Patent Application
20130003503
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The disclosure relates to the field of geophysical data acquisition. More specifically, it relates to equipment for analyzing geological layers underneath the sea bed. The disclosure relates in particular to the oil prospecting industry using seismic method, but can apply to any field using a system for acquiring geophysics data in a marine environment.
More specifically, the disclosure pertains to a technique for obtaining a node-to-surface distance between a reference surface (such as a sea surface or an ocean bottom for example) and at least one node in a network of acoustic nodes arranged along towed acoustic linear antennas.
It is sought more particularly here below in this document to describe problems existing in the field of seismic data acquisition for oil prospecting industry. The present invention of course is not limited to this particular field of application but is of interest for any technique that has to cope with closely related or similar issues and problems.
The operations of acquiring seismic data in the field conventionally use networks of seismic sensors, like accelerometers, geophones or hydrophones. In a context of seismic data acquisition in a marine environment, these sensors are distributed along cables in order to form linear acoustic antennae normally referred to as “streamers” or “seismic streamers”. The network of seismic streamers is towed by a seismic vessel.
The seismic method is based on analysis of reflected seismic waves. Thus, to collect geophysical data in a marine environment, one or more submerged seismic sources are activated in order to propagate seismic wave trains. The pressure wave generated by the seismic source passes through the column of water and insonifies the different layers of the sea bed. Part of the seismic waves (i.e. acoustic signals) reflected are then detected by the sensors (e.g. hydrophones) distributed over the length of the seismic streamers. These acoustic signals are processed and retransmitted by telemetry from the seismic streamers to the operator station situated on the seismic vessel, where they are stored.
A well-known problem in this context is the positioning of the seismic streamers. Indeed, it is important to precisely locate the streamers in particular for:
Control of the positions of streamers lies in the implementation of navigation control devices (commonly referred as “birds”) installed at regular intervals (every 300 meters for example) along the seismic streamers.
Birds of the prior art are used to control only the depth of the streamers in immersion. Today, the birds are used to control the depth as well as the lateral position of the streamers.
The
A complete streamer 13 comprises (along its length) a multitude of parts described on
Each bird 10 may be associated with an electro-acoustic transducer 14 and comprises a body 11 equipped with at least one motorized pivoting wings 12 making it possible to steer laterally the streamer 13 and control the immersion depth of the streamer 13.
The control of the birds is performed locally or by a master controller situated onboard the vessel.
An acoustic node is commonly known as being a transducer 14 and it's associated electronic. A bird 10 may be associated with an acoustic node to allow this acoustic node to ensure a local control function of the associated streamer 13.
For the lateral control, the electro-acoustic transducers 14 allow to estimate the distances between acoustic nodes (named here below “inter-node distances”) placed along two different streamers 13, adjacent or not. More precisely, an electro-acoustic transducer 14 of a first streamer sends several first acoustic sequences and also receives several second acoustic sequences coming from a second electro-acoustic transducer 14 of a second streamer, adjacent or not relative to said first streamer. To estimate an inter-node distance, the data received by a transducer 14 of an acoustic node are then processed locally by a electronic module (not shown on
Transducers 14 are transceivers of acoustic sequences (i.e. acoustic signals in the form of modulated bits) used to determine distances between adjacent nodes situated on the various streamers, thereby forming a mesh of inter-node distances, in order to know precise lateral positioning of all the streamers.
Transducer here is understood to mean either a single electroacoustic device consisting of a transceiver (emitter/receiver) of acoustic signals, or a combination of a sender device (e.g. pinger) and a receiver device (e.g a pressure particle sensor (hydrophone) or a motion particle sensor (accelerometer, geophone . . . )).
Usually, each node comprises an electro-acoustic transducer enabling it to behave alternately as a sender node and as a receiver node (for the transmission and the reception, respectively, of acoustic signals). In an alternative embodiment, a first set of nodes act only as sender nodes and a second set of nodes act only as receiver nodes. A third set of nodes (each acting as a sender node and a receiver node) can also be used in combination with the first and second sets of nodes.
For the immersion depth control, each bird 10 is equipped with one (or more) pressure sensor 15 as well as an associated electronic module (not shown) which enable to implement a feedback loop in order to measure the variations in depth and bring the streamers to a predetermined depth.
