The present invention relates to a method and a plant for CO2 enrichment of a CO2 containing gas. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and a plant for increasing enrichment of CO2, or for increasing the partial pressure of CO2 in a gas stream comprising CO2 in combination with other gases, such as flue gases from industrial processes and combustion of fossil fuels, to make a subsequent CO2 capturing more efficient. The invention also relates to a method and a plant for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas including said method and plant for CO2 enrichment.
The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by nearly 30% in the last 150 years. The concentration of methane has doubled and the concentration of nitrogen oxides has increased by about 15%. This has increased the atmospheric greenhouse effect, something which has resulted in:
Increasing discharges of greenhouse gases is expected to give continued changes in the climate. Temperature can increase by as much as 0.6 to 2.5° C. over the coming 50 years. Within the scientific community, it is generally agreed that increasing use of fossil fuels, with exponentially increasing discharges of CO2, has altered the natural CO2 balance in nature and is therefore the direct reason for this development.
It is important that action is taken immediately to stabilize the CO2 content of the atmosphere. This can be achieved if CO2 generated in a thermal power plant is collected and deposited safely. It is assumed that the collection represents three quarters of the total costs for the control of CO2 discharges to the atmosphere.
Thus, an energy efficient, cost efficient, robust and simple method for removal of a substantial part of CO2 from the discharge gas will be desirable to ease this situation. It will be a great advantage if the method can be realized in the near future without long-term research.
Discharge gas from thermal power plants typically contains 4 to 10% by volume of CO2, where the lowest values are typical for gas turbines, while the highest values are only reached in combustion chambers with cooling, for example, in production of steam.
There are three opportunities for stabilizing the CO2 content in the atmosphere. In addition to the capturing of CO2, non-polluting energy sources such as biomass can be used, or very efficient power plants can be developed. The capturing of CO2 is the most cost efficient. Still, relatively little development work is carried out to capture CO2, the methods presented up till now are characterized either by low efficiency or by a need for much long-term and expensive development. All methods for capturing CO2 comprise one or more of the following principles:
A common feature of the alternative methods for capture of CO2 from a power plant is that they strive for a high partial pressure of CO2 in the processing units where the cleaning is carried out. In addition, alternative methods are characterized by long-term, expensive and risky developments, with a typical time frame of 15 years research and a further 5 to 10 years or more before operating experience is attained. Expected electrical efficiency for large turbines under test conditions and full load, are up to 56 to 58%, whereas the efficiency under normal operating conditions with part load and degeneration of turbines, is about 52 to 54%, for a plant without cleaning. Expected efficiency for a plant including CO2 capturing is expected to be below 40%.
An extended time frame is enviromnentally very undesirable. In a United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) conference in the autumn of 2002, “an urgent need to address the continuing exponential rise in global CO2 emissions” was emphasised and words such as “as soon as possible” and “need to go far beyond Kyoto protocol targets” were used.
Capturing of CO2 from a gas by means of absorption seems to be the most promising solution at least for providing an effective capturing of CO2 at a short to medium time horizon. Accordingly, substantial efforts have been made to increase the efficiency, and reduce the cost for CO2 capturing.
Important issues in capturing CO2 by absorption are the large volume of gas that is to be treated and the relative low partial pressure of CO2 normally present in combustion gases. The exhaust gas from a gas fired power plant of 400 MW constitutes about 1000 m3/sec at atmospheric pressure, and the CO2 partial pressure is about 0.004. Due to the low partial pressure of CO2 only high capacity absorbents, such as amines, may be used. The amine absorbents will be degraded in the presence of oxygen, that are present in the exhaust gas at a partial pressure of typically about 0.14, to form toxic waste. Additionally, amines will be released to the atmosphere.
WO 2005/045316, which is included as reference in its entirety, to the present inventors, relates to a method for separation of CO2 from the combustion gas from a thermal power plant fired with fossil fuel, and a plant for performing the method, the method comprising the steps of:
a) cooling and mixing the combustion gas from the thermal power plant with air;
b) compressing the combustion gas—air mixture;
c) reheating the compressed gas from step b) by using it as an oxygen containing gas for combustion of natural gas in a pressurized combustion chamber to form an exhaust gas;
d) regulating the supply of natural gas and oxygen containing gas in the combustion chamber so that the exhaust gas contains less than 6% rest oxygen;
e) keeping the temperature in the exhaust gas between 700 and 900° C. by generation of steam in tubular coils in the combustion chamber;
f) cooling the the exhaust gas and bringing it in contact with an absorbent absorbing CO2 from the exhaust gas to form a low CO2 stream and an absorbent with absorbed CO2;
g) heating the low CO2 stream by means of heat exchanges against the hot exhaust gas leaving the combustion chamber; and
h) expanding the heated low CO2 stream in turbines.
