The present invention relates to a method and system for achieving carrier frequency synchronization in a high speed receiver. In particular, the present invention relates to the carrier recovery loop in a high-speed digital demodulator that compensates for the phase and frequency offsets that are present in the complex baseband signal recovered from the receiver.
In modem digital receivers, the digital complex baseband signal recovered from the analog-to-digital converter invariably contains residual carrier frequency errors due to mismatches between the transmit and receive local oscillators. These residual carrier errors must be removed before the baseband signal can be further processed and outputted. One system for correcting this residual carrier error uses a carrier recovery loop circuit that provides compensating feedback phase and frequency offsets to the corrupted complex baseband signal.
As further shown in
When the initial frequency offset encountered by the carrier recovery loop 20 is in the order of ±5% of the symbol rate, the CR loop 20 cannot always lock on to, and compensate for, the incoming offset frequency in an unaided fashion. Therefore, the following acquisition technique has been used in prior art sytems to achieve better carrier lock. The frequency of the VCO is swept linearly across the range spanning the maximum frequency offset encountered by the receiver. This is done by feeding a linearly changing dc-voltage to the output of the loop filter of
In a high-speed receiver system, hardware realization of the multipliers and adders used in the CR sub-system 25 can produce pipeline delays that are based on the number of hardware clock cycles available for performing computations. Given a maximum operating clock frequency of the system, there are a limited number of hardware clock cycles between consecutive data samples at the higher data rates. For instance, at data rates of 155 Mbits per second, the maximum clock frequency becomes close or equal to the typical data sampling-rate. Each hardware multiplication and addition operation in the carrier recovery feedback loop 20 will therefore introduce pipeline delays. The presence of such delays in the feedback loop 20 introduces instabilities in the carrier acquisition scheme due to the addition of unwanted poles in the closed loop system response. When there is an excessive number of delays present in the feedback loop, the carrier loop 20 is not able to achieve carrier lock even with an aided acquisition scheme.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide a method and system for alleviating the adverse effects of pipeline delays in a carrier recovery loop.
It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one disadvantage of previous systems and methods for carrier recovery in digital communication systems.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a frequency compensation method for a carrier recovery system in a digital demodulator. The method consists of reducing a sampling rate, from a symbol rate to a down-sampled rate, of signals by a down-sampling factor. The signals are received at a phase error detector from a phase derotator and a slicer. When a carrier lock condition is detected at the down-sampled rate, the outputs of a phase accumulator are determined. Extrapolated outputs, between successive determined outputs, can then be extrapolated to generate addresses to a symbol rate look-up table. Compensating frequency and phase compensation offsets, for input to the phase derotator, can then be looked up at the generated addresses.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the down-sampling factor is determined such that a predetermined maximum allowable pipeline delay is not exceeded. The down-sampling factor can be derived from the symbol rate and the channel condition. The extrapolated outputs are determined by calculating a gradient of the phase accumulator outputs. The address generation is accomplished by combining the phase accumulator outputs and the extrapolated outputs, and reformatting the combined phase accumulator outputs and extrapolated outputs.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a carrier recovery system for a digital receiver. The carrier recovery system includes a phase derotator for derotating a signal received from an equalizer, a slicer, communicating with the phase derotator, for providing a quantized decision of the signal, and a feedback loop. The feedback loop has down-sampling means that reduce the sampling rate of signals from the phase derotator and the slicer by a down-sampling factor, from a symbol rate to a down-sampled rate. A phase error detector detects phase errors at the down-sampled rate, feeds the detected errors to a loop filter, a carrier acquisition control and carrier recovery lock, which then determine a carrier lock condition. A phase accumulator then provides outputs at the down-sampled rate, which are used by a look-up table address generation unit to extrapolate extrapolated outputs between the phase accumulator outputs to provide look-up table addresses at the symbol rate. A symbol rate look-up table is then used to generate, by reference to the look-up table addresses, compensating frequency and phase compensation offsets for input to the phase derotator.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the down-sampling means includes means for determining the down-sampling factor such that a predetermined maximum allowable pipeline delay is not exceeded, based on the symbol rate and data channel condition. The look-up table address generation unit includes a gradient computation unit for determining a gradient of the outputs of the phase accumulator, for combining the outputs of the phase accumualator and the extrapolated outputs, and reformatting the combined phase accumulator outputs and extrapolated outputs to provide the look-up table addresses. The look-up table address generation unit includes a multiplexer unit for providing the look-up table addresses to the symbol rate look-up table.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:
Referring to
The carrier recovery system 40 consists of a phase derotator 42, a slicer 44, and a feedback loop 45 having a phase error detector 46, a loop filter 48, a carrier acquisition control 50 communicating with a carrier recovery lock detector 52, a phase accumulator 54, and a sine cosine look-up table 56, as in previously known carrier recovery loops. In addition, the carrier recovery loop 40 includes down-sampling means 58, and a symbol rate address generation unit 60, the operation of which will be described below.