However, measuring seismic streamer immersion with such pressure sensors can cause problems in consideration of their fragility in marine environment. As a matter of fact, the pressure sensors are subject to various phenomena that affect their precision and even their working, such as:
It would therefore seem to be particularly worthwhile to make measurement of immersion distances of acoustic nodes without necessarily having recourse to pressure sensors.
It should be reminded that the aforesaid problem is described in the particular field of seismic prospecting in a marine environment, but it can be applied in other fields of application.
A particular embodiment of the invention proposes a method of obtaining a first node-to-surface distance between a reference surface and a first node belonging to a network comprising a plurality of nodes arranged along towed acoustic linear antennas and in which a plurality of acoustic sequences are transmitted between the nodes, each transmitted acoustic sequence being used to estimate at least one inter-node distance as a function of a propagation duration between a sender node and at least one receiver node of said acoustic sequence. The method comprises:
The general principle of this particular embodiment of the invention is therefore to transmit, by a first node, a given acoustic signal whose an echo that results from a reflection by a reference surface is recuperated, by a second node, to estimate an node-to-surface distance. More precisely, each value of the node-to-surface distance is obtained on the basis of two propagation duration measurements carried out by the second node: a first propagation duration of an echo of the signal sent by the first node and a second propagation duration of the signal directly sent by the first node. Thus, this particular embodiment relies on a wholly novel and inventive approach taking advantage of the fact that at least one value of the first node-to-surface distance is obtained without having recourse to dedicated devices (such as pressure sensors in case of estimation of a depth for example).
Advantageously, said nodes comprise transducers used for transmitting the acoustic sequences, and said steps of measuring the first and second propagation durations are implemented with said transducers.
Thus, by re-using the electro-acoustic transducers usually dedicated to estimate inter-node distances (i.e. distances of a different nature from the first node-to-surface distance), this particular embodiment enables to reduce costs regarding the means contributing to the control of acoustic linear antennas in immersion. In other words, with such a method, the use of transducers is therefore optimized since they can be used for both determining inter-node distances and node-to-surface distances.
Advantageously, said nodes are integrated into the towed acoustic linear antennas.
Compared to another solution consisting in connecting nodes to streamers as external satellite devices (each node being attached to a streamer, by a cable for example), the present solution (nodes integrated in the streamers) has several advantages: transport is facilitated, the whole (streamers and nodes) is more compact, less expensive to manufacture and assemble, the nodes are better protected (satellite devices may be subjected to impact with streamers).
Advantageously, the method further comprises a step of obtaining a value of a second node-to-surface distance between the reference surface and said at least one second node. The first value of said first node-to-surface distance is function of:
Thus, besides the first value of the first node-to-surface distance, it is possible to obtain one or several further values of the first node-to-surface distance in a simple way (only four parameters: second node-to-surface distance, first and second propagation durations, and acoustic sound velocity), thereby offering the facility of increasing accuracy of the obtained distance values.
Furthermore, in cases where no first value can be obtained, the method still allows to provide a value of the first node-to-surface distance, even if the first node can not carry out a propagation duration measurement of the first echo.
The value of the acoustic sound velocity is for example provided by the node managing system or by one or several velocimeter (e.g. two velocimeters positioned on the two outmost streamers of the set of streamers towed by the vessel, one of the velocimeter being positioned near the vessel and the other at the opposite of the vessel).
By way of examples, the value of the second node-to-surface distance can be obtained by means of:
Advantageously, the method comprises a step of implementing a weighted average of at least two first values of the first node-to-surface distance, obtained in said step of obtaining, as a function of a echo quality criteria.
The resultant value of the first node-to-surface distance is therefore more accurate.
Advantageously, the method further comprises steps of:
It is thus possible to carry out a quality control on the node-to-surface distance measurements obtained with pressure sensors (the first value of the first node-to-surface distance, obtained with an embodiment of the invention, is used to control the quality of the second value of the first node-to-surface distance, obtained with a pressure sensor). In an alternative embodiment, it is also possible to carry out a quality control on the node-to-surface distance measurements obtained with an embodiment of the invention (the second value of the first node-to-surface distance, obtained with a pressure sensor, is used to control the quality of the first value of the first node-to-surface distance, obtained with an embodiment of the invention).
