Patent Application
20120194528
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally directed to computing systems. More particularly, the present invention is directed to preemption techniques in computing systems.
2. Background Art
The desire to use a graphics processing unit (GPU) for general computation has become much more pronounced recently due to the GPU's exemplary performance per unit power and/or cost. The computational capabilities for GPUs, generally, have grown at a rate exceeding that of the corresponding central processing unit (CPU) platforms. This growth, coupled with the explosion of the mobile computing market and its necessary supporting server/enterprise systems, has been used to provide a specified quality of desired user experience. Consequently, the combined use of CPUs and GPUs for executing workloads with data parallel content is becoming a volume technology.
However, GPUs have traditionally operated in a constrained programming environment, available only for the acceleration of graphics. These constraints arose from the fact that GPUs did not have as rich a programming ecosystem as CPUs. Their use, therefore, has been mostly limited to 2D and 3D graphics and a few leading edge multimedia applications, which are already accustomed to dealing with graphics and video application programming interfaces (APIs).
With the advent of multi-vendor supported OpenCL® and DirectCompute®, standard APIs and supporting tools, the limitations of the GPUs in traditional applications has been extended beyond traditional graphics. Although OpenCL and DirectCompute are a promising start, there are many hurdles remaining to creating an environment and ecosystem that allows the combination of the CPU and GPU to be used as fluidly as the CPU for most programming tasks.
Existing computing systems often include multiple processing devices. For example, some computing systems include both a CPU and a GPU on separate chips (e.g., the CPU might be located on a motherboard and the GPU might be located on a graphics card) or in a single chip package. Both of these arrangements, however, still include significant challenges associated with (i) separate memory systems, (ii) providing quality of service (QoS) guarantees between processes, (iii) programming model, (iv) compiling to multiple target instruction set architectures (ISAs), and (v) efficient scheduling, —all while minimizing power consumption.
For example, a GPU in a traditional computing system, cannot schedule its own tasks. Instead, the GPU sends a signal to a CPU and has the CPU schedule the processing. When the CPU receives the signal, it schedules tasks in a memory storage module for GPU to process. The GPU reads those tasks from the memory storage module and subsequently processes these tasks. This procedure unnecessarily diverts the CPU resources to task scheduling for the GPU.
What is needed, therefore, are improved methods and systems for improved context switching.
Although GPUs, accelerated processing units (APUs), and general purpose use of the graphics processing unit (GPGPU) are commonly used terms in this field, the expression “accelerated processing device (APD)” is considered to be a broader expression. For example, APD refers to any cooperating collection of hardware and/or software that performs those functions and computations associated with accelerating graphics processing tasks, data parallel tasks, or nested data parallel tasks in an accelerated manner with respect to resources such as conventional CPUs, conventional GPUs, and/or combinations thereof.
Embodiments of the present invention include a method of preempting a task from a set of parallel processors. The method includes removing the task from the parallel processors via a scheduling mechanism. Responsive to the removing, the method also includes ceasing (i) retrieval of commands from a buffer associated with the task, (ii) dispatch of groups of threads associated with the task, (iii) dispatch of wavefronts associated with the task, and (iiii) execution of the wavefronts. State information related to the task is saved.
Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Such embodiments are presented herein for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. Various embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout.
In the detailed description that follows, references to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
The term “embodiments of the invention” does not require that all embodiments of the invention include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation. Alternate embodiments may be devised without departing from the scope of the invention, and well-known elements of the invention may not be described in detail or may be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the invention. In addition, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. For example, as used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including,” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
In one example, system 100 also includes a memory 106, an operating system 108, and a communication infrastructure 109. The operating system 108 and the communication infrastructure 109 are discussed in greater detail below.
The system 100 also includes a kernel mode driver (KMD) 110, a software scheduler (SWS) 112, and a memory management unit 116, such as input/output memory management unit (IOMMU). Components of system 100 can be implemented as hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that system 100 may include one or more software, hardware, and firmware components in addition to, or different from, that shown in the embodiment shown in
In one example, a driver, such as KMD 110, typically communicates with a device through a computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. In one example, drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface. Device drivers, particularly on modern Windows platforms, can run in kernel-mode (Ring 0) or in user-mode (Ring 3).
