Patent Application
20170232722
The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to European Application No. 16156132.9, filed on Feb. 17, 2016.
The present invention relates generally to the manufacturing of laminated objects, to laminated objects comprising a foam core and a skin, as well as to pallets comprising a foam core and a skin, and to methods for producing such pallets.
Although the present invention may be useful for improving laminated objects of various shapes, uses and types, as well as corresponding manufacturing methods, the present invention and the underlying problem will be explained in the following in greater detail with regard to pallets, for example pallets such as are used for transporting various goods, e.g. by truck, train, ship, or aircraft, or other vehicles.
Pallets are used in almost every industry in which goods must be transported. Generally, known pallet types can be made from corrugated paper, lumber, engineered wood, plastic or metal.
Nowadays, wooden pallets are the most common type of pallet. However, wooden pallets have a number of disadvantages. For example, pallets made of wood are relatively heavy, and may be difficult to handle due to their weight. Moreover, for example, regulations governing wood intended for international use may require a special treatment of wood packaging materials, such as pallets, for example by heat treatment or fumigation. Such treatments are costly, may be undesirable with regard to their environmental impact, and the treatment by fumigation may hinder a reuse of the pallets. Furthermore, wooden pallets may not be suitable for certain products, usually are not recyclable, and do not contribute to climate protection.
The manufacturing of plastic pallets, however, requires a significant investment in equipment and tooling. The costs incurred for materials and production are on average higher for conventional plastic pallets than for lumber pallets.
Moreover, low performance plastic pallets can have disadvantages such as restricted strength and robustness, too much weight, and an unfavorable cost-benefit ratio.
It would be desirable to overcome at least some of the disadvantages of conventional pallets mentioned above.
In view of this, the problem to be solved by at least the embodiment of the present invention is to provide an improved, cost-effective method for manufacturing a durable, light-weight object, which in particular can be made from synthetic materials and in particular can be used as a pallet. Further, the present invention aims at providing an improved manufacturing device, and an improved method for producing pallets. Moreover, it is an object of the present invention to provide durable, lightweight and cost-effective objects such as pallets, in particular.
Accordingly, at least the embodiment of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a laminated object, wherein the method comprises steps of:
In accordance with at least the embodiment of the present invention, there is also provided a manufacturing device for manufacturing a laminated object, in particular by performing such a method. The manufacturing device comprises a supporting arrangement adapted to support a foam core and hold the foam core and portions of a skin in a predefined position relative to each other. Furthermore, the manufacturing device comprises a heating arrangement for heating the skin, and a vacuum application device adapted to pierce the skin and adapted for removing a gaseous medium, in particular air, from within the foam core and from a space or spaces between the foam core and the skin via the vacuum application device.
At least the embodiment of the invention further proposes a first laminated object comprising a foam core and a skin, the first laminated object being manufactured by the method for manufacturing a laminated object according to the invention.
Further, at least the embodiment of the invention proposes a second laminated object comprising a foam core and a skin, wherein the foam core is formed from a synthetic material and the skin is formed from a synthetic material, wherein the skin is thermoformed around the foam core so as to seal the foam core within the skin such that an at least partial vacuum is preserved within a space occupied by the foam core and enclosed by the skin.
In addition, at least the embodiment of the present invention also provides a method for producing pallets comprising at least one foam core formed from a synthetic foam material and a skin formed from a synthetic sheet material. The skin can be connected to the foam core at the surface thereof by fusion. The method for producing pallets uses a production arrangement comprising at least one shape-molding device and at least one laminating device, and the method comprises steps of:
A first pallet proposed by at least the embodiment of the present invention comprises a foam core formed from a synthetic foam material and a skin formed from a synthetic sheet material, wherein the skin is connected to the foam core at the surface thereof by fusion. The first pallet in particular may be manufactured using a method for manufacturing a laminated object as proposed by the invention.
A second pallet proposed by at least the embodiment of the present invention comprises a foam core formed from polystyrene foam, in particular from expanded polystyrene, and a thermoformed skin formed from a synthetic material and connected to the foam core. The second pallet in particular may be manufactured using a method for manufacturing a laminated object as proposed by the invention.
A third pallet suggested by at least the embodiment of the present invention comprises a foam core and a skin formed from a thermoformable sheet material, wherein the pallet is in particular manufactured using a method for manufacturing a laminated object as proposed by the present invention. The thermoformable sheet material comprises at least one layer comprising acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
Within the context of this application, the term “skin” will be used for generally sheet-type, film-type, foil-type or similar materials both in their state and shape in which they are present in the final, finished product, where the material may already have been deformed and/or connected to another component, and in the initial, possibly undeformed shape and/or unconnected state.
Moreover, within the context of the present application, it should be understood that the term “vacuum” is not restricted to a vacuum in the strict sense of complete evacuation of a portion of space. Instead, within the context of this application, the term “vacuum” refers in a more general sense to a reduced, low pressure of desired degree, as compared to the ambient air pressure, including “light vacuum” as well as “strong vacuum”.