The total volume of the incoming combustion gas from the thermal power plant, and the relative low content of CO2 therein, add both investment cost and energy cost during operation of the plant.
The use of centrifugal forces for separation of gases having different molecular weight, is known. WO 2005/049175 describes the use of cyclone separators for separation gaseous mixtures comprising at least two gases having different molecular weight. U.S. Pat. No. 6,363,923 relates to a use of a centrifuge for oxygen enrichment for air for an internal combustion engine. U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,269 relates to a centrifuge and a cascade of centrifuges for separation of gases, more specifically, the publication relates to separation CO2 and other heavy gases, such as H2S, from methane in produced natural gas. The separated heavy gases may be further treated and/or deposited. Additionally, centrifuges have been used for decades for separation of Uranium 235 and Uranium 238.
An object of the present invention is to improve CO2 capturing from gases comprising CO2. Other objects will be clearer after reviewing the present description and claims.
According to a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for enrichment of CO2 from a gas mixture comprising at least CO2 and nitrogen, comprising the steps of:
The large gas volume and low concentration of CO2 are two main obstacles in the capture of CO2 from industrial plants and thermal power plants. Enrichment of CO2 from a CO2 containing gas before capturing the CO2 makes it possible to achieve a more efficient and less expensive capture of CO2 from the exhaust gas.
Steps d) and e) may repeated one or more times to allow for a higher degree of enrichment of CO2 to reduce the volume of the gas and to increase the partial pressure, or concentration of CO2, in the gas to be treated during the CO2 capturing process, to increase the efficiency of the capturing process even more.
According to a second aspect, the present invention relates to method for separation of CO2 from a gas mixture comprising at least CO2 and nitrogen, comprising the steps of:
According to this third aspect the method according to the first aspect is included in a method for capturing CO2, and this method includes all the advantages of this overall method.
According to third aspect the invention relates to a method for separation of CO2 from a gas mixture comprising at least CO2 and nitrogen, comprising the steps of:
According to this third aspect, the method of the first aspect is included in another method of capturing of CO2 than the one mentioned in the second aspect.
According to the fourth aspect, the present invention relates to a plant for enrichment of CO2 from a gas comprising nitrogen and CO2, the plant comprising two or more centrifuges or cyclones separating the gas based on the molecular weight thereof in a centrifugal field, means to withdraw and release into the surroundings, a low molecular weight, or low CO2 stream close to the axis of rotation of the axis of rotation of the centrifugal field, and means to withdraw a CO2 enriched stream from the periphery of the centrifugal field, and means to transfer the CO2 enriched stream from one centrifuge or cyclone to a next centrifuge or cyclone in a serially connected row of two or more centrifuges or cyclones, and means to withdraw the CO2 enriched gas stream from the last centrifuge or cyclone in the row of serially connected centrifuges or cyclones and transfer the gas to means for further treatment.
According to one embodiment, the plant comprises two or more rows or serially connected centrifuges or cyclones arranged in parallel. Arranging the centrifuges or cyclones in parallel makes it possible to increase the capacity of the enrichment plant.
According to a fifth embodiment, the invention relates to a plant for capturing, or separating, CO2 from a CO2 containing gas, the plant comprising a plant as described for the forth embodiment, for enrichment of CO2 and absorption means to separate the CO2 enriched gas into a CO2 depleted stream that is released to the surroundings, and CO2.
According to a sixth aspect, the invention relates to a plant for capturing, or separating, CO2 from a CO2 containing gas, the plant comprising a plant according to the forth embodiment, for enrichment of CO2, means for cooling and mixing the CO2 enriched stream with air and/or oxygen, means for compressing the combustion gas—air/oxygen mixture; a combustion chamber for reheating the compressed gas by using it as an oxygen containing gas for combustion of natural gas in a pressurized combustion chamber to form an exhaust gas; means for regulating the supply of natural gas and oxygen containing gas in the combustion chamber so that the exhaust gas contains less than 6% rest oxygen; tubular coils arranged in the combustion chamber for keeping the temperature in the exhaust gas below 400° by generation of steam in the tubular coils; means for cooling the exhaust gas; and absorption means for separating the exhaust gas into a CO2 depleted stream and CO2.