A benefit of running a driver in user mode is improved stability, since a poorly written user mode device driver cannot crash the system by overwriting kernel memory. On the other hand, user/kernel-mode transitions usually impose a considerable performance overhead, thereby prohibiting user mode-drivers for low latency and high throughput requirements. Kernel space can be accessed by user modules only through the use of system calls. End user programs like the UNIX shell or other GUI based applications are part of the user space. These applications interact with hardware through kernel supported functions.
CPU 102 can include (not shown) one or more of a control processor, field programmable gate array (FPGA), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or digital signal processor (DSP). CPU 102, for example, executes the control logic, including the operating system 108, KMD 110, SWS 112, and applications 111, that control the operation of computing system 100. In this illustrative embodiment, CPU 102, according to one embodiment, initiates and controls the execution of applications 111 by, for example, distributing the processing associated with that application across the CPU 102 and other processing resources, such as the API) 104.
APD 104, among other things, executes commands and programs for selected functions, such as graphics operations and other operations that may be, for example, particularly suited for parallel processing. In general, APD 104 can be frequently used for executing graphics pipeline operations, such as pixel operations, geometric computations, and rendering an image to a display. In various embodiments of the present invention, APD 104 can also execute compute processing operations, based on commands or instructions received from CPU 102.
For example, commands can be considered a special instruction that is not defined in the ISA and usually accomplished by a set of instructions from a given ISA or a unique piece of hardware. A command may be executed by a special processor such as a dispatch processor, command processor, or network controller. On the other hand, instructions can be considered, e.g., a single operation of a processor within a computer architecture. In one example, when using two sets of ISAs, some instructions are used to execute x86 programs and some instructions are used to execute kernels on APD/APU compute unit.
In an illustrative embodiment, CPU 102 transmits selected commands to APD 104. These selected commands can include graphics commands and other commands amenable to parallel execution. These selected commands, that can also include compute processing commands, can be executed substantially independently from CPU 102.
APD 104 can include its own compute units (not shown), such as, but not limited to, one or more single instruction multiple data (SIMD) processing cores. As referred to herein, a SIMD is a math pipeline, or programming model, where a kernel is executed concurrently on multiple processing elements each with its own data and a shared program counter. All processing elements execute a strictly identical set of instructions. The use of predication enables work-items to participate or not for each issued command.
In one example, each APD 104 compute unit can include one or more scalar and/or vector floating-point units and/or arithmetic and logic units (ALUs). The APD compute unit can also include special purpose processing units (not shown), such as inverse-square root units and sine/cosine units. In one example, the APD compute units are referred to herein collectively as shader core 122.
Having one or more SIMDs, in general, makes APD 104 ideally suited for execution of data-parallel tasks such as are common in graphics processing.
Some graphics pipeline operations, such as pixel processing, and other parallel computation operations, can require that the same command stream or compute kernel be performed on streams or collections of input data elements. Respective instantiations of the same compute kernel can be executed concurrently on multiple compute units in shader core 122 in order to process such data elements in parallel. As referred to herein, for example, a compute kernel is a function containing instructions declared in a program and executed on an APD/CPU compute unit. This function is also referred to as a kernel, a shader, a shader program, or a program.
In one illustrative embodiment, each compute unit (e.g., SIMD processing core) can execute a respective instantiation of a particular work-item to process incoming data. A work-item is one of a collection of parallel executions of a kernel invoked on a device by a command. A work-item can be executed by one or more processing elements as part of a work-group executing on a compute unit.
A work-item is distinguished from other executions within the collection by its global ID and local ID. In one example, a subset of work-items in a workgroup that execute simultaneously together on a single SIMD engine can be referred to as a wavefront 136. The width of a wavefront is a characteristic of the hardware SIMD engine. As referred to herein, a workgroup is a collection of related work-items that execute on a single compute unit. The work-items in the group execute the same kernel and share local memory and work-group barriers.
All wavefronts from a workgroup are processed on the same SIMD engine. Instructions across a wavefront are issued one at a time, and when all work-items follow the same control flow, each work-item executes the same program. An execution mask and work-item predication are used to enable divergent control flow within a wavefront, where each individual work-item can actually take a unique code path through the kernel. Partially populated wavefronts can be processed when a full set of work-items is not available at wavefront start time. Wavefronts can also be referred to as warps, vectors, or threads.