This allows therefore to increase reliability of node-to-surface distance measurements, in particular, to improve immersion depth control of acoustic linear antennas.
Advantageously, the method comprises a step of filtering the echo received by the second node by applying a timing window in order to keep only the echo reflected by said reference surface.
Thus, the solution can be implemented even if the given acoustic signal is reflected by one or several surfaces other than the reference surface. For example, the given acoustic signal is reflected by a sea surface, as reference surface, and by an ocean bottom, as another surface.
Advantageously, said reference surface belongs to the group comprising a sea surface and an ocean bottom.
Advantageously, said given acoustic signal is one of said acoustic sequences or an acoustic impulsive signal which precedes or follows one of said acoustic sequences in a predetermined transmission time period which is allocated to the first node. Said given acoustic signal is followed by a listening time slot.
In that way, the transmission time period usually used for transmission of an acoustic sequence is used for transmission of the given acoustic signal required for method implementation.
Advantageously, said step of obtaining said at least one first value of the first node-to-surface distance is implemented by said at least one second node or by a managing system of the network nodes.
Thus, the first and second values of the first node-to-surface distance can be estimated either locally in each node or at a manager system level which is deported from the acoustic linear antennas.
Another embodiment of the invention pertains to a computer program product comprising program code instructions for implementing the above-mentioned method (in any one of its different embodiments) when said program is executed on a computer.
Another embodiment of the invention pertains to a computer-readable storage means storing a computer program comprising a set of instructions executable by a computer to implement the above-mentioned method (in any one of its different embodiments).
In another embodiment of the invention, there is proposed a device for obtaining a node-to-surface distance between a reference surface and a first node belonging to a network comprising a plurality of nodes arranged along towed acoustic linear antennas and in which a plurality of acoustic sequences are transmitted between the nodes, each transmitted acoustic sequence being used to estimate at least one inter-node distance as a function of a propagation duration between a sender node and at least one receiver node of said acoustic sequence. Said second node comprises:
Other features and advantages shall appear from the following description, given by way of an indicative and non-exhaustive example, and from the appended drawings, of which:
In all the figures of the present document, the identical elements and steps are designated by a same numerical reference.
It should be noted that, in a network of acoustic nodes, as the one shown in
This acoustic signal 20 comprises:
In an alternative embodiment, the sequence of modulated bits 21 and the acoustic impulsive signal 22 are one and a same signal.
The acoustic sequence 21 is usually used to estimate an inter-node distance between an sender node and at least one receiver node placed on adjacent streamers, in order to position the network of streamers and control their position if necessary. To estimate the inter-node distance, the node receiving the acoustic sequence 21 measures the propagation duration elapsed between the instants of emission and reception of the acoustic sequence 21, from the dating of the acoustic sequence 21 with respect to a common reference (the set of nodes of the network are synchronized and know the speech time of each sender node). The inter-node distance between the sending and receiver nodes is then estimated according to the following equation:
D
AB
=k·t
AB
with:
dAB, the distance separating the sender node A from the receiver node B;
tAB, the propagation duration elapsed between the instants of emission (node A) and reception (node B) of the acoustic sequence;
k, the predefined value of acoustic sound velocity in the prospecting environment.
The acoustic signal 20 also comprises a signal dedicated to the determination of the immersion distance between a node and the sea surface. This signal is consisted of an acoustic impulsive signal 22 followed by a listening time slot 23.
In a particular embodiment described below with further details, this signal could also be used for determining a node-to-surface distance between a node and the surface of the ocean bottom.
It should be noted that the signal comprising the acoustic impulsive signal 22 followed by the listening time slot 23 can be preceded by an acoustic sequence 21 as shown in
It is further noted that it could be envisaged a particular embodiment where no acoustic sequence 21 is sent by the sender node of the acoustic signal 20, but only the signal 22 dedicated to the determination of the node-to surface distance (acoustic impulsive signal 22 followed by the listening time slot 23 on
The listening time slot 23 is intended for enabling a receiver node of the acoustic signal 20 to listen and detect an echo resulting from a reflection by the sea surface of the impulsive signal 22. The details about the principle of determination of the immersion distance (or depth more precisely) between a node and the sea surface are explained below in relation with
In a context of a network of acoustic nodes, each node is able of behaving alternately as a sender node and as a receiver node and having only one electro-acoustic transducer for the transmission and reception of acoustic signals.