Gases having different molecular weights will be separated, at least partly, by a strong gravitational field caused by e.g. a centrifuge or a cyclone separator. A typical gas to be treated according to the present invention is combustion gas from a thermal power plant, or a CO2 containing industrial waste gas. Combustion gas mainly comprises N2, O2, and CO2 having molecular weights of about 28, 32 and 44, respectively. In a strong gravitational field in a centrifuge or a cyclone, the heavier molecules, i.e. CO2, will migrate towards the periphery of the centrifugal field whereas the lighter molecules, N2 and O2 will migrate towards the longitudinal axis of the centrifuge or cyclone. Minor amounts of water remaining in the combustion gas after cooling and condensation, having a molecular weight of 16, will migrate towards the axis of rotation.
Accordingly, by exposing the combustion gas for a centrifugal separation step, N2 and O2 being the lighter molecules in the combustion will be enriched along the longitudinal axis of the centrifugal field and a CO2 depleted gas may be withdrawn from an outlet close to the axis of rotation. CO2 will be enriched towards the periphery of the centrifugal, and a CO2 enriched gas may be withdrawn from the periphery of the centrifuge or cyclone. The CO2 depleted gas may be released into the air, whereas the CO2 enriched gas, being substantially reduced in volume, preferably is further processed.
The present invention will now be illustrated based on centrifuges but the principle applies correspondingly for cyclones.
The inlet and outlet static bodies 2, 4 are preferably additionally connected by means of an outer shell 5 surrounding the rotary part 5. An annular space 10 is created between the rotary part 3 and the shell 5. The annular space 10 is closed towards the inlet and outlet parts 2, 4. The annular space 10 is preferably evacuated to reduce the friction towards the rotating part 3, by withdrawing gas from the annular space through a vacuum pipe 11. The gas withdrawn from the annular space is gas that has leaked through the labyrinth packings at the periphery of the centrifuge, and is thus is CO2 rich and is combined with the CO2 rich gas for further treatment.
The rotary part 3 comprises an outer tubular body 12 that is connected to an axial shaft 13 by means of rods 14, 14″, 14′″. The shaft 13 is rotated by means of a motor 15 that is connected to the axial shaft 13 via a dampening connection 16. The shaft 13 is connected to the inlet and outlet static parts, respectively, by means of bearings 17, 17′.
According to the embodiment illustrated in
The inlet static part 2, comprises a substantially cylindrical inlet chamber 18 and an inlet pipe 19 introducing the gas to be separated substantially tangential into the inlet chamber 18 to cause the gas to rotate therein. The gas in the inlet chamber 18 is then introduced into the rotating part wherein the gas is further accelerated due to the rotation of the rotating part. Longitudinal frames 20, 20′ are preferably provided at the inside of the tubular body 12 and on the shaft 38, to ensure that the gas in the rotating part is rotated by the rotation of the rotating part.
After partly separation of constituents of the gas in the rotating part, the gas is introduced into a substantially cylindrical outlet chamber 21 in the outlet part 4. A light gas outlet pipe 22 is provided substantially radial in the outlet chamber to withdraw the gas in a zone being closest to the axis of rotation of the rotating part and the rotating gas. A heavy gas outlet pipe 23 is provided substantially tangential to the outlet chamber to avoid disturbing the gas flow in the outlet chamber.
The tubular part 12 is preferably substantially conical, having its smallest diameter towards the inlet part 2, and its greatest diameter towards the outlet part. The conical shape will result in a gradually increased angular velocity of the flue gas with distance from the inlet end of the rotary part, thus reducing the risk of cavitations and reduce the power demand. The diameter of the light gas outlet pipe 22 is adjusted to be able to withdraw a controlled amount of the total gas volume. The diameter of the light gas outlet pipe and thus the part of the total gas that is withdrawn, depends on the design criteria, for the centrifuge, such as total gas volume, axial flow velocity, the composition of the introduced gas, etc. The opening area of the light gas outlet may thus be from about 10% to about 80%, such as e.g. from about 15 to about 70%, of the total area at the outlet chamber 21.