An idea underlying at least the embodiment of the present invention is that a laminated object, and in particular a pallet or a section thereof, of significantly increased structural strength, durability and life span, and highly resistant to damage by impacts or rough handling, as well as of low weight, can be obtained in a competitive manner and at low cost if a heated skin, which may, for example, comprise heated skin sheets for forming the skin, is pierced and is then drawn towards the foam core by applying vacuum to an interior of the foam core. In this manner, the need for external female tools for forming the skin or skin sheets is avoided. In this manner, the costs for tooling can be reduced, and the complexity of the control of the process can be lowered. Accordingly, the laminated object obtained can be used as a competitive substitute for such wooden transport pallets, for example euro-pallets made of wood or wooden Düsseldorf-type pallets. In this way, a substitute for wooden transport pallets, having very good cost-benefit-ratio as well as having very good properties in terms of e.g. structural strength, durability, life span, rigidity and weight can be provided, the empty weight of which may, for example, correspond to only approx. 25 percent of a comparable wooden pallet.
By applying vacuum to the inside of the foam core and preserving an at least partial vacuum within the space occupied by the foam core which is enclosed by the skin, in particular by skin sheets joined to each other, a stiff, pre-stressed structure of the laminated object can be obtained. This makes such a laminated object particularly suitable for use as a transport pallet or a section thereof, not only for lightweight goods, but also for heavy duty. An very rigid construction is obtained by the simultaneous application of the skin to the foam core, the creation of an at least light vacuum inside the core, and in particular the shrinking process of the skin as the skin cools after its application to the core.
Another idea underlying at least the embodiment of the present invention is that a very versatile production process capable of producing pallets of a great variety, in particular with respect to weight and/or load-carrying capacity of the pallet, can be obtained if the foam core and the skin are each formed from a synthetic material, and the density of the foam core as well as the skin composition and/or thickness are varied “on the fly”, i.e. without stopping the production arrangement, so that e.g. a range of pallets having different specification can be produced in a flexible manner using one core design and one type of shape-molding tool.
Moreover, it is an object of at least the embodiment of the present invention that a pallet having a foam core and a skin, both the foam core and the skin each being formed from a respective synthetic material, can be significantly improved in strength, durability, life span and resistance to damage, at an adequate low weight, if the skin is connected to the foam core, at the surface of the foam core, by fusion. In particular, polystyrene foam as material for forming the core is advantageous for obtaining a lightweight pallet.
A further finding underlying at least the embodiment of the present invention is that a pallet of excellent strength and impact resistance can be obtained if the pallet is provided with a foam core and a skin and the thermoformable sheet material used to form the skin comprises at least a layer comprising acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. In particular, a food-safe pallet can also be obtained in this manner.
Advantageous improvements and developments of at least the embodiment of the invention are contained in the dependent claims as well as in the description, which refers to the figures of the drawings.
In particular, the foam core is formed from a synthetic material and/or the skin is formed from a synthetic material. Using synthetic materials, a light-weight core can be provided, which helps to reduce the overall weight of the laminated object, in particular the weight of a pallet. Moreover, the use of synthetic materials for the core and the skin contribute to obtaining a laminated object that is not only robust and durable, as well as light-weight, but also moisture-proof, safe, easy to clean and washable, temperature-resistant, as well as resistant to infestation, rusting, rotting and weathering. In particular, such a laminated object may be suitable for being cleaned using a pressure washer, steam cleaner or another standard system, without requiring costly special treatments like fumigation. This is especially useful if the laminated object is a pallet or a section of a pallet. Furthermore, laminated objects, in particular pallets, comprising a skin and core each made from a synthetic material can be easily customized. For example, customized design solutions are possible.
According to a development of the method and manufacturing device for manufacturing a laminated object, before the vacuum is applied, a portion of the vacuum application device is caused to penetrate through the skin into the foam core in the piercing step. In this manner, vacuum can be applied in an effective manner to the interior of the foam core. In a development of the manufacturing device, the vacuum application device is configured such that a portion thereof can penetrate through the skin into the foam core.
In accordance with a development of the method and manufacturing device for manufacturing a laminated object, the vacuum application device comprises a hollow needle, in particular a hypodermic needle, and may in particular be formed as such a hollow needle. In accordance with this development, the skin is pierced by the hollow needle in the piercing step of the method, the hollow needle of the manufacturing device being adapted to pierce the skin. A hollow needle, and in particular a hypodermic needle, is particularly suitable for piercing the skin and applying vacuum, as it is sharp and leaves only a small aperture in the skin after having been withdrawn.
In a development of the manufacturing device, the manufacturing device is configured such that the vacuum application device, in particular the needle, is movable with respect to the foam core when the foam core is supported by the supporting arrangement. According to an example, the needle of the vacuum application device may be mounted onto a frame or other support which is movable with respect to the supported foam core. In this way, the piercing of the skin can be relatively easily accomplished. In a development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the skin may be pierced by moving the vacuum application device relative to the foam core.
According to a development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, in the step of piercing the skin, a section of the skin is pressed against the foam core by a sealing face surrounding the vacuum application device. In a development of the manufacturing device, the vacuum application device is surrounded by a sealing face adapted to press a section of the skin against the foam core. In particular, the sealing face may surround the hollow needle of the vacuum application device, in such a manner that a portion of the hollow needle including the point thereof protrudes from the sealing face. Pressing a section of the skin, in the proximity of the location where the skin is pierced, against the foam core avoids tearing of the heated skin as it is penetrated by the sharp vacuum application device.