Another configuration could also be envisaged with a sender node which performs only sending function (like a pinger) and a receiver node which performs only receiving function (like an hydrophone used on the streamer), according to a particular embodiment. The distance between the pinger and the hydrophone needs however to be known.
The acoustic network relies on time, frequency and space access mode (i.e. time, frequency and spatial discrimination).
The principle of the time discrimination is that of sub-dividing the available time into several time slots or speech times which are allocated to the different nodes of the network: each node of the network has cyclically a speech time during which it transmits its acoustic sequence.
Thus, according to an embodiment of the invention, when a node transmits an acoustic signal 20 during its speech times 24, all the other nodes can listen to it. Also, when a node does not indent to transmit an acoustic sequence 21, the both acoustic impulsive signal 22 and listening time slot 23 must be sent during the speech time allocated to the sender node.
The principle of the frequency discrimination is that of using multiple frequency bands for the emission of acoustic signals, each frequency band being allocated to determined nodes of the network.
We call spatial discrimination the fact that two distant nodes can emit in the same time slot and in the same frequency bandwidth if the two acoustic sequences arrive at different instants on the receiver nodes. Therefore there isn't any interference between the acoustic sequences and each receiver node is able to process independently.
This figure considers an acoustic network where the depth of the acoustic node 30 is sought to be determined.
Depth of a given node is the distance separating the given node from the sea surface 33.
The network of the
In a first step, the node 30 sends omnidirectionaly an acoustic signal 20, for example during the speech time and on the frequency band reserved for that purpose.
If the sender node 30 detects an echo of the acoustic signal that is has sent, this echo resulting from a reflection of this acoustic signal by the sea surface 33 (the water-air interface indeed acts as a reflective surface for acoustic waves), the sender node 30 is able of measuring the propagation duration elapsed between the emission instant of the acoustic signal and the reception instant of the echo of that acoustic signal. More precisely, the propagation duration measured by the sender node 30 is the duration elapsed between the emission instant of the acoustic impulsive signal 22 and the reception instant of the echo of the acoustic impulsive signal, from the dating of the acoustic impulsive signal with respect to a common reference.
In a first case (local computation), the sender node 30 deduces itself its own depth as a function of the measured propagation duration and a predefined value of acoustic sound velocity (k) in the marine environment in which the node navigates.
It should be noted that acoustic immersion measurement is relatively insensitive to an error of sound velocity measurement in the context of typical streamer immersions (i.e. at depth ranging around 10 meters). Indeed, a precision on the sound velocity of 1 m/s implicates an error on the depth measurement less than 1 centimeter.
In a second case (deported computation), the sender node 30 transmits, through the wire communication bus integrated to the streamer, the propagation duration previously measured to the node manager system, which takes care of the calculation of the depth of the sender node 30.
This first measurement of depth is called hereafter as two-way immersion measurement: it is characterized by a propagation duration measurement of a return-way between the sender node and a reflective surface, carried out by the sender node.
It is noted that the omnidirectional radiation pattern of the electro-acoustic transducer used by the nodes does not lead to use this kind of transducer for implementing the two-way immersion measurement, which rather needs a directional radiation pattern.
In the event that the two-way immersion measurement does not allow obtaining a first measurement of depth, another immersion measurement (for which the principle is described below) is implemented to overcome this deficiency.
For example, in the event of small depths, the propagation duration between the emission instant of the acoustic impulsive signal and the reception instant of the echo of the acoustic impulsive signal is so short that the measurement of propagation duration by the sole sender node, is not always possible because of well-known phenomena related to transducer ringing. Also, the propagation duration may be not measurable if bubble clouds (due to vessel wake for example) is located between the sea surface and the node.
In these two last cases, the sender node 30 detects no surface echo, but the depth of the acoustic node 30 can be determined by another node of the network, like the adjacent acoustic node 31 or 32, if this another node has received the acoustic impulsive signal 22 (reflected or not, as described in more details hereafter) sent by the sender node 30.
