Patent Application
20170374532
The present invention relates to a method and a hand luggage trolley for facilitating a flow of passengers through an airport terminal. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and a trolley for providing passengers with relevant information, such as flight and way-finding information during the passengers' stay within the airport terminal, along side with a range of additional individually relevant services, notably within a departure and/or transit area of the airport terminal.
The number of airplane passengers has increased steadily over the past decades, while the cost of travelling by airplane is becoming ever more affordable. Airport providers compete to attract airlines and passengers not only through costs but also through convenience facilities and modern airport hence provide a variety of stores, restaurants and other user-convenience facilities.
As a result of the ever-increasing amount of air traffic, airports (sometime even referred to as “non-places”) tend to become bigger, and most major international airports comprise several terminals and a vast number of departure gates, wherein the departure gates of each terminal are usually distributed along several so-called fingers, concourses or piers. One consequence of the growth of airports is that passengers are required to walk large distances, and that passengers are demanded to navigate through airport terminals by following signs to the appropriate departure gates.
It is well-known that departure gates may change with short notice and that flight delays may be announced with equal short notice, and passengers are hence also required to keep themselves up-to-date via monitors within the airport terminal.
Flights are frequently delayed by passengers who arrive late at the departure gate after having been lost within the airport terminal. From time to time, such delays are significant, in case a passenger's luggage has to be located and off-loaded. From the departing passengers' point of view, gate changes and delays incur stress and lead to waste of time, in particular under circumstances where a passenger finds himself/herself waiting at a gate for an extended period of time, from which the passenger could have benefited in a lounge or shopping area at the airport in question. From the airport providers' point of view, it is generally desirable that waiting passengers spend extended waiting time at restaurants, shops, lounges etc. rather than at the departure gates.
The present invention aims at turning passengers referred to as “late-gaters” and “early-gaters” into “on-time gaters”, i.e. to ensure that passengers arrive at their designated departure gate at an appropriate point in time. An “early gater” is a lost customer of airport shops and restaurants, and a “late-gater” can cause flight departure delays, which in turn frequently lead to loss of slot time at arriving airports, thereby increasing operational costs of airlines and compromising gate efficiency at the airport in question.
Once the passenger has been guided, preferably on time, to the gate, the boarding of aircrafts often takes more time than strictly necessary. Given that most aircrafts only provide one access door, or at most two access doors, and that encouragements for passengers in the aircraft's front rows to defer embarkation until passengers in the back rows have boarded often are disregarded, a need exists for expediting boarding of aircrafts.
The present invention aims at alleviating these inconveniences and minimizing passenger hassle occurring as a consequence of gate changes and delays and to improve passenger experience through convenient guidance to individually relevant services. It is a further object of embodiments of the invention to allow airport providers to improve services through relevant monitoring and information gathering of passenger behaviour.
More specifically, it is an object of embodiments of the invention to provide a method for efficiently disseminating relevant flight-related information to passengers within an airport terminal. It is a further object of embodiments of the invention to provide a method and a trolley, which is inexpensive. It is a further object of embodiments of the invention to provide a method and a trolley, which is capable of benefiting from the passengers' portable devices, such as a smartphones. It is a further object of embodiments of the invention to provide a method for expediting boarding of aircrafts.
In a first aspect the invention provides a method for facilitating a flow of passengers in an airport terminal, comprising the steps of:
so as to thereby facilitate each of the passenger's way through the airport terminal.
As explained in detail below, preferred embodiments of the invention allows the needs of each individual passenger to be accommodated. For example, the airport information forwarded to the electronic control unit preferably includes information relevant to, i.e. useful for the individual trolley and/or passenger, to whom the trolley is assigned.
Each trolley may comprise an interface offering charging of the passenger's mobile device while the passenger uses the trolley or walks along there with.