In a development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, an aperture or apertures which is/are created in the skin during the piercing step is or are sealed after withdrawing the vacuum application device or the vacuum application devices, in particular after withdrawing the needle or needles from the foam core. In this development, the sealing step is performed in particular in such a manner that a vacuum is permanently preserved within the foam core of the finished laminated object. This may contribute to obtaining a pre-stressed structure of the laminated object, making the laminated object very rigid. Moreover, preserving a vacuum, for example a light vacuum, inside the foam core improves the insulation properties of the foam core even further. Such a laminated object may, in accordance with an example, be particularly suitable for use as a transport pallet for cool room applications or a pallet section of such a pallet. In this way, the pallet may then require much less energy to cool to a cool room temperature than a wooden pallet. The manufacturing device may, in an example, be adapted to perform sealing of the aperture or apertures. In particular, in accordance with this development, the production arrangement used for producing pallets may be adapted to perform such sealing of the aperture or apertures. In developments of the pallets and of the laminated objects of the invention, the aperture(s) may be sealed.
According to a further development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the method includes thermoforming the skin by conforming the heated skin at least in regions to the foam core, using the vacuum that is applied via the vacuum application device. In this way, the skin is formed to the desired shape in a relatively simple manner without requiring expensive or complex exterior female tools. In accordance with the corresponding development of the manufacturing device, the device is adapted to perform thermoforming of the skin. In the pallets and laminated objects of the present invention, the skin in particular is thermoformed.
In accordance with a further development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the heated skin is drawn onto the foam core so as to contact the surface of the foam core in the step of applying the vacuum. Further, in this development, the skin is connected to the foam core by fusion, in particular by fusion of the foam core in the region of the surface of the foam core. In particular, the connection of the skin to the foam core by fusion is accomplished using the residual heat in the heated skin or heated skin portion or heated skin sheet, i.e. using the heat that is retained in the skin or skin portion or skin sheet after the heating step. A strong and durable laminated object, having low weight, may in this way be obtained in a relatively simple manner.
According to a further development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the step of providing the skin comprises providing at least two skin sheets. Further, in this development, the arranging step comprises arranging the foam core between the skin sheets, and the step of piercing the skin comprises piercing at least one of the skin sheets by the vacuum application device. In particular, the skin sheets may be a top sheet and a bottom sheet positioned on the top side and on the bottom side of the foam core, respectively. In this way, both sides of the foam core can be laminated simultaneously in the same process. Such a process can also be called a twin sheet process. In this manner, the foam core can be completely sealed within the skin, whereby a resistant, durable structure can be obtained. Further, for example, in the interior of this structure, a light vacuum can be preserved.
In accordance with a development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the skin sheets are fusion-welded to each other in a peripheral region of the foam core so as to tightly enclose the foam core. In particular, the fusion welding of the sheets to each other is accomplished using the vacuum applied via the vacuum application device. In this manner, it becomes possible to fully seal the foam core within the skin formed by the skin sheets, in a comparatively simple manner and without a need for complicated tools.
In particular, in a development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the heating step is carried out before performing the steps of piercing the skin and of applying the vacuum.
In accordance with a further development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the foam core and the skin are arranged and the skin is heated in such a manner that, before performing the step of piercing the skin, a portion of the skin just touches a region of the foam core in which the skin is to be pierced in the piercing step. In this way, it can for example be avoided to excessively stretch the skin in the piercing step. In a further development, the manufacturing device is adapted accordingly.
In a development of the manufacturing device for manufacturing a laminated object, the supporting arrangement comprises at least one retractable support pin for supporting the foam core. In a corresponding development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the foam core is supported using at least one retractable support pin. In this way, the foam core can be supported, in particular between two skin sheets, for laminating the core while avoiding as far as possible to interfere with the process of drawing the skin towards the foam core.
In a preferred development of the manufacturing device, the support pin is movably mounted in a bar element. The bar element and the support pin are arranged in such a manner that, during application of the vacuum, portions of the skin sheets can be drawn against the bar element from opposite sites thereof, and the support pin can be retracted from the core when portions of the skin sheets have reached the bar element. In accordance with a development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the support pin being movably mounted in the bar element, the skin sheets are drawn towards the bar element during application of the vacuum, and the support pin is retracted away from the foam core after the skin sheets have reached the bar element.
In a further development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the application of vacuum via the vacuum application device is continued until the sheets have been drawn towards each other in a peripheral region of the foam core and have been welded so as to connect the sheets to one another in this region. In this manner, the support pins interfere as little as possible with the connection of the skin sheets in the peripheral region of the foam core, and a clean and faultless weld is established.
In accordance with a development of the manufacturing device, the supporting arrangement is constructed such that the portions of the skin and portions of the supporting arrangement in cooperation can temporarily form an enclosure around the foam core, wherein the enclosure is sealed with the exception of at least one vent provided in the supporting arrangement. In this development, the at least one vent is configured to allow outflow of a gaseous medium, in particular air, from the interior of the enclosure. In this manner, the gaseous medium, in particular air, can be naturally exhausted from the space between the skin portions or sheets while the skin is heated. In the development of the method for manufacturing a laminated body, a gaseous medium, in particular air, is enabled to be exhausted from the interior of an enclosure formed around the foam core by portions of the skin and portions of a supporting arrangement for supporting the foam core, in particular during the step of heating the skin, more preferably during the steps of heating and of applying the vacuum via the vacuum application device. With this development, a pressure buildup due to heating the skin between portions or sheets of the skin can be avoided, and the vent can contribute to exhausting air within the enclosure in order to be able to rapidly draw the skin towards the foam core. Rapidly drawing the skin towards the foam core, in turn, in particular may contribute to establishing an efficient connection of the skin and the foam core by fusion, as there is in this case little loss of retained heat.