Commands can be issued one at a time for the wavefront. When all work-items follow the same control flow, each work-item can execute the same program. In one example, an execution mask and work-item predication are used to enable divergent control flow where each individual work-item can actually take a unique code path through a kernel driver. Partial wavefronts can be processed when a full set of work-items is not available at start time. For example, shader core 122 can simultaneously execute a predetermined number of wavefronts 136, each wavefront 136 comprising a predetermined number of work-items.
Within the system 100, APD 104 includes its own memory, such as graphics memory 130. Graphics memory 130 provides a local memory for use during computations in APD 104. Individual compute units (not shown) within shader core 122 can have their own local data store (not shown). In one embodiment, APD 104 includes access to local graphics memory 130, as well as access to the memory 106. In another embodiment, APD 104 can include access to dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or other such memories (not shown) attached directly to the APD 104 and separately from memory 106.
In the example shown, APD 104 also includes one or (n) number of command processors (CPs) 124. CP 124 controls the processing within APD 104. CP 124 also retrieves commands to be executed from command buffers 125 in memory 106 and coordinates the execution of those commands on APD 104.
In one example, CPU 102 inputs commands based on applications 111 into appropriate command buffers 125. As referred to herein, an application is the combination of the program parts that will execute on the compute units within the CPU and APD.
A plurality of command buffers 125 can be maintained with each process scheduled for execution on the APD 104.
CP 124 can be implemented in hardware, firmware, or software, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, CP 124 is implemented as a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) engine with microcode for implementing logic including scheduling logic.
APD 104 also includes one or (n) number of dispatch controllers (DCs) 126. In the present application, the term dispatch refers to a command executed by a dispatch controller that uses the context state to initiate the start of the execution of a kernel for a set of workgroups on a set of compute units. DC 126 includes logic to initiate workgroups in the shader core 122. In some embodiments, DC 126 can be implemented as part of CP 124.
System 100 also includes a hardware scheduler (HWS) 128 for selecting a process from a run list 150 for execution on APD 104. HWS 128 can select processes from run list 150 using round robin methodology, priority level, or based on other scheduling policies. The priority level, for example, can be dynamically determined. HWS 128 can also include functionality to manage the run list 150, for example, by adding new processes and by deleting existing processes from run-list 150. The run list management logic of HWS 128 is sometimes referred to as a run list controller (RLC).
In various embodiments of the present invention, when HWS 128 initiates the execution of a process from RLC 150, CP 124 begins retrieving and executing commands from the corresponding command buffer 125. In some instances, CP 124 can generate one or more commands to be executed within APD 104, which correspond with commands received from CPU 102. In one embodiment, CP 124, together with other components, implements a prioritizing and scheduling of commands on APD 104 in a manner that improves or maximizes the utilization of the resources of APD 104 and/or system 100.
APD 104 can have access to, or may include, an interrupt generator 146. Interrupt generator 146 can be configured by APD 104 to interrupt the operating system 108 when interrupt events, such as page faults, are encountered by APD 104. For example, APD 104 can rely on interrupt generation logic within IOMMU 116 to create the page fault interrupts noted above.
APD 104 can also include preemption and context switch logic 120 for preempting a process currently running within shader core 122. Context switch logic 120, for example, includes functionality to stop the process and save its current state (e.g., shader core 122 state, and CP 124 state).
As referred to herein, the term state can include an initial state, an intermediate state, and a final state. An initial state is a starting point for a machine to process an input data set according to a program in order to create an output set of data. There is an intermediate state, for example, that needs to be stored at several points to enable the processing to make forward progress. This intermediate state is sometimes stored to allow a continuation of execution at a later time when interrupted by some other process. There is also final state that can be recorded as part of the output data set
Preemption and context switch logic 120 can also include logic to context switch another process into the APD 104. The functionality to context switch another process into running on the APD 104 may include instantiating the process, for example, through the CP 124 and DC 126 to run on APD 104, restoring any previously saved state for that process, and starting its execution.
Memory 106 can include non-persistent memory such as DRAM (not shown). Memory 106 can store, e.g., processing logic instructions, constant values, and variable values during execution of portions of applications or other processing logic. For example, in one embodiment, parts of control logic to perform one or more operations on CPU 102 can reside within memory 106 during execution of the respective portions of the operation by CPU 102. The term “processing logic” or “logic,” as used herein, refers to control flow commands, commands for performing computations, and commands for associated access to resources.
