Patent Application
20060239223
None
The present invention generally relates to a method and system for the coexistence, i.e., the avoidance of radio interference over a common radio frequency band, of Bluetooth (BT) and wireless local area networks (WLANs). More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of transferring data between an access point and a station in a coexistent WLAN either between two successive Bluetooth voice slots or by providing a contention-free WLAN period for a Bluetooth voice slot. Yet more particularly, the present invention provides WLAN management frames that identify WLAN coexistent networks.
Wireless communication devices are generally constrained to operate in a certain frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum. The use of many such bands is licensed by government regulatory agencies, for example, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the European Radio Communications Office. A licensee, such as a TV broadcast station, generally transmits at high power over a large area in the particular frequency band to which it has obtained a license. Licensing is necessary, in such cases, to prevent interference between multiple broadcasters trying to use the same frequency band in an area.
Regulatory agencies also stipulate frequency bands for devices that emit radio frequencies, where licensing is not required. Wireless communication devices using these unlicensed frequency bands generally transmit at low power over a small area. One such frequency band is the ISM band located between 2.4 to 2.5 GHz, which is set aside for industrial, scientific, or medical equipment. This 2.4 GHz band is used by many wireless communication devices for data and/or voice communication networks.
One such communication network is defined by the Bluetooth specification. Bluetooth specifies communication protocols for low cost, low power wireless devices that operate over a very small area, the so-called, personal area network. These wireless devices may include, for example, telephone headsets, cell phones, Internet access devices, personal digital assistants, laptop computers, etc. Typically, the Bluetooth specification seeks to replace a connecting cable between communicating devices, for example, a cell phone and a headset, with a wireless radio link to provide greater ease of use by reducing the tangle of wires frequently associated with personal communication systems. Several such personal communication devices may be “wirelessly” linked together by using the Bluetooth specification, which derives its name from Harald Blatand (Blatand is Danish for Bluetooth), a 10th century Viking king who united Denmark and Norway.
Because Bluetooth devices operate in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz radio frequency band, they are subject to radio interference from other wireless devices operating in the same frequency band. To avoid radio frequency interference, the Bluetooth specification divides the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz frequency band into 1 MHz-spaced channels. Each channel signals data packets at 1 Mb/s, using a Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying modulation scheme. A Bluetooth device transmits a modulated data packet to another Bluetooth device for reception. After a data packet is transmitted and received, both devices retune their radio to a different 1 MHz channel, effectively hopping from radio channel to radio channel, i.e., frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) modulation, within the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz frequency band. In this way, Bluetooth devices use most of the available 2.4 to 2.5 GHz frequency band and if a particular signal packet transmission/reception is compromised by interference on one channel, a subsequent retransmission of the particular signal packet on a different channel is likely to be effective.
Bluetooth devices operate in one of two modes: as a Master device or a Slave device. The Master device provides a network clock and determines the frequency hopping sequence. One or more Slave devices synchronize to the Master's clock and follow the Master's hopping frequency.
Bluetooth is a time division multiplexed system, where the basic unit of operation is a time slot of 625 μs duration. The Master device first transmits to the Slave device during a first time slot of 625 μs with both devices tuned to the same radio frequency channel. Thus, the Master device transmits and the Slave device receives during the first time slot. Following the first time slot, the two devices retune their radios, or hop, to the next channel in the frequency hopping sequence for the second time slot. During the second time slot, the Slave device must respond whether it successfully understood, or not, the last packet transmitted by the Master during the first time slot. Thus, the Slave device transmits and the Master device receives during the second time slot. As a Slave device must respond to a Master's transmission, communication between the two devices requires at a minimum two time slots or 1.25 ms.
Data packets, when transmitted over networks, are frequently susceptible to delays by, for example, retransmissions of packets caused by errors, sequence disorders caused by alternative transmission pathways, etc. Packet delays do not cause much of a problem with the transmission of digital data because the digital data may be retransmitted or re-sequenced by the receiver without effecting the operation of computer programs using the digital data. However, packet delays or dropped packets during the transmission of voice signals can cause unacceptable quality of service.