In particular, in a development, the vent remains open during the step of applying the vacuum.
In a further development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the step of applying vacuum via the vacuum application device is followed by a cooling step. In a corresponding development of the manufacturing device, the manufacturing device further comprises a cooling device, the cooling device in particular comprising at least one fan which can be controlled with respect to flow rate and/or rotational speed and/or time of operation.
In a further development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the skin, in particular the skin sheets, is or are caused to shrink during the step of cooling. This contributes to obtaining a laminated object which forms a pre-stressed structure, which can advantageously be used as a pallet or pallet section of high structural strength, improved durability and life span, high rigidity and low weight.
In accordance with a development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the laminated object is a pallet or a pallet section, in particular a twin sheet pallet or a twin sheet pallet section. In accordance with a development of the manufacturing device, the manufacturing device is adapted for manufacturing a pallet or a pallet section as a laminated object, in particular a twin sheet pallet or a twin sheet pallet section.
In accordance with developments of the laminated objects of the present invention, the laminated object is a pallet or a pallet section. In accordance with a further development, each of the laminated objects of the present invention may be a twin sheet laminated object, in particular a twin sheet pallet or a twin sheet pallet section.
In a preferred development of the method for manufacturing a laminated object, the foam core comprises legs protruding from one side of the foam core, wherein in accordance with this development, the skin is pierced in the piercing step by the vacuum application device in the region of one or more of the legs. In this way, the laminated object can in particular form a pallet section of a double-sided pallet which is formed from two pallet sections. Accomplishing the piercing by piercing the skin in the region of the legs allows to seal an aperture or apertures created by the vacuum application device or vacuum application devices in the piercing step by connecting respective legs or feet of two pallet sections to each other.
According to a development of the present invention, the foam core is formed with a polystyrene foam, the foam core preferably being formed with expanded polystyrene (which may also be designated as EPS). The use of polystyrene foam, in particular expanded polystyrene (or EPS), for the foam core makes it possible to provide an especially lightweight laminated object, which is particularly advantageous for producing lightweight transport pallets. Additionally, the use of polystyrene foam for the foam core is further advantageous if the laminated object is a pallet or a pallet section, as the use of polystyrene foam contributes to the pallet being food safe, avoiding contamination of foodstuffs. Also, such a foam core contributes to advantageous insulating properties of the laminated object. This can be useful if the laminated object is a pallet for transporting temperature-sensitive goods, or a pallet section thereof. In addition, the use of a polystyrene foam core contributes to a good recyclability of the laminated object.
In accordance with at least the embodiment of the invention, the foam core is shape-molded from pre-expanded beads. In accordance with this development, the fusion level of the beads obtained during the shape-molding is smaller than 100 percent. Preferably, the fusion level is between approximately 70 percent and approximately 90 percent, more preferably between approximately 75 percent and approximately 85 percent. Even more preferably, the fusion level of the beads corresponds to substantially 80 percent.
The fusion level obtained can be established by breaking a sample of foam used for the foam core and inspecting the surface of the break through the material. A fusion level of 100 percent would be present if all beads along the break had broken through themselves, with the rupture line running through the beads. A lower fusion level will be present if at least a portion of the beads separate from each other along their surfaces, while these beats themselves remain intact along the break. A fusion level of between 70 percent and 90 percent, preferably between 75 percent and 85 percent, more preferably 80 percent, has the advantage that air can flow to a certain extent through the foam core. The fusion thus influences the air permeability of the foam core. Selecting the fusion level in such a manner that airflow is possible to a desired extent through the foam core makes it possible to relatively quickly draw the skin towards the foam core, whereby excessive cooling of the heated skin before contact with the foam core can be avoided and an appropriate fusion between the skin and the core for connecting both can be ensured.
In accordance with a further development of the invention, the expanded polystyrene used for forming the foam core preferably is a very low pentane grade of expanded polystyrene, which, in particular, does not require ageing. If the need for ageing of the EPS beads is avoided, significant savings in storage costs can be obtained, and the manufacturing cycle time can be reduced. However, the invention is not restricted to the use of such a very low pentane grade of expanded polystyrene.
In developments of at least the embodiment of the invention, the density of the foam core may be varied according to the strength and/or load-carrying capacity of the laminated object to be obtained. For example, an expanded polystyrene foam core of high density may be chosen, in particular for pallets for repeated use and/or for heavy duty.
Preferably, the foam core is shape-molded to a desired core shape.
In accordance with at least the embodiment of the invention, the skin, in particular the skin sheets, is or are formed with a thermoformable synthetic material, in particular a thermoplastic synthetic material. This contributes to obtaining a lightweight, hygienic, moisture-proof, safe, washable and versatile laminated object, in particular pallet or pallet section. Such a skin also avoids rusting or rotting of the laminated object.
In accordance with a further development of the methods, the manufacturing device, the laminated objects and the first and second pallets of the invention, the skin comprises at least one layer which comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Such a layer contributes to increased strength and increased impact resistance of the laminated body, in particular the pallet or pallet section, improving the resistance and durability of the laminated object.
