulation is a known arrangement of a finite number of distinct volume elements located inside or on the surface of the microcarrier.
According to another embodiment, said spatial modulation is a known arrangement of a finite number of distinct volume elements located inside or on the surface of the microcarrier. According to yet another embodiment, said spatial modulation can be generated by one or more steps comprising (i) changing one or more properties of the material in an individual volume element, (ii) removing material from an individual volume element, (iii) depositing material on an individual volume element or (iv) leaving an individual volume element unchanged, or a combination thereof.
The present invention further relates to an encoded microcarrier obtainable by the method above described method, wherein the code on said encoded microcarrier is generated by spatial modulation created inside the microcarrier or on its outer surface. According to an embodiment, the spatial modulation is a known arrangement of a finite number of distinct volume elements located inside or on the surface of the microcarrier. According to another embodiment, said spatial modulation is a known arrangement of a finite number of distinct volume elements located inside or on the surface of the microcarrier. According to yet another embodiment, said spatial modulation can be generated by one or more steps comprising (i) changing one or more properties of the material in an individual volume element, (ii) removing material from an individual volume element, (iii) depositing material on an individual volume element or (iv) leaving an individual volume element unchanged, or a combination thereof.
The present invention further relates to the use of a microcarrier as described herein in a high-throughput screening assay. The assay may consist for example of detecting the presence or absence of one or more target analytes in a sample. Said assay may comprise contacting a microcarrier-bound ligand with at least one analyte, detecting whether the analyte has reacted or bound to the ligand, and reading the code of any microcarrier upon which any reaction or binding has occurred. Said assay may comprise choosing one or more ligands which bind or react with the one or more analytes, binding the ligands to a plurality of microcarriers, correlating the identity of the ligands with the codes on the microcarriers to which the ligands are bound, contacting the one or more analytes with the ligand-bound microcarriers, observing any microcarriers upon which the analyte has bound or reacted with the microcarrier-bound ligand, and reading the codes on the microcarriers to identify any ligands with which the one or more analytes have reacted, thereby determining the presence or absence of the one or more analytes. Said high-throughput screening assay using the encoded microcarriers can be carried out in water, in solvent, in buffer or in any biological fluid, including separated or unfiltered biological fluids such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, gastric fluid, blood, serum, plasma, lymph fluid, interstitial fluid, tissue homogenate, cell extracts, saliva, sputum, stool, physiological secretions, tears, mucus, sweat, milk, semen, vaginal secretions, fluid from ulcers and other surface eruptions, blisters, and abscesses, and extracts of tissues including biopsies of normal, malignant, and suspect tissues or any other constituents of the body which may contain the analyte of interest. Other similar specimens such as cell or tissue culture or culture broth are also of interest. Alternatively, the sample is obtained from an environmental source such as soil, water, or air; or from an industrial source such as taken from a waste stream, a water source, a supply line, or a production lot. Industrial sources also include fermentation media, such as from a biological reactor or food fermentation process such as brewing; or foodstuff, such as meat, game, produce, or dairy products. The test sample can be pre-treated prior to use, such as preparing plasma from blood, diluting viscous fluids, or the like; methods of treatment can involve filtration, distillation, concentration, inactivation of interfering compounds, and the addition of reagents.
The present invention further encompasses a report comprising information obtained from the high-throughput assays described above.
The present invention further relates to a method for the preparation of an encoded microcarrier as described above comprising the step of writing a code on said microcarrier. Examples of processes for writing said codes include photochroming, chemical etching, material deposition, photobleaching, or exposing said microcarrier to a high spatial resolution light source. According to an embodiment, said code is written by photochroming. According to another embodiment, said code is written by photobleaching.
According to another aspect, the present invention relates to a computer for monitoring a high-throughput target-analyte assay with a microcarrier as described herein, wherein said computer is linked to an apparatus as described above.
According to an embodiment the present invention further relates to a device for high-throughput target-analyte assay, comprising a computer for monitoring said assay and an apparatus as described above. The device may comprise a microarray and an identification mean. Examples of identification means include but are not limited to optical means, electronic means, physical means, chemical means and magnetic means. The microarray will normally involve a plurality of different components. In theory there need by only one component, but there may be as many as 105. While the number of components will usually not exceed 105, the number of individual encoded microcarriers used may be substantially larger.