The node 31, acting as a receiver node, detects the acoustic signal 20, and hence the acoustic impulsive signal 22, sent by the sender node 30. The receiver node 31 then measures a first propagation duration elapsed between the emission and reception instants of the acoustic impulsive signal 22, this acoustic impulsive signal 22 being received via a direct transmission path (represented by the dotted line 35a). This signal is referred to as “a direct ping”. More precisely, and as shown in
Then, the receiver node 31 detects an echo of the acoustic signal 20, and hence the acoustic impulsive signal 22, sent by the sender node 30, this echo resulting from the reflection by the sea surface 33 of the acoustic signal 20. As shown in
In a first case, from the first and second propagation durations (tDR, tRR) previously measured by the node receiver node 31, this latter is able of determining itself the depth of the sender node 30, in accordance with the conditions mentioned below in relation with
In a second case, the node receiver node 31 transmits the values of the first and second propagation durations previously measured to the node manager system, which takes care of the determination of the depth of the sender node 30, in accordance with the conditions mentioned below in relation with
The reasoning developed above regarding the receiver node 31 can be transposed to the receiver node 32 and the direct and indirect transmission paths 35c and 35d.
This second measurement of depth is called hereafter as one-way immersion measurement: it is characterized by measurement, carried out by a neighbor node (31 or 32) of said sender node 30, of a propagation duration of a reflective signal and a propagation duration of a direct signal.
It should be noted that the number of acoustic nodes shown in
The acoustic signal 40a corresponds to the acoustic signal sent by the sender node 30 and received directly by the receiver node (31 or 32) without any reflection of the signal on the sea surface 33. It comprises an acoustic impulsive signal 41a followed by a listen time slot 43a and an acoustic sequence 42a.
The acoustic signal 40b corresponds to the acoustic signal sent by the sender node 30 and received indirectly by the receiver node (31 or 32) via an indirect transmission path. In other words, the signal 40b represents the echo resulting from the reflection by the sea surface—or more generally by a reference surface—of the acoustic signal. It comprises an echo of the acoustic impulsive signal 41b followed by a listen time slot 43b and an echo of the acoustic sequence 42b.
The listen time slot 43a enables the receiver node of the signals 40a and 40b to detect the echo 41b of the acoustic impulsive signal 22 sent by the sender node.
It should be noted that when two acoustic signals are received by the receiver node, a discrimination between direct path and indirect path shall be carried out. It may be considered that:
The identical elements between
It is reminded that the sender node 30 is here considered as being immerged at a small depth. This sender node 30 is thus unable to determine its own depth D1 via a two-way immersion measurement. In such case, it is the receiver node 31 (or node 32) which shall take care of computing the depth D1 for the sender node 30 on the basis of the following formula:
with:
D1, the depth, between the sender node 30 and the sea surface 33, calculated by the receiver node 31;
D2, the depth between the node 31 and the sea surface 33, known by the node 31;
tDR, the propagation duration of a direct acoustic impulsive signal measured by the node 31 (i.e. the propagation duration between the instants of emission and reception of the acoustic impulsive signal);
tRR, the propagation duration of a reflected acoustic impulsive signal measured by the node 31 (i.e. the propagation duration between the emission instant of the acoustic impulsive signal and the reception instant of the echo of the acoustic impulsive signal);
k, a predefined value of the acoustic sound velocity.
As a matter of fact, in accordance with the Pythagorean theorem, we can write the following formulas: HR2=DR2−(D1−D2)2 and HR2=RR2−(D1+D2)2, with RR=RR1+RR2.
From these two formulas, we can write HR2=DR2−(D1−D2)2=RR2−(D1+D2)2 which, after simplifying, leads to the formula
This formula shows that if the sender node 30 is not able of carrying out a measurement of its own depth D1, it is therefore sufficient that there is at least one node (as is the case with the receiver node 31 in this case) for which the depth D2, as well as the propagation duration of the direct acoustic impulsive signal (tDR) and the propagation duration of the reflected acoustic impulsive signal (tRR) are known, to deduce the depth D1.
A value of the depth D2 can be obtained, e.g. by means of:
Whether the receiver node 31 has no knowledge of the depth D2, this one still determines a relative value of the depth D1 relative to the sender node 30. Thus, thanks to the aforesaid formula (I), knowing the depth of a unique node in the network is sufficient to deduce the depth, from neighbor to neighbor, of all the remaining nodes of the network. Take for instance the situation of
In other words, even if the sender node 30 does not detect any surface echo from its own sent signal, the depth D1 of this node can be still deduced by one other node or several other nodes of the network.