In accordance with a further development of at least the embodiment of the present invention, the skin, and in particular a thermoformable sheet material from which the skin is formed, comprises at least one layer which comprises acrylonitrile styrene acrylate. Such a layer provides the skin with strength, impact resistance and UV stability, and therefore also contributes to the resistance, strength and durability of a pallet or pallet section formed by the laminated object.
In accordance with a preferred development, the skin, and in particular a thermoformable sheet material from which the skin is formed, comprises a layered arrangement of several layers. The skin may be made from such a thermoformable sheet material, produced, for example, by multiple layer extrusion.
In particular, in accordance with a development of at least the embodiment of the invention, the layered arrangement includes a first layer comprising acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, a second layer comprising acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and a third layer comprising acrylonitrile styrene acrylate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. In this arrangement, in a preferred variant, the first layer may be an outside layer, the second layer may be a middle layer, and the third layer may be an inside layer. In accordance with a development, therefore, the second layer is arranged between the first and third layers and the third layer faces the foam core. In this case, a high performance skin is obtained. The first skin provides strength, impact resistance and UV stability. The second layer provides increased strength and increased impact resistance. The third layer provides adequate capability of connecting to the foam core, in particular to a foam core made from polystyrene foam, such as expanded polystyrene. Such a skin is also food-safe.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the first layer is made of virgin acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (which may also be designated as virgin ASA), the second layer is made of virgin acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (which may also be designated as virgin ABS), and the third layer is made of a combination of acrylonitrile styrene acrylate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Preferably, approximately 10% of the third layer by mass are formed from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, while the rest of the third layer is formed from acrylonitrile styrene acrylate.
In this way, a high performance skin is obtained which contributes to obtaining a strong, moisture-proof, impact-resistant, hygienic, safe, shock-absorbent, temperature-resistant and UV-proof laminated object which can be easily cleaned, is immune to infestation, does not need costly heat treatment or fumigation, resists rusting, rotting and weathering. Such a skin also contributes to a good recyclability of the laminated object. This is particularly advantageous if the laminated object is a pallet or a pallet section.
In another embodiment of the present invention, an RFID transponder (radio frequency identification transponder) may be integrated into the laminated object, in particular into the pallet or pallet section. This makes it possible to easily track the laminated object, in particular the pallet or pallet section, using radio frequency identification technology. RFID technology known as such to the skilled person may be employed for this purpose.
In another embodiment of the invention, the RFID transponder may be integrated into the foam core. This may be done, for example, during shape-molding of the foam core. The RFID transponder may be located at any suitable location within the foam core.
In accordance with another embodiment of the method for producing pallets, the laminating step of the method is carried out by performing the method for manufacturing a laminated object of the present invention, wherein the laminated object is the laminated pallet or laminated pallet section. The developments and improvements set forth herein may accordingly apply to the method for producing pallets.
In accordance with a further development, the method for producing pallets includes a step of welding two pallet sections, each comprising a foam core enclosed by a skin, to each other in order to form a pallet. In such a manner, a particularly resistant, strong and durable pallet can be obtained.
According to a at least the embodiment of the invention, each of the pallet sections comprises legs extending from one side of the pallet section, wherein the welding of the pallet sections to each other takes place in the region of the legs.
According to a development, the method for producing pallets is used to produce single-sided pallets or double-sided pallets. The pallets of the present invention may be single-sided or double-sided, wherein double-sided pallets comprise at least two sections welded to each other. In particular, each of the sections may be formed as a twin sheet laminated pallet section.
The pallets of the present invention may advantageously be equipped as a finished display for retail, for example by selecting an appropriate design, in particular by the choice of the color or printing of the skin, by labeling using printing or relief, and so on. Such a pallet is very versatile and can advantageously be used by the retailer as it is, without need for covering or concealing the pallet for aesthetic reasons.
The pallets of the present invention may, in examplary developments of the invention, have a carrying capacity of between approximately 30 kg and approximately 3000 kg. Moreover, in examples, the weight of an empty pallet according to the invention may be between approximately 3 kg and approximately 15 kg.
The size of the pallet of the present invention in its principal plane of extension may, for example, be selected such that the pallet is up to approximately 1200 mm in length and up to approximately 1200 mm in width.
However, it should be understood that the pallets of the present invention are not limited to these ranges of carrying capacity, weight and/or size, and that other values depending on the particular application may be chosen as desired.
The pallets of the present invention may advantageously be used as transport pallets, for example for transporting various types of goods. Examples of goods that might be transported using the pallets of the present invention include foodstuffs, beverages, airfreight, products in the automobile industry, products involving strict hygienic requirements, pharmaceutical products, or electronic products. However, the pallets of the present invention are not restricted to be used for transporting goods of the afore-mentioned types, and their use in transport of various other goods is contemplated. The pallets could be pool-type pallets, for example.
The developments and improvements described above can each be applied to the method for manufacturing a laminated object, to the manufacturing device, as well as to the laminated objects, to the pallets and to the method for producing pallets according to the present invention.
The developments, improvements and enhancements described above may be arbitrarily combined with each other whenever this makes sense. Moreover, other possible developments, enhancements and implementations of the invention comprise combinations or features of the invention which have been described above or will be described in the following in relation to the detailed description of the embodiments, even where such a combination has not been expressly mentioned.