Two or more centrifuges are preferably serially connected, so that the gas leaving the first centrifuge through the heavy gas outlet pipe 23 is introduced into the inlet pipe of the next centrifuge. The gas withdrawn through the light gas outlet pipe, may for a combustion gas, be released into the atmosphere. When two or more centrifuges are serially connected, a portion of the gas is reduced for each centrifuge. The reduced volume of gas from one centrifuge to the next will result in a reduced axial velocity and an increased separation retention time. Accordingly, the separation is more efficient in the last centrifuge than in the previous ones for identical centrifuges.
The second centrifuge 1′ is correspondingly connected to the third centrifuge and a light gas withdrawal line 32′, and so on. The light gas withdrawn from a series of centrifuges through lines 32, 32′ is collected in a light gas manifold 33 and may be released into the atmosphere. The heavy gas from the last centrifuge in a series, 1′″, is withdrawn trough a manifold for CO2 enriched gas 34.
A vacuum pipe 11′ connects the vacuum pipes 11 from each of the centrifuge units with a vacuum pump 35. The gas withdrawn through lines 11 is rich in CO2 as the gas leaking into the annular space 10 comprises the heavy gas closest to the tubular body 12. The gas from the vacuum pump is therefore preferably connected to the manifold for CO2 enriched gas 34, and further treated.
To increase the capacity of the separation, two or more serially connected centrifuges as illustrated above may be arranged parallel.
Fuel and oxygen containing gas, such as air, are introduced into a thermal power plant 50 through a fuel line 51 and an air line 52, respectively. The power plant may be any traditional thermal power plant for combustion of carbonaceous fuel to generate electrical power and/or heat that is exported from the plant in line(s) 53. The power plant 50 may be fired with fossil fuels, such as natural gas or coal, or any other carbonaceous fuel, or a combination of different carbonaceous fuels. Alternatively, the thermal power plant may be substituted by an industrial process emitting CO2.
Combustion gas from the power plant 50, leaves through a combustion gas line 54 and is introduced into a combustion gas blower 55 to compensate for pressure drop in the system. The gas leaving the combustion gas blower is introduced into a combustion gas separator unit 56. In the combustion gas separator unit 56, the combustion gas is separated by means of centrifugal fields, such as by using centrifuges as described above in more detail above with reference to
The gas leaving the combustion gas separation unit through line 58 is introduced into a cooler in which the combustion gas is cooled against a cooling medium that is introduced through a line 60. The cooled and CO2 enriched combustion gas is withdrawn from the cooler 59 in a line 61 and is introduced into a mixer 62, in which the CO2 enriched combustion gas is mixed with an oxygen containing gas, such as air through a line 63, oxygen or oxygen enriched air through line 67. Two different options for introduction of the oxygen containing gas are illustrated in
The gas from the mixer 62 is withdrawn through a line 69 and introduced into combined plant for thermal power production and CO2 capturing 70. The combined plant is preferably a plant according to WO 00/57990 or WO 2004/001301, both to the same applicants, or an alternative embodiment thereof described in further detail below.
The gas entering the combined plant 70 through line 69 is used as an oxygen containing gas for combustion under elevated pressure of natural gas entering the plant 70 through a line 71. Electrical power, and optionally heat, is exported from the plant 70 in a line 72. The exhaust gas from the combustion in the combined plant 70 is separated to a CO2 stream leaving the plant through line 73, and a CO2 depleted stream that is released into the atmosphere through a line 74.
After mixing of air and the cooled gas from line 34, the combined gas flow is entered into a compressing unit 103, comprising one or more compressors and optional intercooler(s). The compressing unit is operated by a steam turbine 120. An electrical motor 104 may be provided for starting up the compressing unit and turbine after a stop.
The compressed gas mixture leaving the compressor unit 103 is carried in a line 105 and introduced into a combustion chamber 106, where natural gas, introduced from line 71, is combusted at an elevated pressure using the compressed gas mixture as an oxygen containing gas. The pressure in the combustion chamber is preferably between 5 and 20 bar, such as from about 8 bar to about 16 bar, such as e.g. about 10 bar. As indicated in the figure, the compressed gas may be introduced into a mantle 106′ surrounding at least the combustion chamber, to cool the outer walls of the combustion chamber and to heat the compressed gas before it is introduced into the combustion chamber.