The encoded microcarriers in the microarray may be arranged in tracks. Headers can be provided for defining sites, so that particular interactions can be rapidly detected. Particularly, disks having circular tracks with headers defining sites on the tracks, so that positive signals can be interpreted in relation to the information provided by the header. The circular tracks are preferably concentric and may have a cross-section in the range of 5 to 5000 μm, or for example in the range of 100 to 1000 μm or from 500 to 2000 μm. Various modifications are possible, such as pre-prepared segments that may then be attached to the disk for assaying.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which
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In order that those skilled in the art will better understand the practice of the present invention, examples of the present invention are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
Using such preferred microcarriers as mentioned above, two preferred embodiments to position and orient a microcarrier are disclosed. Firstly, the microcarriers are collected on and transported by a solid support, and in the second preferred embodiment, the microcarriers are transported by the flow of a fluid or semi-solid medium.
The solid support has wells with such a shape that the microcarrier fits in it in only a particular or a limited way thus obtaining a certain orientation. The wells can be magnetic in order to hold a magnetic microcarrier into place and to orient it in a certain way. One configuration is given as an example in
The wells in the support can further be provided with vacuum channels in order to keep the microcarriers into place. The support can be flat and magnetic/electrically charged if only collection of magnetic/charged microcarriers is needed. The microcarrier can be a combination of the possibilities mentioned above. The wells mentioned above, can be ordered in a certain pattern on the solid support, e.g. one row, 2D array, spiral, concentric rings, etc.
The wells can also have a non-spherical configuration for example conical or ellipsoidal such that non-spherical microcarriers will be housed in the wells in a specific orientation.
The microcarrier can be transported by a fluid flowing through a channel, e.g. a capillary. In literature (ref. 1-6) it is shown theoretically by 2D computer simulations that a spherical or ellipsoidal particle will be positioned at a certain depth when flowing through a channel. It is also theoretically shown that an ellipsoidal particle will have a precise orientation depending on the exact circumstances. It is for example possible that an ellipsoidal particle of the right ellipticity flowing in a capillary with the right diameter, will be positioned on or near the central line with its longest axis parallel to the flow. In that way, the only remaining freedom of movement, is a rotation about its longest axis.
The next paragraph explains a preferred embodiment of the method in detail, wherein this positioning and orienting of microcarriers is obtained by a fluid flow.
If an ellipsoidal particle is additionally provided with a dipole momentum perpendicular to its longest axis, the rotational freedom about this axis can be eliminated as well when applying an electric or magnetic field perpendicular to the flow direction.
If a spherical microcarrier is transported in a fluid, it will normally rotate. This rotation can be eliminated using microcarriers with a magnetic or electric dipole momentum and applying a suitable magnetic/electric field. This is illustrated in
The situations described above can additionally be provided with an asymmetric mass distribution in order to eliminate the last degree of rotational freedom making use of the gravitational or centrifugal force.
Using a confocal microscope as detection means, the inventors have examined the movement of particles in a laminar flow inside a capillary.
Spherical fluorescently labeled polystyrene microparticles (in this first experimental part not magnetic) of 15 μm diameter suspended in distilled water were used and imaged by a confocal microscope such fluorescent particles can be easily viewed.
A capillary system was made that fitted onto the confocal microscope. The capillary itself is made of glass and has a square shape. The internal dimensions are 80 μm×80 μm and the outer dimensions are 180 μm×180 μm. In
The particles are imaged when passing the objective lens of a scanning laser confocal microscope. In this first experiment no electric or magnetic fields were applied. The objective lens used has a numerical aperture of 0.45 and a ten fold magnification. This lens was used in order to have a large field of view.
When the particles are flowing, images are taken during a certain time interval, typically about 1 minute, thus obtaining a time series. Afterwards these images are added together into one picture showing all the particles that have passed during that time interval. That way it is possible to see whether or not the microcarriers are flowing along the same path.
These experiments show that the particles are indeed positioned along a constant path when being transported by a laminar flow inside a capillary, as predicted by 2D computer simulations. More testing at a higher resolution is of course necessary to examine the magnitude of possible fluctuations. More experiments are needed to see the effect of changing the particle size.