The invention will be explained in the following with reference to the schematic figures of the drawings, which illustrate embodiments of the invention, wherein:
The enclosed drawings are intended to illustrate embodiments of the invention, so that the invention may be further understood. The drawings, in conjunction with the description, are intended to explain concepts and principles of the invention. Other embodiments and many of the advantages described may be inferred from the drawings. Elements of the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.
Elements, features and components which are identical or which have the same function or effect have been labeled in the drawings using the same reference signs, except where explicitly stated otherwise.
Further, in
The method illustrated in
Referring to
The vacuum application device 10 is configured such that it is adapted to pierce the upper skin sheet 3 during manufacturing the laminated object. In the embodiment of
A manufacturing device in accordance with
Each of the needles 11 is surrounded by a needle surrounding component 35 which comprises the flat sealing face 36 on the side thereof facing the upper skin sheet 3. A portion of the needle 11 protrudes from the sealing face 36, and the needle 11 extends through the needle surrounding component 35. On the ends distant from the needle point and the skin sheet 3, each of the needles 11 of the vacuum application device 10 is connected to a vacuum source or low pressure source using suitable devices known as such to the person having skill in the art, which may include, but are not limited to suitable tubing, piping, control devices like valves and so on, which are not displayed in
The sealing face 36 surrounding the vacuum application device 10, and in particular the needle 11 thereof, supports the needle 11. The sealing face 36 is adapted to trap and press the skin sheet 3 in a heated state against the foam core 1 in order to ensure that the upper skin sheet 3 does not tear when pierced.
Further referring to
Within each of the bar elements 28, support pins 31 are mounted so as to be slidably movable along the horizontal direction H as well, between an outer open position and an inner closed position. In
In
The bottom clamp frame 15, the mid frame 19 and the top clamp frame 21 as well as the bar elements 28 with the support pins 31 in cooperation form a supporting arrangement 33 adapted to support the foam core 1 and hold it as well as portions of a skin 6, formed in the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
Referring now to
The method for manufacturing a laminated object, in particular a pallet or pallet section, will now be described with the aid of
At the start of the cycle—this state not being shown in the figures —, the top vertically moving frame 24 carrying the vacuum application devices 10 with the needles 11—which may also be called a piercing frame—is in its uppermost vertical position. Also, the top clamp frame 21 is located in its uppermost vertical position. The mid frame sections 19a-19d are located in an open position, moved horizontally outward with respect to their position shown in
With respect to the configuration shown in
A portion of a suitable synthetic thermoformable sheet material, forming a lower skin sheet 4, is picked up from a suitable preparation or storage space by a sheet loading device, not shown in
Then, the mid clamp frame 19 moves into its closed position, i.e. the mid clamp frame sections 19a-d move into their closed positions, in order to lock the bottom skin sheet 4 in place. The bottom sheet 4 is thus clamped between the bottom clamp frame 15 and mid frame 19.
Then, the bar elements 28 move inward along the horizontal direction H into their closed position, a core loading device, not shown in the figures, transports a prepositioned foam core 1 into the pickup area of the mid frame 19, and then, the support pins 31 move forward, in other words, inward along the horizontal direction H, and grip the foam core 1 in order to support it. The core loading device, not shown, may then move out of the area of the frames 15, 19, 21 in order to collect another foam core 1 for the next manufacturing cycle.
Then, the sheet loading device, already referred to, lays down a second portion of a synthetic thermoformable sheet material, which forms the upper skin sheet 3, onto the top face of the mid clamp frame 19.
Subsequently, the top clamp frame 21 moves downwards and clamps the upper skin sheet 3 against the mid frame 19, whereby the whole assembly of frames 15, 19 and skin sheets 3, 4 is clamped.
This is the state of the skin sheets 3 and 4, of the foam core 1 arranged between the skin sheets 3 and 4, and of the supporting arrangement 33 of the manufacturing device, displayed in
In this initial state, the foam core 1 and the skin 6, comprising the skin sheets 3 and 4, are arranged relative to each other. In
Now, in a next method step, the skin 6, i.e. the upper skin sheet 3 and the lower skin sheet 4, is heated. For this purpose, the heating devices 41 and 42, which had been in retracted position up to this moment, move over the upper skin sheet 3 and below the lower skin sheet 4, and start to heat the skin sheets 3 and 4. See the dotted lines in
Due to the heating, the skin sheets 3 and 4 each soften and sag to some degree, see
In a further step, the top vertically moving frame 24 (see
By the downward movement of the frame 24, the sealing faces 36 are firmly pressed down onto the sheet 3 which touches the first face 1a of the foam core 1, and during this operation, the front portion 12 including the needle point of each needle 11 is embedded in the foam core 1. This means that the portion 12 of the needle 11 of each vacuum application device 10 is caused to pierce the skin 6, namely the upper skin sheet 3, and is caused to penetrate through the skin 6 into the foam core 1. The piercing step is denoted by S2 in
In the piercing step S2, the needles 11 create, due to their sharpness, only small apertures 55 or holes in the upper skin sheet 3, see
Once the needles 11 are embedded into the foam core 1, the method for manufacturing a laminated object proceeds to step S3, see
During the thermoforming of the skin 6, the heated skin 6 comprising the skin sheets 3 and 4 is drawn onto the foam core 1 in such a manner as to contact the surface of the foam core 1, whereby the skin 6 is reliably connected to the foam core 1 by fusion. The residual heat contained in the heated skin sheets 3 and 4 is sufficient, in accordance with the embodiment of
Moreover, in order to avoid that the foam core 1 melts beyond what is necessary to accomplish the connection by fusion (this may be referred to as “burn back”), the gauge or thickness t of each of the skin sheets 3 and 4 as well as the density of the foam core 1 are selected and matched in an appropriate manner.