The step of selecting those parts of the disseminated airport information data, which are to be forwarded to the passenger may be carried out by the electronic control unit of each of the trolleys, or alternatively by external means, such as the computer network of the airport terminal, such as a server thereof. For example, passenger-related information of the passenger holding the trolley, such as passenger identity, nationality or, flight number, departure time or destination may be communicated from the electronic control unit to the computer network, which in turn selects and disseminates relevant information to the individual trolley. The disseminated information may further, or alternatively, be selected on the basis of data entered into the trolley's electronic control unit by the passenger, such as a request to be directed to the nearest toilet facility, a request for shop or restaurant recommendations, or a request for updated departure information. In case the passenger's current position within the terminal is known, that position may be utilized when selecting those parts of the information to be presented to the passenger.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a hand luggage trolley for use in an airport terminal in a system according to the first aspect of the invention, comprising:
wherein the electronic control unit is configured to:
output to the passenger the selected parts of the airport information data.
The airport information received by the electronic control unit may include information, which individually targets the passenger, or it may be general information disseminated to a number of passengers or all passengers.
Additionally, airport shops, restaurants and vendors may be offered to benefit from the trolley and the associated computer network of the airport terminal by allowing such shops, restaurants or vendors to provide advertisements through the trolley in dependence of the passenger-related information, such as the passenger's position or identity. On the basis of the identity of nationality of the passenger, text, audio or video messages may be provided in the native language of the passenger and/or in a language selected by the passenger.
The computer network within the airport terminal is preferably connected to or integral with one or more departure control systems (DCS) within the airport. The DCS of an airport may manage check-in devices, mobile boarding cards, baggage handling, etc. In one embodiment, the DCS may comprise a DCS of Amadeus IT Group, such as Altéa Departure Control, as disclosed and described in Amadeus Altéa Departure Control Flight Management Departure Controller, User Guide, May 2012, as publicly available on the Internet via the following link on the filing date of the instant patent application:
http://www.alc.amadeus.com/content/public/groundhandlers/docs.
The computer network within the airport terminal may alternatively or additionally be operationally connected to other commercially available systems such as Amadeus Mobile
Travel Assistant as publicly disclosed on the Internet via the following link on the filing date of the instant application: http://www.amadeus.com/corporations/x155838.html.
Alternative systems, such as Amadeus “Passenger Verification & Tracking” may also be employed.
The airport information data preferably comprises at least flight departure information, including an identification of departure gates and scheduled and/or estimated flight take-off information, preferably in real time. The airport information data may include further information for facilitating the passengers' navigation through the airport terminal and for increasing the passengers' comfort and ease. For example, the airport information data may include shopping and restaurant guides or special offers, walking distance or walking time information from a passenger's current location to the passenger's departing gate. Such information may be dynamically updated. If, for example, the passenger in the terminal area is walking away from the gate of departure, the information about walking time to the gate will increase, and a signal of the trolley for the passenger to turn direction and go to the gate will be provided sooner
The selected parts of the airport information data passed to each passenger may comprise a call, such as a text message at the trolley's monitor or at a monitor/display means of the user's portable device, for the passenger to proceed to the gate of the passenger's flight. Hence, passengers may allow themselves to stay at parts of the airport terminal other than the gate area until a point in time when personnel or automated passenger flow systems require passengers to move towards the gate of their flight, and the number of loud-speaker announcements in airports may be reduced, resulting in quiet airport environments. Further, the limited space and number of seats available at gates often result in loss of passenger comfort, and such loss of comfort may be avoided or reduced by allowing the passengers to stay away from the gate until they are called. In one embodiment of the invention, all passengers of a particular flight may be called to the gate simultaneously, whereas in other embodiments, disabled passengers or passengers traveling with children may be called at an earlier point in time than other passengers. In one embodiment of the invention, the gate of a particular flight is not announced anywhere at the airport, until the passengers are called. It may thus be ensured that passengers do not occupy the gate area until they in fact are wanted.
The data passed to the passenger via the trolley and/or personal portable device may comprise a message for the passenger to board the flight. It may thus be achieved that passengers do not proceed to a gate passage point until they receive a personal message instructing them to proceed. Hence, queuing at the gate may be reduced and boarding may consequently be conducted more efficiently. The present invention aims at turning passengers referred to as “late-gaters” and “early-gaters” into “on-time gaters”, i.e. to achieve that all or at least the vast majority of passengers arrive at the gate sufficiently early to ensure that boarding may be completed without delays caused by late passengers while also ensuring that passengers do not spend too much time at the gate in advance of the boarding of the flight. An “early gater” is a lost customer of airports shops and restaurants, and a “late-gater” can cause delays, subsequently sometimes leading to lose of slot time in arriving airports causing additional costs for airlines, as well as harming gate efficiency in the airport in question.