In a further experiment microcarriers having a magnetic dipole momentum were used in the previously described setup and a magnetic field B was imposed on the transported microcarriers via the two coils in the Helmholtz configuration (
The magnetic field extends parallel to the capillary tube. A rotation restriction was observed as explained in
These experiments prove that the method of the invention can provide a specific defined position of a microcarrier useful for identification purposes.
Green fluorescent 40 μm microspheres coated with a ferromagnetic coating (CrO2) were used. Ferromagnetic microspheres or microcarriers are the primary candidates to obtain a correct orientation in the fluid flow by using an external magnetic field parallel to the flow, as previously explained. This experiment determines if said microcarriers are still transparent enough to “see” the central plane and to write patterns inside by for example photobleaching.
In this experiment, the ferromagnetic microspheres were suspended in de-ionized water, deposited on a microscope slide, and covered with a cover slip. The particles were then imaged using a Bio-Rad MRC1024 UV confocal microscope. The objective lens used was a Nikon Plan Apochromat 60×N.A. 1.4 water immersion lens. The light source for excitation of the green fluorescent microspheres was a Spectra Physics Stabilite 2017 Ar-ion laser tuned to the 488 nm line.
To evaluate the transparency of the microspheres coated with the ferromagnetic particles, a confocal image of the central plane of some microspheres was taken (
Next, the encoding by photobleaching of the ferromagnetic-coated microspheres was evaluated. The microscope was focused on the central plane of a coated microsphere and a bleaching pattern with basic geometric forms was drawn using dedicated software especially designed for bleaching experiments. The light power in the sample was about 20 mW. The geometry of the bleaching pattern was of no importance in this experiment since the sole purpose of the experiment was to check if the coated particles could still be bleached or not.
In conclusion, green fluorescent 40 μm polystyrene microspheres were coated with ferromagnetic CrO2 particles. Despite the non-transparency of those ferromagnetic particles, the coated microspheres still proved to be transparent. The recorded fluorescence was less homogeneous when compared to uncoated particles because the ferromagnetic particles at the surface of the microspheres blocked part of the light pathway. However, the concentration of ferromagnetic particles could be altered thus improving the homogeneity of the recorded fluorescence. The minimal concentration could be determined by the magnetic force needed to orient the microcarriers flowing through the positioning device. The ferromagnetic microspheres were easily encoded by bleaching a pattern at the central plane.
An alternative to encoding by photobleaching is encoding by photochroming. Polystyrene microspheres were loaded with the photochromic compound 1,2-Bis(2-mehoxy-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (Extraordinary Low Cycloreversion Quantum Yields of Photochromic Diarylethenes with Methoxy Substituents, Shibata K, Kobatake S, Irie M, Chem. Lett. (2001), vol. 7, 618-619) which has initially no absorption in the visible range, but develop an absorption band extending from about 450 nm to 750 nm after UV illumination, with an absorption maximum near 600 nm. Consequently, the loaded microspheres were initially transparent, and turned blue upon UV illumination.
Encoding a microsphere by photochroming is considered as an alternative to encoding by photobleaching mainly because it makes it easier to read the code, requiting less stringent demands about the precision of the positioning device. In fact, when a bleached code is used, we have a completely fluorescent microcarrier in which only a small region has no signal. Consequently, the identification of said encoded microsphere requires the use of a confocal microscope and also requires bringing the plane where the code was bleached exactly into focus. When encoding by photochroming, we obtain a completely transparent microcarrier in which a colored pattern is written. This is much easier to detect and there is therefore no need for a confocal microscope, a standard light microscope is sufficient. Moreover, using the same laser power, the process of photochroming is faster than photobleaching.
In this example, polystyrene microspheres were loaded with the photochromic compound. Next, a first attempt is made to write a pattern inside the photochromic microspheres.
All the experiments were performed under dark room conditions. Unloaded transparent 28 μm polystyrene microspheres (5% crosslinking degree) where loaded with the photochromic compound 1,2-Bis(2-methoxy-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)-perfluorocyclopentene. First, 5 mg of dry microspheres were suspended in a 2% (w/v) solution of the photochromic compound in CH2Cl2 and were incubated overnight. The suspension was then centrifuged during 5 minutes at 12000 rpm. After the centrifugation, the floating spheres were isolated by removing the underlying liquid. The spheres were then suspended in de-ionized water and applied on a microscopic slide for observation under the microscope.