One may envisage an embodiment in variant wherein the sender node 30 is able to determine its own depth (two-way immersion measurement) and at least another node is also implicated for determining a value of depth of the sender node (one-way immersion measurement).
In that way, the node manager system may have at its disposal a plurality of values of depth (which can be relative or absolute values), giving it the possibility to carry out a mathematic process in order to strengthen the measurements of depth.
Therefore, the greater the number of nodes implicated in the determination process of a depth of a node is, the more accurate the value of the depth is. Indeed, having centralized a plurality of values of depth, the manager system can carry out, e.g., an average calculation of those values, thereby decreasing the standard deviation on the measurement of depth. The reliability of measurements of depths is thus improved. One can also envisage the possibility of, in a particular embodiment, implementing a weighted average of the depth values obtained for a given node, as a function of a quality criterion of the received signal echo. The greater the signal echo quality is, the greater the weight applied to the corresponding depth value is.
According to a particular embodiment of the invention, one may envisage to carry out a quality control on the depth values resulting from measurements with the pressure sensors of the network. Indeed, in case one, several or all nodes of the network are equipped with a pressure sensor, the depth value from the pressure sensor can be compared with the depth value (or the averaged depth values, if any) obtained from the implementation of the acoustic immersion measurement method according to an embodiment of the invention (providing two-way immersion measurements and/or one-way immersion measurements), so as to validate or invalidate said pressure sensor depth value. Two remote values can be synonymous with a defective pressure sensor for example. This enables to increase reliability of immersion measurements.
The acoustic nodes 63 are arranged along a plurality of streamers 62 towed by a boat 61 on which a node manager system and a navigation system are embedded. The nodes represented on the figure by a point with black color are the nodes of the network that are able of carrying out a two-way immersion measurement, the remaining nodes being unable to take similar action.
When several nodes of the network can carry out of a two-way immersion measurement, the equation system managed by the manager system is oversized (there a more equations than unknowns), the uncertainties concerning the immersion measurements are significantly decreased.
For example, a node for which the depth is sought, having six nodes whose four nodes are able of carrying out a two-way immersion measurement, shall obtain a value of depth with a standard deviation divided per two.
For the purpose of simplifying the description of an embodiment of the present invention, the above description considers only an echo resulting from the reflection by the sea surface of the acoustic impulsive signal. It is clear however that the invention can be implemented in the context of an application with an echo resulting from the reflection by the ocean bottom of the acoustic ping. Indeed, an electro-acoustic transducer sending, by definition, with an omnidirectional directivity, it is possible to detect similarly the surface and the bottom of the ocean. This is particularly interesting notably at a shallow depth (also called shallow water configuration) and in particular at the head of streamers in order to avoid a possible deterioration of the streamers on the floor. In order to differentiate a signal echo resulting from a reflection by the sea surface from a signal echo resulting from a reflection by the ocean bottom, it can be envisaged to carry out a timing window function by signal processing. In that way, in order to detect an echo from the ocean bottom, an observation window shall be defined so as to exclude the theoretical reception instant of the echo from the sea surface which depends on the average depth of the streamers.
At least one embodiment of the invention provides a technique for obtaining a node-to-surface distance between a reference surface and an acoustic node (like an immersion distance (or depth) for instance) in a network of acoustic nodes, that overcomes the undesirable effects related to the use of pressure sensors.
At least one embodiment of the invention provides a technique of this kind that does not necessitate the use of pressure sensors.
At least one embodiment of the invention provides a technique of this kind that is simple to implement and with low manufacturing costs.
At least one particular embodiment reduces investment associated with the means contributing to the control of positions of the streamers.
At least one embodiment of the invention provides a technique that enables to carry out a quality control on the node-to-surface distance measurements associated with pressure sensors. An embodiment therefore increases reliability of node-to-surface distance measurements, in particular, to improve immersion depth control of streamers.
Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to one or more examples, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the scope of the disclosure and/or the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11305834.1 | Jun 2011 | EP | regional |