A further step S4 of the method for manufacturing a laminated object is displayed in
Then, in the subsequent step S5, as the vacuum continues to be applied by the vacuum application devices 10 the upper and lower skin sheets 3 and 4 are completely drawn towards each other and into contact with each other, also at the former locations of the support pins 31. Hence, the skin sheets 3 and 4 are fusion-welded to each other in a region 66 extending around the entire perimeter of the foam core 1 and thus of the laminated object. By fusion welding the skin sheets 3 and 4, between which the foam core 1 is located, the foam core 1 is tightly enclosed and sealed within the skin 6.
When the vacuum within the foam core 1 has been completed and welding along the perimeter of the foam core 1, in the regions 66, has been accomplished, in step S6, cooling of the laminated object is started. This can, for example, be accomplished by appropriate cooling devices 26, in particular by fans which may be controlled in a suitable manner, for example based on their flow rate and/or rotational speed and/or based on the time these fans are switched on for cooling. An exemplary cooling device 26 is illustrated in
Some control of the cooling process of the skin sheets 3, 4 is possible by controlling the cooling devices 26. In this manner, a controlled shrinking of the sheet material from which the skin 6 is made can be brought about. The composite body forming the laminated object, comprising the foam body 1 and the skin sheets 3 and 4, thus forms a very resistant pre-stressed structure after cooling and shrinking of the skin sheets 3, 4.
The process of the embodiment of
After step S6, in step S7, the frames 15, 19 and 21 as well as the top vertically moving frame 24 supporting the vacuum application devices 10 return to their open initial positions, in such a manner that the laminated object, e.g. a pallet or pallet section, can be removed.
In a subsequent step S8, remaining unnecessary portions of the sheets 3 and 4 outside the region defined by the peripheral region 66 are trimmed. A portion of the laminated object in a state following trimming is shown in exemplary manner in
The foam core 1 used in the method just described with reference to
A shape molding machine converts pre-expanded beads into the desired core shape. In order to accomplish a rapid drawing of the skin sheets 3 and 4 onto the surface of the foam core 1, so as to accomplish a reliable connection of the skins 3 and 4 to the foam core 1 by melting of the foam core 1 at the surface thereof, sufficient residual heat within the sheets 3 and 4 should be present. Therefore, the fusion level of the beads obtained during shape-molding is selected to be smaller than 100 percent. The notion of fusion level is illustrated in
The notion of fusion level is again illustrated in
For the embodiment of
As indicated, the skin 6 is formed with a thermoformable synthetic sheet material, in particular a thermoplastic. The structure of the sheet material used for the skin sheets 3 and 4 in accordance with a particularly preferred variant of the embodiment of
In accordance with the preferred embodiment, the thermoplastic sheet material used for the skin sheets 3 and 4, to be thermoformed and connected to the foam core 1 in the process of
The first layer 85 forms an outside layer of virgin ASA and contributes to strength, impact resistance and UV stability. The first layer 85 may, in an example, have a thickness that corresponds to approximately 25% of the sheet gauge or thickness t. The second layer 86 forms a middle or intermediate layer and is made of virgin ABS for increased strength and increased impact resistance. The third layer 87 forms an underside layer and is made of ASA with approximately 10% ABS by mass added to it, which may be accomplished during the extrusion process by trimming a small amount of the edge and feeding it back into the third layer. In the laminated object, comprising skin sheets 3 and 4 having a layered arrangement as schematically depicted in
Reference will now be made to
In
The pallet 100′ of
Also, double-sided pallets may be produced in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, for example the double-sided pallet 100″ of
Another double-sided pallet in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is displayed in
Each of the pallets 100″ and 100″′ comprises two substantially identical pallet sections 106″ and 106′″, respectively. Corresponding feet 101″ and 101′″, respectively, of each of the pallet sections 106″, 106′″ are firmly joined to each other to form the completed pallet. The joint is denoted by reference sign 105′″, in
The production arrangement 200 comprises two shape-molding devices 204 and two laminating devices 210. Using the shape-molding devices 204, foam cores 1 are shape-molded in parallel one after another to the desired core density. The shape-molding is performed as described above starting from pre-expanded polystyrene beads, to a fusion level of preferably approximately 80%, for example. The foam cores 1, not shown in
Accordingly, double-sided pallets 100″ or 100′″ comprising two twin sheet laminated pallet sections 106″ or 106′″, are manufactured.