In the combustion chamber 106 steam is generated in a closed tubular system connecting a water inlet line 107 and a steam line 108. It is preferred that the temperature in the combustion is reduced by generation of steam so that flue gas leaving the combustion chamber through a flue gas line 115, has a temperature below about 400° C., e.g. about 350° C. By reducing the temperature of the flue gas to about 350° C., the requirement for high cost, high grade steel for the succeeding equipment is omitted. An exemplary combustion chamber for use in the present plant is described with reference to FIG. 3 in WO2004001301.
The steam leaving the combustion chamber through the steam line 108, is expanded over one or more steam turbine(s) 109. Electrical power is generated from the steam turbine(s) 109 in an electrical generator 110.
Low temperature steam is released from the turbine(s) 109 in a line 112 and is cooled and finally condensed in one or more heat exchanger(s) 113 and cooler(s) 114. The condensed water may again be partly reheated in an economizer 121, before the water again is reintroduced into the combustion chamber through line 107.
A part stream of the steam in steam turbine 109 may be withdrawn through a line 122 to be introduced into the turbine 120 to operate the compressor unit 103. Partly expanded steam from the turbine 120 may then again be reintroduced into the turbine 109 through a line 123
The flue gas that is withdrawn through line 115 may, if required, be introduced into a selective catalytic reduction (SRC) unit 116 in which an aqueous solution of a reductant, such as ammonia or urea, is introduced through a line 117 in a way known by the skilled man in the art. The temperature of the flue gas is reduced by evaporation of the water including the reductant in the SCR unit 116. The temperature of the flue gas is further reduced in the above mentioned economizer 121 downstream to the SCR unit, against condenced water from the heat exchanger 113 and cooler 114. The flue gas leaving the economizer has a temperature of about 170° C., and is withdrawn through a line 124.
The flue gas in line 124 is split in a line 125 which is further cooled in a heat exchanger 127, and a line 126 which is further cooled in a cooler 128. Both streams are cooled to a temperature of about 90° C., before they are introduced into a condenser 129 before being introduced into a CO2 capturing plant 130.
The CO2 capturing plant 130 is of the adsorption/resorption type as described in the above mentioned WO publications from the applicant. The preferred absorbent is an aqueous carbonate solution.
CO2 that is captured in the plant is withdrawn through a line 131 for export from the plant, whereas the not captured gas, being low in CO2 is withdrawn through a line 132.
The gas in line 132 is heated in the heat exchanger 127 against the gas in line 125, and is expanded over a turbine 133 to produce electricity in a generator 134. The low temperature gas is withdrawn from the turbine 133 in a line 99 and may be used to cool the incoming gas in line 34 in the heat exchanger 101 before the gas is released into the atmosphere through the line 74.
An important feature with the plant described with reference to
The efficiency of absorption in the CO2 capturing plant is assumed to be proportional to the partial pressure of CO2 up to the maximal absorption capacity of the plant. The CO2 capturing plant is dimensioned to the CO2 load from the combusted carbonaceous fuel. By reducing the total gas load and increasing the concentration, or partial pressure, of CO2 the efficiency of the capturing becomes higher than it would be for the untreated exhaust gas at atmospheric pressure. This makes it possible to use carbonates as absorbents in stead of the more efficient amines. Carbonates are relatively inexpensive, does not give raise to toxic waste or unpleasant smell from the plant. Additionally, the carbonates are not, as the amines, prone to deactivation by oxygen and other constituents of the exhaust gas.
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to plants in which the present invention may form a part to increase the CO2 capturing or to reduce the cost thereof.
The plant according to this example comprises two units according to
Each unit has its own CO2 enrichment plant 81 comprising 5 parallel centrifuge trains, each with four centrifuges in series. The centrifuges are preferably identical with the exception of the diameter of the light gas outlet pipe 22.
The rotary part of each centrifuge is a conical tubular construction having a mean diameter of 3.30 m, a maximum diameter of 3.60 m and an effective height of 20 m. The rotary part is rotated at a speed of 1800 rpm to give a maximum radial force of 6513 G.
Due to the large radial G-force, the tubular body must be built of a material with light weight and high strength. An example of a material that may be used for the tubular body 12 is a titan alloy of the composition TiAl5Cr2Mo2.
The partial pressure of gaseous components in a centrifuge, assuming a solid body rotation, is given from the Maxwell-Bolzmann Distribution Law:
α=exp((M2−M1)(Ωr)2/2RT), where Eq. 1
M2 and M1 are the molecular weight of CO2 and N2, i.e. 44 and 28, respectively.