Gate efficiency has a great operational impact on all airports. For example, gate changes due to weather conditions, strikes, reallocation of staff, etc. often cause further delays and passenger discomfort. In many cases, late passengers cause gate changes, as all disposable gates often are planned ahead for arrivals, and a late departure caused by a late passenger at a particular gate can force the next aircraft at that gate to block at another gate, often leading to domino effects in busy airport hubs in particular, with all the encountered cost effects and passenger discomfort and stress.
In order to ensure that calls for passengers and other types of information affecting the flow of passengers through the airport are not delayed due to network capacity limitations, the computer network within the airport terminal may be configured to prioritize, over other types of disseminated data, the call for the passenger or said message for the passenger to board.
The step of identifying the passenger and/or the passenger's flight at the trolley may occur by reading a boarding card of the passenger, i.e. user, or by reading another user identification means, such as a credit card of the user, or by otherwise detecting a travel document of the user. Alternatively, the user may identify himself/herself to the trolley by means of a portable device, such as a smartphone, with which the trolley is configured to communication, e.g. through a Bluetooth® connection, any NFC (Near Field Communication) protocol or stand, or any other suitable connectivity system. In a yet further embodiment, the trolley comprises a keyboard or touch screen allowing the user to key in an identification of himself or his flight.
The present invention offers various advantages to transit passengers at the airport and to promote sales of the airport's shops and restaurants. Passengers rarely download airport apps of airports, in which they are in transit, and pushing of local way-finding and shopping-promoting information to transit passengers is hence rendered difficult if not impossible. Thanks to the present invention, however, a transit passenger who has adequately identified himself/herself or the passenger's flight to the trolley, may be provided with relevant and individually customized information. For example, way-finding information may be made available to transit passengers via the trolley's monitor or screen, and, depending on the time until the passenger's flight, accommodation proposals, such as hotel offers, may be made available.
The computer network and the control unit of the trolley preferably provide real-time update of flight departure changes and/or other information comprised in the airport information data. For example, in case the DCS is updated with a gate change, that gate change is immediately communicated by the server of the computer network within the airport terminal to the relevant trolleys in the airport.
In one embodiment, the trolley is configured to communicate with the passenger's personal smart phone or other portable device. In that case, the passenger's portable device may perform some of the above functionality of the control unit of the trolley, such as selection of the relevant parts of the airport information data to show to the user. Further, the graphical user interface of the passenger's personal portable device may be utilized to display the selected parts of the airport information data to the user.
The trolley according to the invention is preferably made entirely from X-ray compliant materials to allow it to pass X-ray at a security check-point within the airport with the passenger's carry-on items, including hand luggage, remaining loaded onto the trolley. One embodiment of a security check-point passage procedure is generally described in international patent publication No. WO 2012/032108, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In advanced embodiments of the invention, the control unit of the trolley may be configured to allow the passenger to request information, ask questions or browse through a library of information made available at the computer network. Such information request or browsing may conveniently take place via an appropriately programmed user interface, e.g. the user interface of his/her personal portable device.
In a most simple aspect of the present invention, the trolley is configured for way-finding and tracking purposes only.
The computer network within the airport terminal may be connected to computer networks of other airports. In such case, the airport information data may include information to the passenger with regard to gate change, flight delays or cancellations at a further airport, for example an airport, at which the passenger will land for transit. The computer networks of the respective airports may share information obtained from one or more distributed or common departure control systems (DCS). Information may be presented to the passenger in real-time, i.e. as soon as the DCS are updated, information is passed on to the passengers.
The trolley of the present invention may comprise a rechargeable battery pack for powering electronic control, data transmission and display means of the trolley, and a charging interface for charging the battery pack when the trolley is parked in a charging dock. Alternatively a generator may be integrated with the trolley, which generates electrical energy for charging the battery pack as the trolley is moved by the passenger.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a system comprising a plurality of trolleys according to the second aspect of the invention, each comprising a rechargeable battery pack, and at least one charging dock for charging the battery pack of the trolley, when the trolley is parked in the charging dock.