During execution, respective applications, operating system functions, processing logic commands, and system software can reside in memory 106. Control logic commands fundamental to operating system 108 will generally reside in memory 106 during execution. Other software commands, including, for example, KMD 110 and software scheduler 112 can also reside in memory 106 during execution of system 100.
In this example, memory 106 includes command buffers 125 that are used by CPU 102 to send commands to APD 104. Memory 106 also contains process lists and process information (e.g., active list 152 and process control blocks 154). These lists, as well as the information, are used by scheduling software executing on CPU 102 to communicate scheduling information to APD 104 and/or related scheduling hardware. Access to memory 106 can be managed by a memory controller 140, which is coupled to memory 106. For example, requests from CPU 102, or from other devices, for reading from or for writing to memory 106 are managed by the memory controller 140.
Referring back to other aspects of system 100, IOMMU 116 is a multi-context memory management unit.
As used herein, context (sometimes referred to as process) can be considered the environment within which the kernels execute and the domain in which synchronization and memory management is defined. The context includes a set of devices, the memory accessible to those devices, the corresponding memory properties and one or more command-queues used to schedule execution of a kernel(s) or operations on memory objects. On the other hand, process can be considered the execution of a program for an application will create a process that runs on a computer. The operating system can create data records and virtual memory address spaces for the program to execute. The memory and current state of the execution of the program can be called a process. The operating system will schedule tasks for the process to operate on the memory from an initial to final state.
Referring back to the example shown in
In the example shown, communication infrastructure 109 interconnects the components of system 100 as needed. Communication infrastructure 109 can include (not shown) one or more of a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus, extended PCI (PCI-E) bus, advanced microcontroller bus architecture (AMBA) bus, accelerated graphics port (AGP), or such communication infrastructure. Communications infrastructure 109 can also include an Ethernet, or similar network, or any suitable physical communications infrastructure that satisfies an application's data transfer rate requirements. Communication infrastructure 109 includes the functionality to interconnect components including components of computing system 100.
In this example, operating system 108 includes functionality to manage the hardware components of system 100 and to provide common services. In various embodiments, operating system 108 can execute on CPU 102 and provide common services. These common services can include, for example, scheduling applications for execution within CPU 102, fault management, interrupt service, as well as processing the input and output of other applications.
In some embodiments, based on interrupts generated by an interrupt controller, such as interrupt controller 148, operating system 108 invokes an appropriate interrupt handling routine. For example, upon detecting a page fault interrupt, operating system 108 may invoke an interrupt handler to initiate loading of the relevant page into memory 106 and to update corresponding page tables.
Operating system 108 may also include functionality to protect system 100 by ensuring that access to hardware components is mediated through operating system managed kernel functionality. In effect, operating system 108 ensures that applications, such as applications 111, run on CPU 102 in user space. Operating system 108 also ensures that applications 111 invoke kernel functionality provided by the operating system to access hardware and/or input/output functionality.
By way of example, applications 111 include various programs or commands to perform user computations that are also executed on CPU 102. The unification concepts can allow CPU 102 to seamlessly send selected commands for processing on the APD 104. Under this unified APD/CPU framework, input/output requests from applications 111 will be processed through corresponding operating system functionality.
In one example, KMD 110 implements an application program interface (API) through which CPU 102, or applications executing on CPU 102 or other logic, can invoke APD 104 functionality. For example, KMD 110 can enqueue commands from CPU 102 to command buffers 125 from which APD 104 will subsequently retrieve the commands. Additionally, KMD 110 can, together with SWS 112, perform scheduling of processes to be executed on APD 104. SWS 112, for example, can include logic to maintain a prioritized list of processes to be executed on the APD.
In other embodiments of the present invention, applications executing on CPU 102 can entirely bypass KMD 110 when enqueuing commands.
In some embodiments, SWS 112 maintains an active list 152 in memory 106 of processes to be executed on APD 104. SWS 112 also selects a subset of the processes in active list 152 to be managed by HWS 128 in the hardware. Information relevant for running each process on APD 104 is communicated from CPU 102 to APD 104 through process control blocks (PCB) 154.
