Method and system for controlling a complementary user interface on a display surface

Abstract

An alternate display content controller provides a technique for controlling a video display separately from and in addition to the content displayed on the operating system display surface. Where the display is a computer monitor, the alternate display content controller interacts with the computer utility operating system and hardware drivers to control allocation of display space and create and control one or more parallel graphical user interfaces adjacent the operating system desktop. An alternate display content controller may be incorporated in either hardware or software. As software, an alternate display content controller may be an application running on the computer operating system, or may include an operating system kernel of varying complexity ranging from dependent on the utility operating system for hardware system services to a parallel system independent of the utility operating system and capable of supporting dedicated applications. The alternate display content controller may also include content and operating software delivered over the internet or any other LAN. The alternate display content controller may also be included in a television decoder/settop box to permit two or more parallel graphical user interfaces to be displayed simultaneously.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method and system for controlling the display of information on a display surface and, in particular, to computer software that displays one or more user interfaces that can coexist with a standard user interface provided by the computer system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a standard display with an overscan user interface on all four borders of the display.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the basic components of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a cursor or pointer within the overscan user interface and the hotspot above it within the standard display.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of the usable border within the vertical overscan and the horizontal overscan surrounding the standard display.

FIG. 7 is an overview flow diagramshowing the operation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of the sub-steps in Identify Display step 102 of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of the sub-steps of changing the display resolution step 114 of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of the sub-steps in the Paint the Display step 120 of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of the sub-steps of Enable Linear Addressing step 112 of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of the sub-steps of the Process Message Loop of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of the sub-steps of the Check Mouse and Keyboard Events step 184 in FIG. 12 .

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of the sub-steps of the Change Emulation Resolution step 115 in FIG. 7 .

FIG. 15 is a diagram of a standard display of the prior art.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of a standard display with an overscan user interface in the bottom overscan area.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of a standard display including a desktop, an overscan user interface in the bottom overscan area and a context sensitive browser on the side.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of a standard display with an overscan user interface in the bottom and on the right overscan area.

FIG. 19 is a line drawing of a parallel GUI according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a simplified example of a menu tree.

FIG. 21 is a line drawing of a parallel GUI with an accessory container or cartridge.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide computer-based methods and systems for displaying information on a display surface. When a resident operating system is present, embodiments display information in a manner that is complementary to the resident operating system. The information displayed may be coexistent with a user interface provided by the resident operating system. In addition, embodiments may be embedded into a resident operating system and provide a primary interface to a display surface.

Embodiments provide a technique for controlling allocation and content of display space among one or more user interfaces, operating systems or applications permitting an application or parallel graphical user interface (GUI) to operate outside the desktop, the area designated for display of the operating system interface and it's associated applications. In an example embodiment, a computer operating under the control of any utility operating system such as Microsoft Windows™, Linux, Apple O/S or Unix may have the allocation of visible display controlled by techniques of the present invention. The operating system desktop may be scaled and/or moved to a specific area of the display permitting a parallel (or complementary) GUI to operate in the open area. An example embodiment of the present invention may be an application operating under the primary or utility operating system or it may be combined with an operating system kernel to control the display and content in the parallel display.

Also, in some embodiments, a technique is provided for adding and using a parallel graphical user interface adjacent to the standard user graphical display interface, for example in the border beyond the standard screen display area. Conventional video systems, such as VGA, SVGA and XGA video systems, include a defined border surrounding the display area. The original purpose of this border was to allow adequate time for the horizontal and vertical retrace of the electron gun in a cathode ray tube display. However, with the advent of LCD displays and as retrace speeds have increased in modern monitors, it is now possible to present a user interface display in this border. The border which can be controlled as a user interface is a portion of what is known as the “overscan”. Example embodiments include a method for presenting one or more additional or secondary user interfaces, for example, in the overscan area surrounding the conventional user interface display often called the desktop.