The present invention also provides a system comprising a plurality of trolleys according to the second aspect of the invention, each comprising a fuel cell arrangement that includes fuel-containing means, such as cavities in injection-moulded parts, the fuel comprising, e.g., a low concentration non-flammable methanol solution, to run the described intelligent platform and communication means of the trolley.
The trolley and computer network of the airport terminal may cooperate to track trolleys and to detect the whereabouts of individual trolleys and to detect usage of trolleys. Hence, it may also be ensured that a particular minimum required number of trolleys is always available at certain locations, notably pick-up stations of trolleys for passengers. Such pick-up stations may, for example, be provided upstream of airport security checkpoints such as those described in international patent publication No. WO 2012/032108, or at any other appropriate location within or in the vicinity of an airport terminal. The traceability of the individual trolley greatly improves trolley management system and renders recollection of trolleys more efficient and enhances maintenance, as a precise record of usage for the individual trolley can be embedded.
Advertisements provided at the trolley may conveniently be provided in the passenger's native language or in a language selected by the passenger. Further, the position of the trolley and hence the passenger occupying the trolley may be detected, and advertisements may be provided, for example in text or video format, depending on the trolley's position and/or direction of movement in order to guide the passenger to a nearby shop or restaurant.
Subject to applicable rules for data collection and usage, collection of passenger-related information at the trolley also allows for tracking of passengers' movements around the airport terminal and detection of so-called dwell time at specific points of interest. Based on collection of big data, customized and efficient advertisement information may be individually targeted to passengers based, e.g., on nationality, age, sex, destination or any other passenger-related data.
In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a method for boarding an aircraft, comprising:
Boarding of the aircraft may thus be efficiently controlled, as passengers may be individually invited to enter the aircraft in a preferred order, i.e. in compliance with a preferred boarding order. A minority of passengers not holding a portable device, such as a smartphone or a trolley according to the second aspect of the invention, or who have not identified themselves to such device, may be individually called through loudspeaker announcements at the gate, or they may have to accept to board the aircraft once passengers having identified themselves to their portable devices or trolleys and having been called via such devices have completed boarding.
In a fifth aspect, the invention provides a further method for boarding an aircraft, comprising:
The method of the fifth aspect of the invention hence provides a physical barrier to passengers, who are not invited to board the aircraft. Boarding passengers may be supported by displaying messages at a portable device of the passengers indicating when it is each individual passenger's boarding turn, and/or by stationary display means at the gate, such as next to the barrier.
Embodiments of the invention will now be further described with reference to the drawings, in which:
The flow of passengers through a security check point in an example of a prior art airport terminal is illustrated by arrows in
The flow of persons 110 and their carry-on items (not shown) in the prior art security check point system 100 of
The prior art system and method illustrated in
As shown in
The luggage trolley 200 is illustrated in more detail in
In order to receive information to be displayed to the user at the display 214, the trolley 200 comprises a communication interface for receiving data from an external unit. A central server (not shown) and a data broadcasting system (not shown) connected to the central server are provided, the data broadcasting system being configured to broadcast information, which can be received at each of the trolleys 200 via the communication interface. The trolley may in turn comprise computer means configured to conduct a person-specific selection of parts of the broadcasted information on the basis of the person's identity and to show said parts of the broadcasted information at the monitor.
The broadcasting system may for example comprise a wireless data transmission network and appropriately configured receivers at the trolleys for receiving wirelessly transmitted data.
The system may in one embodiment be configured to repeatedly broadcast updated versions of information and to update the displayed information at the monitor in accordance with the received updated versions of information. For example, the central server may broadcast flight departure information, including information on possible gate changes or delays. Hence, the user does not have to watch wall- or ceiling-mounted information monitors, but has the departure information readily at hand at his/her personal trolley 200. The display 204 may also display a map of, e.g., the airport, in which the trolley is operated, in order to facilitate the user's navigation through the airport.
The selected parts of the broadcasted information shown to the user may also comprise search and find functionality, such as directions to one or more sites of specific interest to the person operating the trolley, such as e.g. directions to restaurants, toilets, children facilities, service counters etc., in case the user has indicated via a user interface of the trolley that he/she intends to have a meal and/or to benefit from one or more of the aforementioned facilities.