The Bluetooth specification version 1.1 provides a Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) link for voice packets that is a symmetric link between Master and Slave devices with periodic exchange of voice packets during reserved time slots. The Master device will transmit SCO packets to the Slave device at regular intervals, defined as the SCO interval or TSCO, which is counted in time slots. Bandwidth limitations limit the Bluetooth specification to a maximum of three SCO links. Hence, the widest possible spacing for an SCO pair of time slots, which are sometimes called a voice slot, is every third voice slot. Bluetooth specification version 1.2 provides enhanced SCO links, i.e., eSCO links, which have a larger voice slot size, based on N*625 μs time slots, with larger and configurable intervals between voice slots. These eSCO links can be used for both voice or data applications.
The Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineer's (IEEE's) 802.11 specification for wireless local area networks (WLANs) is also a widely used specification that may define a method of radio frequency modulation, i.e., direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and/or high-rate direct sequence spread spectrum (HR/DSSS), which also uses the same 2.4 GHz radio frequency band as Bluetooth devices. Hence, one would expect the problem of radio interference to occur when Bluetooth and WLAN devices try to communicate simultaneously over the same radio frequency band.
Direct-sequence modulation is a spread spectrum technique that is used to transmit a data packet over a wide frequency band. The basic approach is to smear the radio frequency energy over a wide band in a mathematically controlled way. Changes in the radio carrier are present across a wide band and receivers perform correlation processes to look for changes. Correlation provides DSSS and HR/DSSS transmissions excellent protection against radio interference because noise tends to take the form of relatively narrow pulses that do not produce coherent effects across the entire frequency band. Hence, the correlation function spreads out the noise across the band, while the correlated signal shows a much greater amplitude of signal. Direct-sequence modulation trades bandwidth for throughput.
WLANS may operate as independent networks, in which stations, e.g., laptop computers, communicate directly with each other, or as infrastructure networks that comprise stations, which are radio linked to a wired backbone network, e.g., Ethernet, by an access point. An access point that is associated with one or more stations forms an infrastructure service set, which provides network services to an infrastructure basic service area. All communication between stations in an infrastructure service set must go through an access point. Each station, at any point in time, is only associated with one access point. If a station, i.e., the source, in an infrastructure service set needs to communicate with another station, i.e., the destination, the source station first transmits by radio a data packet to its access point. The access point receives the radio transmission and then transmits the data packet to the destination station.
Several access points may be linked to a wired backbone network to form an extended service set comprising multiple infrastructure service sets and forming a corresponding extended service area. Generally, access points are located along the wired backbone network to form overlapping infrastructure service areas, allowing for movement of a station from a first infrastructure service area to a second infrastructure service area without loss of communication between other stations of the extended service set.
Access points, which derive their power from the wired backbone network, assist stations, which are typically battery-powered, to save power. Access points can note when a station enters a power-saving mode, i.e., a sleep state, and buffer packets directed to the sleeping station. Thus, battery-powered stations can turn their wireless transceiver off and power it up only to transmit and retrieve buffered data packets from the access point. This power saving by mobile stations is one of the most important features offered by an infrastructure network.
WLANs must manage the communication of information from stations to a network in order for stations in search of connectivity to locate a compatible wireless network, to authenticate a mobile station for connection to a particular wireless network, and to associate a mobile station with a particular access point to gain access to the wired backbone network. These management communications are defined under the WLAN specification by the Media Access Control (MAC). The MAC includes a large number of management frames that communicate network management functions, e.g., a Request for Association from a station to an access point, in an infrastructure network.
A station may locate an existing WLAN network by either passive scanning or active scanning. Passive scanning saves battery power because it does not require transmitting. The station may awaken from a sleep mode and listen, i.e., scan, for a Beacon management frame, which broadcasts the parameters and capabilities of an infrastructure network from an access point. From the traffic indication map of the Beacon frame, the station can determine if an access point has buffered traffic on its behalf. To retrieve buffered frames, the station can use a Power Save (PS)-Poll control frame. Active scanning requires that the station actively transmit a Probe Request frame to solicit a response from an infrastructure network with a given name and of known parameters and capabilities. After determining that a responding network of a given name and of known parameters and capabilities is present, the station sequentially joins, authenticates, and lastly requests an association with the responding network by transmitting an Association Request management frame. After receipt of the Association Request frame, an access point responds to the station with an Association Response management frame and the station now has access to the wired backbone network and its associated extended service area.