Ω=angular velocity
r=radius from center of rotation
R=gas constant
T=temperature (° K)
This results in the following equation for exhaust gas separation:
α=exp((44−28)(188.4×1.80)2/2×8314.3×293=1.46
Using a centrifuge where the diameter of the shaft gradually increases the first 25% of the length of the centrifuge, i.e. the first 5 meters, and then decreases again, the effective axial separation length of the centrifuge is 15 meters. The flow delivered to the first centrifuge in the centrifuge train is 400 m3/sec/5=80 m3/sec. The average cross section area in the effective part of the centrifuge is 9.14 m2, and the axial exhaust gas velocity is 8.75 m/sec, giving an exhaust gas retention time in the effective part of the centrifuge of 1.71 m/sec.
Based on the gas concentration ratio and the retention time as calculated above, it is expected that a separation ratio of 20% can be achieved for N2 and O2, together with 2% of the CO2 for the first of the serially connected centrifuges. For the succeeding serially connected centrifuges the retention time will increase due to reduced mass flow.
Table 1 is an overview over critical parameters in one train of centrifuges.
The composition of the exhaust gas entering the first centrifuge in the centrifuge train (centrifuge I); 80 m3/sec, is as follows:
Ratio O2/N2=8.80/68.36=0.129
The composition out of the last centrifuge in the centrifuge train (centrifuge IV), 8 m3/sec, delivered to line 34, is as follows:
Ratio O2/N2 adjusted for concentration ratio;
Ratio O2/N2=0.129×1.158 kg/sec=0.149
The amount of O2 required for combustion in the plant 70 is governed by the load on the power plant 50, and the supplementary gas firing in the plant 70. The supplementary firing is not energy efficient, and could be replaced by low energy heat delivered from the plant 70.
The combustion and CO2 capturing in the plant 70 is operated under elevated pressure as described in further detail in WO 2005/045316, such as e.g. at 11 bar.
The CO2 partial pressure in line 69, i.e. at substantially atmospheric pressure, is 26.7/96.0=0.278
The partial pressure of CO2 in the gas that is introduced into the CO2 absorption column is 3.06 bar.
The partial pressure ratio for CO2 in the exhaust gas introduced into the absorption column absorption to the CO2 in the exhaust leaving the thermal power plant 50 is 3.06/0.04=76.5.
The CO2 enriched gas in line 34, 58, may then be introduced as an oxygen containing gas into a combined CO2 capturing plant and power plant 70 as described in WO
A gas burner 157, fed by natural gas from gas line 158 and air from air line 159, is provided in the ground burner 151, both to ignite the ground burner to start the combustion of CO, and to withheld a temperature high enough to ascertain combustion of CO.
The flue gas leaving the economizer 156 through a line 160, is cooled by means of heat exchangers/coolers 161 before it is introduced into a CO2 enrichment plant 56, comprising centrifuges as illustrated above. In the CO2 enrichment plant, the low weight gas, that is low in CO2, is released to the atmosphere through line 57, whereas the CO2 enriched gas is withdrawn through line 58. The gas from line 58 is mixed with air from line 63, or with oxygen or oxygen enriched air from an air separation unit 65, in a mixer 62. After the mixing with air the flue gas is introduced into a combined plant 70 as describe above. A fluorine abatement unit 162 is preferably provided to remove fluorine from the flue gas before the CO2 enrichment unit.
In an exemplary aluminum factory 150, a total flue gas flow of 555 m3/s is produced, the flue gas comprising about 4% CO and 8.6 kg/sec CO2. Traditionally, the flue gas is released into the atmosphere after removal of fluorine. The CO in the flue gas that represents a potential useable energy potential of about 150 MW, is released into the air where it is further reacted with oxygen to form CO2.
The combustion of CO will generate about 34.0 kg/sec of CO2 and will together with the CO2 already in the flue gas, give a total of 42.6 kg/sec or 1.343 Mt/y. It is expected that the price of quota for release of CO2 will be about NOK 100/t. Having CO2 quota at this price combined with the price of electrical energy and heat energy from the plant 70, will give a net income in the order of about NOK 270 Mill per year at an estimated investment of 3.0 billion NOK.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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20071772 | Apr 2007 | NO | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/NO2008/000128 | 4/4/2008 | WO | 00 | 10/5/2009 |