Patent Application
20150140671
Microfluidic sensors are used in many applications to separate, control, and measure small volumes of liquid, often on the order of nanoliters, such as for blood coagulation tests or other medical purposes. For example, the INRatio handheld meter, manufactured by Alere Corporation of Waltham, Mass., uses disposable sensor strips to measure blood clotting time for patients taking the drug warfarin.
Many microfluidic sensors are able to measure fluid properties using a pair of electrodes. By measuring the impedance over time between the electrodes, coagulation time may be determined. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,674,616, titled “Device and Method for Measuring Properties of a Sample,” discloses a coagulation inspection device using automatically collected blood samples.
The ability to obtain accurate measurements is an extremely important concern for microfluidic sensors. Measurement accuracy may be affected by many different factors, such as the deposition of the electrodes, which may affect the measured impedance. Thus, there exists a need for a microfluidic sensor with a thin and smooth electrode deposition to achieve a high accuracy in measurement.
Some embodiments are directed towards a microfluidic sensor, such as for an electrochemical blood test strip, with more accurate measurement. The sensor comprises a plurality of channels through which a fluid to be tested flows, defined by a cover layer, spacer layer, and electrode layer. One or more electrodes are located under the channels. As the fluid flows over the electrodes in the channels, the impedance between the electrodes may be measured in order to determine fluid properties. However, impedance between the electrodes may also be affected by other factors such as thickness and surface roughness of the electrode deposition. In order to increase the accuracy of the measurements, the electrode deposition may be configured to be less than 10 μm in thickness, to reduce the disruption of the electrode deposition on the fluid flow.
The drawings illustrate the design and utility of embodiments, in which similar elements are referred to by common reference numerals. These drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In order to better appreciate how the above-recited and other advantages and objects are obtained, a more particular description of the embodiments will be rendered which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. These drawings depict only exemplary embodiments and are not therefore to be considered limiting of the scope of the claims.
Various features are described hereinafter with reference to the figures. It shall be noted that the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, and that the elements of similar structures or functions are represented by like reference numerals throughout the figures. It shall also be noted that the figures are only intended to facilitate the description of the features for illustration and explanation purposes, unless otherwise specifically recited in one or more specific embodiments or claimed in one or more specific claims. The figures and various embodiments described herein are not intended as an exhaustive illustration or description of various other embodiments or as a limitation on the scope of the claims or the scope of some other embodiments that are apparent to one of ordinary skills in the art in view of the embodiments described in the Application. In addition, an illustrated embodiment need not have all the aspects or advantages shown.
An aspect or an advantage described in conjunction with a particular embodiment is not necessarily limited to that embodiment and may be practiced in any other embodiments, even if not so illustrated, or if not explicitly described. Also, reference throughout this specification to “some embodiments” or “other embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, material, process, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in some embodiments”, “in one or more embodiments”, or “in other embodiments” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment or embodiments.
Some embodiments are directed towards a microfluidic sensor, such as for an electrochemical blood test strip, with more accurate measurement. It is understood that while the illustrated embodiments for the sake of explanation refer to measuring blood coagulation, embodiments may be directed to any other type of microfluidic sensor, including but not limited to those used for DNA analysis, glucose testing, etc.
Cover layer 12 comprises a protective film or covering (e.g., plastic film) that encloses the top of channels 24. An opening or through hole 18 in cover layer 12 may be used to deposit the fluid into the channels 24. In addition, cover layer 12 may have a plurality of vent holes 20 formed therein adjacent to the ends of channels 24, to allow the fluid to exit the sensor 10. In some embodiments, measuring a property of the fluid involves subjecting the fluid to a reaction, and cover layer 12 may additionally comprise a plurality of deposit regions 22 where a reagent such as, for example, an enzyme may be deposited. For example, in some embodiments, an enzyme or chemical reagent (e.g., phospholipid) may be used to catalyze a blood coagulation reaction, while other chemical reagents (e.g., sodium citrate) may be used in different embodiments to perform anti-coagulation studies. Deposit regions 22 may be configured to align with reaction zones 28 defined by spacer layer 14, allowing the deposited enzymes and/or other reagents to react with the fluid.