Management frames, such as an Association Request from a station, or an Association Response, a Beacon, and a Probe Response from an access point, include a MAC header, a frame body containing information elements and fixed fields, and a frame check sequence. Information elements are variable-length components of management frames that contain information about the parameters and capabilities of the network's operations. A generic information element has an ID number, a length, and a variable-length component. Element ID numbers are defined by IEEE standards for some of the 256 available values, other values are reserved. The value 221 is used for vendor specific extensions and is used extensively in the industry.
As Bluetooth personal area networks and WLANs use the same ISM radio frequency band of 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz, radio interference between the different devices can degrade network communications, e.g., decreased data throughput and quality of voice service caused by retransmissions resulting from interference. Therefore, there remains a need for a method and system that will provide coexistence, i.e., the absence of radio interference, between Bluetooth and WLAN devices operating as a combination device or as wireless communication networks in the same area.
An aspect of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a method of transferring data between an access point and a station in a coexistent wireless local area network (WLAN) that includes sending a frame from the station to the access point after a Bluetooth (BT) voice slot and setting a duration field of the frame to cover a next BT voice slot, and transferring a data frame from the access point to the station, in which the transferring of the data frame occurs between the BT voice slot and the next BT voice slot.
Another aspect of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a method of transferring data between an access point and a station in a coexistent wireless local area network (WLAN) that includes sending a first frame from the station to the access point after a first Bluetooth (BT) voice slot and the station receiving an acknowledgment frame from the access point, sending a second frame from the station to the access point that reserves a wireless medium to the station of the coexistent WLAN and setting a duration field of the second frame to cover a second BT voice slot, transferring a data frame from the access point to the station after the second BT voice slot, and acknowledging by the station, receipt of the data frame, in which the sending a second frame provides a contention-free WLAN period for the second BT voice slot.
Yet another aspect of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a system for a coexistent wireless local area network (WLAN) including an access point that identifies a management frame including a coexistent information element, a station that sends the management frame to the access point upon registration, and a coexistent operation that transfers data between the access point and the station between successive Bluetooth (BT) voice slots.
Yet another aspect of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a system for a coexistent wireless local area network (WLAN) including an access point that broadcasts a management frame including a coexistent information element, a coexistent station that registers with the access point, and a coexistent operation that transfers data between the access point and the station between successive Bluetooth (BT) voice slots.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are discussed hereinafter in reference to the drawings, in which:
Generally, various exemplary embodiments of the present invention may provide for alternative methods for transferring data to and from an access point to a station in a coexistent wireless local area network (WLAN), in which the access point response time may be either relatively short or relatively long. In various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a system for a coexistent wireless local area network (WLAN) may include an access point that identifies a management frame including a coexistent information element, a station that may send the management frame to the access point upon association, and a coexistent operation that may download a data frame from the access point to the station between two successive Bluetooth (BT) voice slots. Alternatively, the system for a coexistent wireless local area network (WLAN) may include an access point that broadcasts a management frame including a coexistent information element, a station that may associate with the access point, and a time division multiplexed coexistent operation that may download a data frame from the access point to the station, after setting a contention-free WLAN period for a BT voice slot.
The managed WLAN function of coexistence, i.e., the absence of radio frequency interference in the commonly used 2.4 GHz frequency band by a Bluetooth network and an WLAN, may be identified and communicated between a station and an access point by providing an information element in MAC-defined management frames to define the coexistent parameters and capabilities. Information designating the existence of a coexistence mechanism and the operating parameters of the coexistence mechanism may be used by an access point to selectively perform a corresponding set of algorithms to facilitate coexistence between the Bluetooth and WLAN system of a station.
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Because many varying and different exemplary embodiments may be made with the scope of the inventive concepts taught herein, and because many modifications may be made in the exemplary embodiments detailed herein in accordance with the descriptive requirements of the law, it is to be understood that the detailed descriptions herein are to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