Processing logic for applications, operating system, and system software can include commands specified in a programming language such as C and/or in a hardware description language such as Verilog, RTL, or netlists, to enable ultimately configuring a manufacturing process through the generation of maskworks/photomasks to generate a hardware device embodying aspects of the invention described herein.
A person of skill in the art will understand, upon reading this description, that computing system 100 can include more or fewer components than shown in
In
Although only a small amount of data may be provided as an input to graphics pipeline 162, this data will be amplified by the time it is provided as an output from graphics pipeline 162. Graphics pipeline 162 also includes DC 166 for counting through ranges within work-item groups received from CP pipeline 124a. Compute work submitted through DC 166 is semi-synchronous with graphics pipeline 162.
Compute pipeline 160 includes shader DCs 168 and 170. Each of the DCs is configured to count through compute ranges within work groups received from CP pipelines 124b and 124c.
The DCs 166, 168, and 170, illustrated in
Since graphics pipeline 162 is generally a fixed function pipeline, it is difficult to save and restore its state, and as a result, the graphics pipeline 162 is difficult to context switch. Therefore, in most cases context switching, as discussed herein, does not pertain to context switching among graphics processes. The exception is for graphics work in shader core 122, which can be context switched.
Shader core 122 can be shared by graphics pipeline 162 and compute pipeline 160. Shader core 122 can be a general processor configured to run wavefronts.
In one example, all work within compute pipeline 160 is processed within shader core 122. Shader core 122 runs programmable software code and includes various forms of data, such as state data. Compute pipeline 160, however, does not send work to graphics pipeline 162 for processing. After processing of work within graphics pipeline 162 has been completed, the completed work is processed through a render back unit 176, which does depth and color calculations, and then writes its final results to graphics memory 130.
In step 202, a trigger to preempt a task is received. For example, in
In step 204, the task is removed from a set of parallel processors. For example, in
In step 206, retrieval of commands from a buffer associated with the task is ceased using a CP. For example, in
In step 208, dispatch of groups of work-items associated with the task is ceased using a DC. For example, in
In step 210, dispatch of wavefronts associated with the task is ceased using a shader arbiter.
In optional step 212, the operation of method 200 can wait for a grace period. For example, in
In an embodiment, waiting a grace period can allow in-flight wavefronts associated with the task to complete their execution. In-flight wavefronts are those wavefronts that are currently being executed on shader core 122. Ceasing processing on a wavefront entails performance costs because state information for each in-flight wavefront must be saved to memory. By waiting a grace period, one or more of the in-flight wavefront(s) associated with the task may complete their operation. Thus, the system would not have to incur the performance costs of ceasing a wavefront. The length of the grace period can be software programmable. For example, software running on CP 124b can control the length of the grace period. In determining the length of the grace period, the potential reduction in the saving of state information is balanced against the resulting delay in completing the preemption of the task.
In step 214, it is determined whether all in-flight wavefronts associated with the task have completed their operation. For example, CP 124b can determine whether all in-flight wavefronts associated with the task have completed their operation in shader core 122.
If all in-flight wavefronts associated with the task have completed their operation, method 200 proceeds to step 220. If not, method 200 proceeds to step 216.
In step 216, a shader is controlled to cease processing of all in-flight wavefronts associated with the task using the CP. For example, in
In step 218, in-flight wavefronts are saved. For example, in
In step 220, state information on the control processor, the DC, and the shader arbiter is saved. The state information is state information regarding the task. For example, state information regarding the task included in CP 124b, DC 170, and shader arbiter 300 can be saved to memory 106 using a memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) path.
In step 402, a CP is controlled to restore state information regarding the task. For example, in
In step 404, saved wavefronts associated with the task are restarted. For example, in
In step 406, the state of the shader arbiter is restored and the arbiter is restarted. For example, in
In step 408, the state of the DC is restored and the DC is restarted. For example, in
In step 410, commands from a buffer associated with the task can be retrieved. For example, in
In an embodiment, the operation of methods 200 and 400 can be combined to context switch from a first task to a second task. Specifically, method 200 can be used to preempt the operation of the first task. Then method 400 can be used to restore the second task so that operation on the second task can begin or continue.
The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way.
The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed.
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.
The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 61/423,385, filed Dec. 15, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61423385 | Dec 2010 | US |