Regarding the materials used for the foam core 1 and for the skin 6, made from skin sheets 3 and 4, of the pallets 100, 100′, 100″, 100′″ or of the pallet sections 106″, 106′″, reference is made to the explanations provided above with regard to
Using the production arrangement 200 displayed in
As has been illustrated with reference to
Therefore, the needles 11 leave only small apertures in the upper skin sheet 3 during the piercing step. When the two pallet sections, e.g. 106″ or 106′″, are welded to each other, the apertures 55, see
In the case of single-sides pallets 100, 100′, such as displayed in
During production of the foam cores 1, for example by the shape-molding devices 204, a radio frequency identification transponder 99 (RFID transponder) may be integrated into the foam core 1, in particular when the foam core 1 is molded. After laminating, trimming and, as the case may be, welding, the finished pallet 100, 100′, 100″ or 100′″, for example, may thus comprise an integrated RFID transponder 99, by which the pallet can be easily tracked. This contributes to the versatility of the pallets in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. An RFID transponder 99 integrated into the foam core 1 is schematically illustrated in
Moreover, the skin 6 of the pallets 100, 100′, 100″ or 100′″ can be customized in accordance with special design solutions, for example by choosing an appropriate color, logo, as well as labelling by printing or by relief. Therefore, the pallets in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be equipped in a simple manner as a finished display for retail.
Reference is now made to
Initially, in step S0′, the density of a foam core 1, the thickness and composition of the sheet material for providing skin sheets 3 and 4, constituting the skin 6 after thermoforming and welding, are selected or appropriately varied so as to reach target values selected.
Then, in step S1′, a foam core 1 or foam cores 1 having the density chosen in step S0′ are shaped-molded in accordance with the description given above with reference to
Thereafter, in step S3′, the obtained laminated object or the obtained laminated objects, being pallets, e.g. 100 or 100′, or pallet sections, e.g. 106″ or 106′″, are suitably trimmed, as already mentioned above with respect to
During the ongoing production of consecutive pallets or pallet sections, the density of the foam cores 1 to be produced, the thickness of the sheet material used to provide the skin sheets 3 and 4, and/or the composition of this sheet material are varied, for example by selecting for each pallet to be produced, or for a number of consecutive pallets, the foam core density, the skin composition and/or the skin thickness.
This results in a versatile production process. A range of pallets of different specification can be produced from a single core design and using one type of molding tool. This is achieved by varying the foam core density and/or the skin sheet composition and/or the skin sheet thickness as required for the desired weight and strength of the pallet to be produced. For example, core density and skin thickness could be varied while the skin composition is kept constant, i.e. maintained the same for all pallets. Varying these parameters is done on the fly, and thus without stopping the production line. Therefore, the properties of the pallets to be produced can be finely adjusted in a large number of steps, between e.g. a lightweight airfreight pallet, for example having a weight of about 3.1 kg when empty, up to a superproof pallet for heavy duty, having a greater empty weight of approximately 12 kg.
The pallets produced in accordance with the embodiments of the invention described above therefore are a durable and hence well re-usable, lightweight, environmentally friendly, hygienic, safe and cost-effective alternative to conventional wooden pallets.
The use of the expanded polystyrene foam core 1 and the thermoformable skin 6, in particular the highly performant skin 6 described in connection with
The light weight plastic pallets in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention are further moisture-proof, shock absorbent, safe, washable and versatile. They are also hygienic, in particular because the pallets of the invention are inherently immune to infestation, do not require any costly heat treatment or chemical fumigation, and can be cleaned in a simple manner with standard systems such as a pressure washer or steam cleaner, and can also be sterilized in inexpensive manner. Common and inexpensive cleaning agents can be used. Rusting and rotting of pallet materials is avoided. The safety of the pallets is also increased based on their smooth outer surface, provided by the skin 6, so that there is no danger of injury from any splinters of wood or nails. Absorption of water by the pallets according to the embodiments of the present invention is avoided by the foam core 1 being fully sealed inside the skin 6.
The combination of the expanded polystyrene foam core 1 with the advantageous material used for the skin sheets 3 and 4, as described above with reference to
Further, the pallets' insulating properties, enhanced by the use of the EPS core 1 and the vacuum inside the foam core 1, are particularly advantageous for temperature-sensitive goods such as cold chain cargo or pharmaceuticals.
The pallets in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention are also suitable for a large temperature range, in particular for a range between about −40 degrees Celsius and about +80 degrees Celsius.
The pallets produced in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, described above, can also be fully recycled in a very advantageous manner. In a first stage of a recycling process conceivable for the pallets in accordance with the embodiments of the invention, the pallet is shredded, whereby the pallet is broken into small pieces and the expanded polystyrene foam is removed from the skin. The EPS and the combination of ABS and ASA contained in the co-mingled material can then be separated from each other by a density separation process, resulting in a stream of EPS and a stream of ABS/ASA. The material streams can be re-used in a wide variety of applications. For example, the ABS/ASA granulate could be used in the injection molding industry and/or, after an extrusion process, for skins, e.g. for pallets, again. Moreover, the recovered expanded polystyrene can be used for molding beads, loose fill, recycled resins and many other applications.
Although the present invention has been completely described above with reference to preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited to these embodiments, but may be modified in many ways.
In particular, the shapes and sizes of pallets manufactured in accordance with the present invention may vary according to requirements. Even though it may be preferable to select the lengths, widths and heights of the pallets in accordance with sizes of conventional pallets that are currently in use, selecting other sizes may be contemplated. Further, even though generally rectangular pallets may be advantageous, other pallet shapes are conceivable. The number and shape of feet of the pallets or pallet sections might also be varied according to requirements, but the feet number and shapes are preferred to enable the pallets to be manipulated using standard equipment.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16156132.9 | Feb 2016 | EP | regional |