The microscope was setup as described in example 3. A Coherent Enterprise laser was further used to color the microspheres (357 nm UV line) and the 647 nm line of a Bio-Rad Ar/Kr laser was used for imaging the microspheres. Red light was used because it is absorbed by the blue regions resulting in a gray scale image where the blue regions are dark and the transparent regions bright. The images were recorded in transmission light mode by using a transmission light detector.
To design an encoding pattern, a partial region of the microsphere was scanned with an UV light by zooming into that region and performing a regular image scan. This resulted in a written square (vide infra).
After zooming into a small region (3×3 μm) of the central plane of the microsphere, a scan was performed using the 357 nm UV line at 0.5 mW. An image was then taken with the red laser line (
In conclusion, the microspheres were successfully loaded with the photochromic compound. Less laser power (˜40×) was needed to color said microspheres, when compared to photobleaching. The advantage of this encoding method is that the codes can be written faster.
According to an embodiment of the positioning and orienting device, the microcarriers are transported by a fluid flow and pass the writing beam only once and in one direction only. Therefore, the preferred code is a one-dimensional “dotcode” rather than a barcode (which is a one-dimensional code as well, but written in two dimensions). This experiment determines if it to write such a “dotcode” by photobleaching at the central plane of a 40 μm microsphere, and check whether the bleaching process is fast enough for a code to be written by scanning only once.
In this experiment, 28 μm polystyrene microspheres (5% cross-linking degree) loaded with the fast bleaching green fluorescent dye NODD (N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)diethyl amine) were used.
To simulate the flowing of a microsphere past a writing beam, the microsphere was positioned under a confocal microscope that was focused on the central plane of said microsphere. Next, the instrument was set to scan only one line across the sphere thus simulating a positioned microsphere passing a stationary writing beam. Using dedicated software, the instrument was programmed to switch the laser power on and off a couple of times during the linescan in order to obtain a “dotcode”.
The scanned line consists of 512 pixels and in this experiment 1 pixel corresponds to 0.038 μm. One linescan takes 1.2 ms which means a scanspeed of 16.35 μm/ms. This experiment simulates the situation where a microsphere is flowing past a stationary writing beam at a speed of 16.35 μm/ms, or a maximum of 584 spheres (28 μm) per second. Using a dedicated software the instrument was programmed to switch the laser 5 times to 20 mW (in sample) during 8 pixels (i.e. 0.304 μm) and 80 pixels between each flash. A code was obtained consisting of five dots of 3.04 μm apart. The result is shown in
In conclusion, 20 mW laser power in sample was sufficient to create a ‘dotcode’ at the central plane of a NODD loaded microsphere with a bleaching level of over 50%. The scanspeed was 16.35 μm/ms. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of the encoding of a dotcode by photobleaching by using one linescan. It is also possible to increase the scanspeed and obtain the same amount of bleaching, by increasing the laser power in sample.
The next step in the experiment, consisted in checking the stability of the bleached code inside a fluorescent microcarrier under solvent conditions, more specifically when the microcarriers are suspended in a DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) solution.
The NODD loaded 28 μm microspheres of the previous experiment were used. First they were suspended in de-ionized water, then a drop of this suspension was applied to a microscope cover slip and air dried, leaving the spheres attached to the coverslip. The microspheres were then covered with a drop of DMSO (>99.7%) and placed under a confocal microscope.
A simple pattern was bleached at the central plane of a microsphere and was imaged again after three hours to check for any difference in the fluorescence of the microsphere or the bleached pattern. The confocal microscope was focused at the central plane of a microsphere surrounded by DMSO. A simple pattern, consisting of three lines, was bleached. After three hours, the pattern was imaged again. The results are illustrated
No difference could be found in either fluorescence of the microsphere or bleached pattern after being suspended in 99.7% DMSO for three hours. This demonstrates the high stability of the written pattern, which is independent of the assay conditions.