The trolleys 200 may be powered by rechargeable or disposable batteries. In one embodiment, the trolleys are rechargeable in a designated docking station therefor or by built-in charging ability, such as by a touch-based or non-touch (i.e. inductive) electrical generator, or via solar cells.
In one embodiment, the monitors 214 and optionally the user-identification interface 216 may be provided as a retrofit to existing luggage trolleys.
The system according to the invention may further comprise means (not shown) for transferring the trolleys from the site downstream of the security check point to the upstream site upon completion of the persons' use of the trolleys. For example, the trolleys 200 may be collected a designated collection areas and conveyed back to the upstream zone by conveyors, or simply pushed by hand.
Generally, the present invention allows passengers' identities to become known to security staff at security checkpoints of airports. For example, each passenger may be required to identify himself/herself prior to proceeding to a security and X-ray checkpoint for entering that part of the airport terminal restricted to air passengers. Hence, passengers of particular interest may, for example, be instructed to proceed to a particular security line, at which passengers are checked more thoroughly than at other lines. Instructions to this effect may be provided discretely via, e.g. a text message at a screen or monitor of the trolley. Such procedures may be complemented with a possibly camera-assisted surveillance or watch procedure to verify that the passenger indeed proceeds to the instructed line. Failure to comply with the instruction may in itself be an indicator to security staff to be cautious.
Identification of passengers or at least passenger-related data upstream of security also allows processing of images of carry-on items to correlate images of multiple security check-points to determine, e.g., if a suspiciously high amount of liquids is carried on to a single flight by a plurality of passengers, or if different components of a weapon or different ingredients for an explosive are carried onto the same flight by individual passengers.
Still further, the risk of inadvertent mixing of individual passengers' personal belongings or theft thereof downstream of the security checkpoint may be reduced if the passengers' carry-on items are conveyed through security while loaded onto a trolley Queuing downstream of the security checkpoint may also be reduced, as the passenger is immediately ready to walk on with the trolley already packed with his/hers belongings following X-raying thereof.
In one embodiment, the trolley of the present invention allows passengers to utilize the trolley's interface for checking in to flights. For example, the trolley may connect to a portable device of the passenger holding the passenger's ticket or reservation number, booking number or other flight- and passenger-identifying information. Communication between the electronic control unit of the trolley and the passenger's mobile device may be carried out by use of BlueTooth™ communication, NFC or other suitable means. Further, the trolley may be configured to provide printed or electronic boarding passes. For example, an electronic boarding pass issued through the trolley's communication interfaces, may be forwarded to the passenger's mobile device through wireless communication means known per se.
Generally, in the present invention, the trolley may comprise a communication port for communicating with a portable device belonging to the passenger, such as a mobile telephone, smartphone, PDA, tablet computer or laptop computer. The communication port preferably comprises the data output means for communicating at least the selected part of the airport information to the passenger. In such embodiments, the passenger carries the portable device when entering the airport terminal and establishes or accepts a connection of the portable device to the trolley, once the passenger is in the airport terminal and has selected a trolley. The trolley may alternatively be assigned to the passenger. The portable device may be pre-programmed with adequate software for communicating with the trolley, e.g. through a USB interface, by Bluetooth or any other suitable means of communication. The passenger may be prompted, through an interface of the portable device, to download software, such as an app, for communicating with the trolley. The portable device may hence be preloaded with software allowing it to communicate with the electronic control unit of the trolley before the passenger establishes or accepts the connection of the portable device to the trolley. Alternatively, the electronic control unit of the trolley may be configured to load, into the portable device, software allowing the electronic control unit to communicate with the portable device. In such embodiments, the step of establishing a connection of the portable device to the trolley occurs prior to a further step of loading the software into the portable device.
At the step of outputting the selected parts of the airport information data to the passenger, the selected parts may be communicated from the electronic control unit through the communication port. An alert may be generated at the portable device to inform the passenger of incoming information, such as a change of departure gate or the delay of the passenger's flight. At the latest when boarding the flight, the passenger preferably disconnects the portable device from the trolley.
The communication port of the portable device may comprise the interface of the trolley for receiving information identifying the passenger and/or the passenger's flight. At the step of identifying the passenger and/or the passenger's flight, data may be communicated from the portable device to the electronic control unit of the trolley through the communication port. The passenger may identify himself/herself to the portable device before entering the airport terminal, e.g. at the stage of checking in to the flight via the Internet at a remote location.