Spacer layer 14 is located between electrode layer 16 and cover layer 12, and contains pre-cut channels 24. The fluid may be deposited into an entry area 26 through entry hole 18 on cover layer 12 and flows into channels 24 through capillary action. Spacer layer 14 also contains a plurality of reaction zones 28 at the end of channels 24 remote from entry area 26. Reaction zones 28 may be configured to interface with deposit regions 22 and vent holes 20 on cover layer 12, allowing enzymes and/or other reagents at deposit regions 22 to react with the fluid, and for the reacted fluid to be able to exit sensor 10 through vent holes 20. In some embodiments, an enzyme is used to catalyze a coagulation reaction, causing the impedance of the fluid (e.g., blood) to change.
In some embodiments, spacer layer 14 defines two channels 24 having a common entry area 26, and each ending at a reaction area 28. It is understood that the number of channels 24 may vary based upon the testing methods and/or measuring mechanisms used.
The thickness of spacer layer 14 defines the height of channels 24. In some embodiments, the thickness of spacer layer 14 is between 50 micrometers (μm) and 100 μm. Spacer layer 14 may be made of a double side adhesive, or a film carrier coated with adhesives on both sides, in order to attach spacer layer 14 between cover layer 12 and electrode layer 16.
Electrode layer 16 comprises an electrode deposition 30 on top of an insulator substrate 32. Insulator substrate 32 may comprise a flexible dielectric layer, such as a polyester, polycarbonate, or polyimide plastic film. Substrate 32 defines a bottom surface of channels 24, and may be configured to be between 75 μm and 250 μm in thickness. In some embodiments, used for electrochemical analysis, the electrode material for electrode deposition 30 comprises silver/silver chloride, which may be used due to its non-polarizing characteristics. The silver to silver chloride ratio can range from 99:1 to 1:99. For example, the commercially available DuPont 5870 ink is an electrode ink with silver/silver chloride ratio of 80:20. It is understood that other materials types and combinations may also be used for electrode deposition.
Electrode deposition 30 can be deposited on insulator substrate 32 through an additive process, including but not limited to printing, coating, or spraying. In some embodiments, electrode deposition 30 is deposited using screen printing, wherein a liquid ink is screened through a mesh having a developed circuit pattern, and then deposited onto insulator substrate 32. Following the deposition, the ink may be solidified using a thermal process (e.g., using an IR oven, conveyorized oven, etc.)
In some embodiments, electrode deposition 30 comprises two or more electrodes. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, electrode deposition 30 comprises a transmitting electrode 301, and a receiving electrode 302. The transmitting electrode 301 is configured to be connected to a current source, such as an alternating current (AC) signal generation unit (not shown). An AC signal may be used instead of a DC signal to prevent redox reactions of the electrodes, which may lead to polarization of the electrodes and cause signal drift. During operation, the AC generation unit is configured to provide an alternating current of a predetermined frequency and voltage to transmitting electrode 301. In some embodiments, the AC current is configured to have a voltage of less than 15V and a frequency between 1 kilo-Hertz (kHz) and 100 kHz. Receiving electrode 302 is configured to be connected to a means for receiving a signal (not shown). Transmitting electrode 301 and receiving electrode 302 pass under a channel 24. Thus, during operation, the impedance between transmitting electrode 301 and receiving electrode 302 may be measured and used to calculate the properties of the fluid flowing through channel 24.