Performing bead based assays on very large numbers of compounds or molecules in drug discovery and drug screening, requires labeling of each of the microcarriers according to the particular ligand bound to its surface. This allows the further mixing of the uniquely encoded microcarriers and subjecting them to an assay simultaneously. Those microcarriers that show a favorable reaction of interest between the attached ligand and target analyte may then have their code read, thereby leading to the identity of the ligand that produced the favorable reaction. Two different ways of encoding microcarriers are presented here, providing a virtually unlimited amount of unique codes.
Photobleaching: According to the first method, a pattern is written in a homogeneously fluorescently dyed microcarrier by means of photobleaching. This is a photo-induced process through which the fluorescent molecules lose their fluorescent properties resulting in a fading of the color. This can be done by first focussing a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) at a certain depth into the microcarrier where the pattern, designed in dedicated software, is going to be written. The CLSM is modified by adding a powerful laser combined with a fast optical switch, which controls the power of the laser light reaching the microcarrier. Low power is used for mere imaging, while high power is used for fast bleaching. The apparatus set up is schematically represented
While subsequently taking an image, which is done by scanning the laser light in a raster pattern, dedicated software controls the optical switch in such a way that low and high power laser light reaches the microsphere according to the designed pattern. Since the fluorescent molecules are virtually immobile in the microcarrier matrix, the bleached regions will stay, resulting in a bright background and a darker permanently bleached pattern.
The second method uses the same technique, except that the process of photochroming is used instead of photobleaching. Here the microcarriers are homogeneously dyed with a photochromic compound which changes color upon radiation of light with the appropriate wavelength. For example, the microcarriers can be initially colorless and transparent, but will carry a colored pattern inside at a certain depth after radiation using essentially the same instrument as described above.
The amount of codes depends on a number of factors: the resolution of the writing beam, the amount of intensity levels used, the available space in the microcarrier, the dimensions of the code design, etc. For example, using a 60×NA1.4 objective lens, we have proved that it was possible to create at least 263·106 different codes over a length of only 16 micron with just a one dimensional code using two different widths and 4 intensity levels (results not shown). This code could easily be written in the central plane of a 30 micron microsphere. Many more codes can be generated if e.g. larger microspheres are used or if the code design is extended to two or three space dimensions. Examples are shown
In this example, 40 micron ferromagnetic fluorescent beads were flowing in a flow cell. The flow speed was around 6 m/sec. The pressure was between 0.30 and 0.24 bar. Images of said beads are shown
Fluorescent beads can be encoded by means of photobleaching under a microscope. Information can be written in 3 dimensions by scanning the focus of the writing/reading beam along the X,Y,Z axis with the Z axis being parallel to the optical axis of the microscope a maximum of 60 bits of information may be found along 1 axis, assuming that in practice there is 32 bits, this provides with the possibility to write 4×109 different codes.
A mechanism is then provided to orient and position bead in its original write position. When the beads are spherically symmetric, the codes may be written as concentric spheres of equal levels of bleaching. The same information is obtained when a line is read through the center of the bead.
When a bead is a cylindrically symmetric bead (rotation symmetry along the Z′) the codes can be written in a circle around the Z′ axis. This allows the reading and writing essentially to 1D (φ-angle in polar coordinates). A control pattern can be added, which indicates the beginning of the code as shown in
Code bits can be written along the symmetry axis of a spherical bead as shown in
When the reading is performed in a one-dimensional plane, it is possible to read 1000 beads per second when the following parameters are met: assuming that there are 50 bits per bead, and that 5 positions are measured per bit, this give 250 measurements per code. Since a line of 514 points can be measured in 1.2 ms (based on the specifications of the Bio-Rad MRC1024 confocal microscope), this gives 0.6 ms for reading the code of one bead, hence 1667 beads can be red per second, if the reading process is the time limiting factor.
Supplying the beads and scanning them through the focus of a laser beam can be done with the same steady motion. The steady motion can be realized in different ways. The beads can be carried along with a fluid flowing through a capillary tube. Alternatively, a capillary tube, containing the beads and (index matching) fluid, can be moved by a translation stage through the focus.