Generally, the present invention provides a method and system for alleviating the adverse effects of pipeline delays on the carrier recovery system 40 in high data rate systems. The present invention employs a combination of reduced sampling rate at the phase error detector 46 and an extrapolation method for reconstructing the sampling rate to the original symbol rate at the look-up table(s) 56. Hardware realization of the multipliers and adders in a conventional carrier recovery system result in pipeline delays that are based on the number of hardware clock cycles available for performing computations. Given the maximum operating clock frequency of the system, there are a limited number of hardware clock cycles between consecutive data samples at the higher data rates. for example, at data rates of 155 Mbits per second, the maximum clock frequency becomes close or equal to the data sampling-rate. Each multiply and add operation in the carrier recovery feedback loop will therefore, introduce pipeline delays. The presence of pipeline delays in the feedback loop introduces instability by the addition of unwanted poles in the closed loop system response. When there is an excessive number of delays present in the feedback loop, the carrier recovery system 40 will not be able to achieve carrier lock even with an aided acquisition scheme. For receivers operating at lower incoming data rates, reduced sampling is not necessary because more hardware clock cycles are available for computations between samples, therefore the carrier loop does not need to be run at a reduced rate.
This method of the present invention is accomplished as follows: The input to the phase error detector 46 is down-sampled by a factor of N (N=1, 2, 3, 4 . . . ) by the down-sampling means 58. This causes the feedback loop of the carrier recovery system 40 to run at a lower, down-sampled rate of symbol_rate/N. At this lower operating rate, more hardware clock cycles are available for computations between successive samples within the feedback loop of the carrier recovery system 40. The net effect is that the pipeline delays seen by the phase derotator 42 and slicer 44 will be reduced. The feedback loop of the carrier recovery system 40 is operated at the reduced rate until carrier lock is achieved. Using combined down-sampling and acquisition control techniques, it is possible to handle up to a predetermined maximum number of pipeline delays in the carrier recovery system 40. Based on the highest operating clock frequency, the selection of down-sampling factor in a presently preferred embodiment is based on the symbol transmission rate, or symbol rate, and channel condition such that the total number of pipeline delays seen by the feedback loop does not exceed the maximum allowable delay. The down-sampled rate at which the feedback loop of the carrier recovery system 40 operates is programmed by an air interface processor (not shown) that controls carrier recovery in the digital receiver, and to which the carrier lock condition is communicated.
While reducing the symbol rate to the down-sampled rate alleviates the pipeline delay in the carrier recovery system 40, it creates another problem in closing the recovery loop. Since the phase derotator 42 and slicer 44 must always operate at the symbol rate, it is necessary that the down-sampled rate be reconverted to the original symbol rate before passing to the look-up table 56. This reconversion is performed by an extrapolation technique between the phase accumulator 54 and the look-up table 56 that regenerates the carrier phase/frequency correction offsets for the phase derotator 42 at the original symbol rate. The symbol rate address generation unit 60, at the output of the phase accumulator 54 reconstructs the reduced sample rate to the original symbol rate at the look-up table 56.
The down-sampled carrier feedback loop is run until the carrier acquisition control 50 and the lock detector 52 determine that carrier lock has been achieved. At this point, the phase accumulator output displays a constant slope that is proportional to the carrier offset encountered by the loop. To restore the original symbol rate, the current value of the phase accumulator output is extrapolated in order to generate N−1 more addresses for the look-up table 56 between consecutive output samples from the phase accumulator. This procedure is shown in greater detail in
Referring to
Referring to
In summary, for high data rate receivers, the present invention provides a combination of down-sampling and extrapolation methods to operate the feedback loop in a carrier recovery system 40 at a reduced rate, while operating its phase derotator 42 and slicer 44 at the symbol rate. The total pipeline delay as seen by the carrier recovery system is thus reduced. This in turn allows for more efficient correction of residual carrier frequency errors present in a complex baseband signal. The down-sampling rate can be programmed, by the air interface processor, for different settings based on the operating data rate of the demodulator. Since the phase derotator 42 and slicer 44 must always operate at the symbol rate, the reduced symbol rate is reconverted to the original symbol rate for access to the look-up table. This is performed by an extrapolation technique between the phase accumulator 54 and the look-up table 56 that regenerates the carrier phase/frequency corrections for the phase derotator 42 at the original symbol rate.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2302004 | Mar 2000 | CA | national |
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20010024479 A1 | Sep 2001 | US |