The trolley may be configured to charge a battery of the portable device. Hence the trolley may comprise an energy accumulating system. The battery of the portable device may accordingly be charged while it remains in the vicinity of the trolley, e.g. while it remains physically connected to the trolley.
The trolley may be configured to operate independently of a smartphone or other personal portable device of the passenger. For example, the trolley may comprise a frame and a user interface embedded in or integrated with the frame, such as in a monitor integral with or mounted to the frame. The passenger and/or the passenger's flight may hence be identified via the user interface, the selected parts of the airport information data may be communicated to the passenger occur via the user interface of the trolley.
In one embodiment, the computer network and wireless communication means may be utilized to track each of the trolleys' whereabouts. Accordingly, under the assumption that a passenger remains in the vicinity of his/her trolley, passengers may also be tracked. For example, in case a passenger does not present himself/herself at the departure gate at the time of boarding, that passenger may be located within the airport terminal. Hence, the passenger can efficiently be fetched and rushed to the gate, as opposed to the often inefficient loudspeaker calls, which widely are applied in most airports.
The mobile wireless communication means of the trolley may be e.g. based on Bluetooth® or any NFC (Near Field Communication) standard or protocol or any other means of appropriate connective communication. The method of the present invention may in one embodiment be configured allow passengers to make payments at the airport, such as paying a parking charge related to the parking of a car in a parking facility of the airport, or paying an excess luggage fee.
The method of the present invention may include the step of updating the passenger's account in a loyalty programme of an airline of an airport when the passenger checks in or undertakes certain actions at the airport, such as booking a hotel room, eating at selected restaurants, shopping at a selected stores or renting a car.
The airport terminal may generally comprise an area open to the public, a departure area accessible to flight passengers only, and a security checkpoint area separating the public area from the departure area. In case of passengers whose air journey commences in the airport, the steps of assigning one of the trolleys to each of the passengers and identifying, at the trolley, the passenger and/or the passenger's flight may occur in the area open to the public or in the departure area. In case of transit passengers arriving at the airport by plane and leaving again by plane, the steps of assigning one of the trolleys to each of the passengers and identifying, at the trolley, the passenger and/or the passenger's flight preferably occur in the departure area or in a designated transit area reserved to transit passengers.
In accordance with the procedure discussed above in relation to
The computer network of the airport terminal may utilize the number of trolleys in use and optionally the passenger's flight information to determine any possible need for increasing or decreasing the number of staff and/or the number of open passageways at a security check area. For example, where the security checkpoint area comprises a plurality of passageways between the area open to the public and the departure area, the passageways being staffed by human security staff, the method of the present invention may comprise determining, at the at least one server of the computer network, a number of trolleys assigned to passengers, who are present in the area open to the public. The method may further comprise using the number of trolleys and optionally the passenger's flight information to determine any possible need for increasing or decreasing the number of staff and/or the number of open passageways, also by distributing and even workload on the individual security lines by queue management that has the ability to advice individual passenger to the shortest queue and to advise disabled, families with children or others with special needs, as determined e.g. through boarding pass-derived knowledge, to specially dedicated security lines.
The electronic control unit of the trolley may be configured to generate passenger convenience data on the basis of at least one of an identification of the passenger's flight and/or the passenger's location within the airport terminal and/or other information available to the electronic control unit. The passenger convenience data may be individually selected in respect of each passenger, or at least some of the passenger convenience data may be common to all passengers. For example, the control unit may be programmed to inform the passenger of nearby restaurants in case the control unit determines that the passenger has time for a meal before scheduled gate opening of the passenger's departure gate. Such passenger convenience data may be communicated to the passenger in addition to the selected parts of the airport information data.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PA 2013 70178 | Mar 2013 | DK | national |
This application is a Continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 14/780,433 filed on Sep. 25, 2015, which is a U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2014/056117 filed on Mar. 27, 2014, for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §120; and this application claims priority of Application No. PA 2013 70178 filed in Denmark on Mar. 27, 2013 under 35 U.S.C. §119; the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14780433 | Sep 2015 | US |
| Child | 15645595 | US |