If the flow tube is mounted vertically, the beads can also be oriented with their symmetry axis parallel to their motion, when their center of gravity does not corresponds with their geometric center. The motion of the beads can also be monitored optically. A control pattern can be added at the beginning and at the end of each code, in order to reduce the requirements on the steady flow and the precise knowledge of the velocity. The number of read/write positions can also be reduced, by using different levels of photobleaching, e.g. 0% bleached, 33% bleached, 66% bleached, 100% bleached. With this system, the flow speed can be increased and the constraints on focussing and precise positioning and orienting can be reduced. A non-limiting example of a coding scheme, using 4 different intensities, is shown in
The beads in this experiment contain a small closed conductor. The capillary through which the beads may flow is placed in a coil as illustrated
As the bead flows through the increasing magnetic field, a current will be generated in the small conductor which in turn will generate a magnetic field B′ in the bead which will act against the changes of the external magnetic field. Because a magnetic field B′ is generated, a force couple will act upon the bead which aims at orienting B′ antiparallel to B. An axial positioning and orientation of the bead is thus obtained, according to the direction of the magnetic field B and this without having the disadvantageous effect from the beads sticking together as a result of the permanent magnetic field. The movement of the bead is not necessary for this orientation method.
The beads in this experiment contain a small conductor. The capillary in this case is positioned between two polar plates, which generate a homogenous magnetic field B, as illustrated in
These experiments showed that the ferromagnetic 40 μm microspheres could be magnetized and oriented in an external magnetic field. In these experiments a pattern has been bleached at the central plane of a magnetized ferromagnetic microsphere while said microsphere was being exposed to and oriented by an external magnetic field. Then the pattern has been imaged while the sphere was exposed to a moving external magnetic field. It was tested whether the original orientation—known from the bleached pattern—could be found again after random movement of the microsphere when said microsphere was subjected again to the original magnetic field.
Green Fluorescent ferromagnetic polystyrene microspheres of 40 μm diameter were prepared. A 0.01% v/v solution of NP40 (a neutral detergent) in de-ionized water was made and used to make a 0.1% suspension of the microspheres. The neutral detergent was added to minimize the interaction of the polymer bead with the glass microscope cover glass (vide infra).
A reservoir was made by gluing a plastic cylinder of 0.5 cm diameter onto a microscope cover glass. The reservoir was filled with 80 μl of the microsphere suspension and the microspheres were allowed to sediment on the cover glass. The reservoir was then placed above a strong permanent magnet for 1 minute to allow the microspheres to be magnetized. Next the reservoir was placed on a Bio-Rad MRC1024 confocal microscope which was attached to an inverted microscope so that it was possible to use a Nikon 60× water immersion lens to look at the beads through the bottom cover glass. A strong permanent magnet was placed at a 20 cm distance from the reservoir in order to orient the beads without changing their magnetic polarization (
An arrow was bleached at the central plane of a ferromagnetic microsphere oriented by the external magnetic field from the first strong magnet, thus indicating its original orientation (
In next experiment, the same microsphere as in the previous experiment was used. The microsphere was initially oriented in the magnetic field of the first magnet (
The ferromagnetic-coated particles could be easily magnetized using a strong magnet. The microspheres could be oriented in an external magnetic field. The orientation of the microspheres in a certain external magnetic field was exactly reproducible after random movement of the spheres when the initial field was applied again. No difference in orientation could be observed within pixel accuracy (0.7 μm/pixel).
The necessity of an orientation and a positioning for identification purposes will be elucidated hereunder. The code on said spherical microcarrier is written along the symmetry axis, whereby the code is encoded (written) or identified (read) by means of a high spatial resolution light source, more in particular by using fluorescence bleaching.
Spherical microcarriers are oriented with their symmetry axis along the flow. The laser beam for fluorescence bleaching has a stationary position in the confocal microscope, and the code on said microcarrier is written along the symmetry axis. The flow itself served as the scanning motion along the symmetry axis. A code written as described above (along the symmetry axis), may be read by a laser beam having a stationary position.
In the case of a stationary writing/reading laser beam, and accurate flowing of the microcarrier, the code may be written/read along the axis of symmetry of the microcarrier as illustrated in
As illustrated in
This photodiode system may be used to measure the position of the microcarrier before said microcarrier arrives at the focus of the reading/writing the laser beam. In this case, the position error signal generated can be used to adjust the focus of the reading/writing beam. In
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 00203627.5 | Oct 2000 | EP | regional |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12888187 | Sep 2010 | US |
| Child | 14279867 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10399921 | Apr 2003 | US |
| Child | 12888187 | US |