Fluid volume within reaction zones 28, fluid flow time through channels 24, and distance between electrodes 301 and 302 are critical factors in determining the accuracy of the impedance measurement. Therefore, factors that may impede or disrupt the fluid flow through channels 24 should be minimized. One factor is the thickness of the electrode deposition compared to the height of fluid channel 24. For example, current microfluidic sensors for measuring blood coagulation typically have an electrode deposition thickness of between 10 μm and 20 μm, compared to a total channel height of about 80 μm. When fluid is flowing through the channel, the electrode deposition acts as a barrier and impedes the flow, potentially affecting the rate and volume of the fluid flow, and thus altering the measured impedance. A thick electrode deposition effectively decreases the height of channel 24 when fluid is flowing across the electrodes.
Another factor is the roughness of the surface of the electrode deposition. If the electrode surface exhibits a non-uniform profile, the surface roughness may disrupt the flow of fluid over the electrode surface. This may be especially problematic near the side walls of the channel, where the flow of fluid may be slowed down and potentially cause air trapping.
For example,
By way of example, Table 1 illustrates electrode deposition thickness and its variation of using DuPont 5870 ink and Parlex PF046 ink, wherein the measurements were collected using a micrometer drop gauge, with 40 sample points, and each sample point measures the average thickness of an electrode deposition. Table 1 illustrates the average of the 40 sample points, as well as the minimum and maximum sample points. As can be seen from Table 1, by using screen-printing with the Parlex PF046 ink, a variance of less than 10% for average electrode deposition thickness can be achieved, compared with over 30% variation with the DuPont 5870 ink.
Table 2 illustrates maximum peak to valley variations for a pair of sample electrode depositions, which characterize the roughness of the deposition, using DuPont 5870 ink and Parlex PF046 ink, wherein the measurements were collected using a ContourGT-X8 optical profilometer (Bruker Corporation, Tucson, Ariz., USA). The max X-profile peak to valley variation measures the difference in thickness between the highest peak and lowest valley of an electrode deposition along a plane in the X direction (the width of the channel), while the max Y-profile peak to valley variation measures the distance between the highest peak and lowest valley of the electrode deposition along a plane in the Y direction (parallel to the direction of fluid flow). The data clearly shows that the thicker deposition of the DuPont 5870 ink also has a much rougher surface morphology compared to the thinner deposition of PF046 ink.
In some embodiments, a prothrombin time (PT) test is used to determine the clotting tendency of blood during warfarin treatment. PT tests may measure tissue factor induced coagulation time of blood or plasma, wherein a prolonged clotting time may suggest the presence of an inhibitor to one or more of the coagulation factors of an extrinsic pathway, or a deficiency in one of the coagulation factors. In some cases, PT time may be prolonged for patients on anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin drug therapy), or for patients with vitamin K deficiency or liver dysfunction. Thus the PT test can provide an assessment of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. During the test, a reagent for measuring PT, such as prothrombin (e.g., recombinant or purified) is deposited at deposition regions 22 on cover layer 12 corresponding to reaction zones 28. Coagulation assays of the PT can be performed independently or in combination with other assays in a reaction zone 28 on microfluidic sensor 10, such as activated clotting time (ACT), activated partial prothrombin time (APTT), thrombin clotting time (TCT), and auto hemolysis test (AHT).
PT test results can be converted to International Normalized Ratio (INR) values according to the formula:
Measured PT results can be plotted to correlate to INR standard, wherein a lower coefficient of variation (CV) of the results may indicate more accurate results. Thus CV values may be used to assess the signal integrity and performance of the sensor. Table 3 illustrates the ratio of CV of INR for a microfluidic sensor using different electrode inks It can be seen that a thinner, smoother electrode deposition may result in reduced CV and thus more accurate measurements.
In the foregoing specification, various aspects have been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of various embodiments described herein. For example, the above-described systems or modules are described with reference to particular arrangements of components. Nonetheless, the ordering of or spatial relations among many of the described components may be changed without affecting the scope or operation or effectiveness of various embodiments described herein. In addition, although particular features have been shown and described, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the scope of the claims or the scope of other embodiments, and it will be clear to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of various embodiments described herein. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative or explanatory rather than restrictive sense. The described embodiments are thus intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents.