When the electron gun in a CRT retraces to the left of the screen or the top of the screen, it requires a significant amount of time relative to the presentation of a scanned line of data. During the retrace, the electron gun is turned off (“blanked”). If the blanking time required for the retrace is equal to the amount of time available, there is no usable overscan. However, modern monitors have become much faster in their retrace speeds, leaving a significant amount of time when the electron gun need not be blanked, allowing a displayable border. In the prior art, although the border is usually “black” (the gun is turned off), it is well known how to specify that the border shall be given any one of six colors. Standard BIOS allows a specification of this color. The desired color is simply specified in one of the registers for the video controller. Typically no data for this color is stored in the buffer of video memory for the display. An example embodiment of the present invention establishes an additional video buffer for the border and allows this buffer to be written with display data like the regular display buffer. The additional video buffer is often present but unused in the graphics systems of most computers because video memory is usually implemented in sizes that are powers of 2 e.g. “512K”, whereas standard desktop dimensions are not “e.g. 640×480=300K”. The display area is thereby expanded, on one or more edges, to provide a visible area previously invisible. The pixels within this newly visible area of the display are made accessible to programs through an application programming interface (API) component of example embodiments of the present invention. A program incorporating a parallel graphical user interface may be displayed in the previously blanked area of the display, functionally increasing the accessible area of the display without hardware modification. In other cases the desktop may be increased or decreased to non-standard sizes.

Other example embodiments of the present invention include a method for displaying an image on a video display system in an area outside of the primary display area generated by the video display system. Two dimensions define the standard display area, each specifyng a number of pixels. Selecting a video “mode” specifies these dimensions. The method can be accomplished by adjusting parameters for the video display system to increase the number of pixels in at least one dimension of the display system. The number of pixels which is added is less than or equal to the difference between the number of pixels specified in the video mode and a maximum number of pixels which the video display system can effectively display. Any such difference is defined here as the overscan area. Thus, the overscan area may be the difference between the current desktop video mode and the display capability of the display device or more specifically, any portion of video memory unused when the operating system is in a given screen dimension. Because most interface displays are created by writing a desired image to a buffer or memory for the video display, the method requires allocating additional video display memory for the increased pixels. The image written to such memory is then displayed by the system alongside the original display area.

In other example embodiments, only the vertical dimension is increased and the overscan user interface is presented above or below the primary display area. Alternatively, the horizontal dimension may be increased and the overscan user interface displayed to the right or the left of the primary display area. Similarly, the interface image may be displayed on any or all of the four sides of the primary display area.

In still other example embodiments, a parallel (or complementary) GUI is provided that includes access to existing search engines and browsers. In another embodiment, the parallel GUI includes a search engine and/or browser. A search engine and/or browser may be opened in either the overscan space or a space within or over the operating system user interface.

These and other features and advantages of embodiments of the present invention will become further apparent from the detailed description and accompanying figures that follow.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems for displaying information on a display surface in a manner that complements the display metaphor and technology provided by a resident operating system. Using techniques of embodiments of the present invention, a complementary user interface is made operable within an existing system or is provided as a stand-alone environment. The complementary user interface may coexist as a secondary graphical user interface (“GUI”) with a primary user interface, such as conventional desktop GUI provided by the resident operating system. The complementary user interface provided by such embodiments may be used, for example, to provide additional display screen real estate or to provide quick or continuous (“sticky”) access to selected applications. The new user interface may provide access to a wide variety of capabilities, including, for example, continuous access to a user's favorite network locations on, for example, the Internet.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , in a preferred embodiment, programming mechanisms and interfaces in a video display and control system such as computer system 7 or settop box 8 provide one or more parallel GUIs such as space 2 C and/or space 4 in a display area such as display area 1 or display area 9 by providing access and visibility to a portion of the display otherwise ignored and/or inaccessible (hereinafter “overscan area”). Display areas such as display area 1 or display area 9 may be created on any type of analog or digital display hardware including but not limited to CRT, TFT, LCD and flat panel.

Alternate display content controller 6 interacts with the computer utility operating system 5 B and hardware drivers 5 C to control allocation of display space 1 and create and control one or more parallel graphical user interfaces such as context sensitive network browser (CSNB) 2 and internet pages 2 A and 2 B adjacent the operating system desktop 3 . Alternate display content controller 6 may be incorporated in either hardware or software. As software, an alternate display content controller may be an application running on the computer operating system, or may include an operating system kernel of varying complexity ranging from dependent on the utility operating system for hardware system services to a parallel system independent of the utility operating system and capable of supporting dedicated applications. The alternate display content controller may also include content and operating software such as JAVA delivered over the Internet 1 or any other LAN.

The alternate display content controller may also be included in a television decoder/settop box such as box 8 to permit two or more parallel graphical user interfaces such as pages 9 A and 9 B to be displayed simultaneously. Methods and systems of the present invention may be compatible with conventional television formats such as NTSC, PAL, PAL-C, SECAM and MESECAM. In this configuration content and software may be delivered over any conventional delivery medium 10 including but not limited to over the air broadcast signals 10 A, cable 10 C, optical fiber, and satellite 10 B.

FIGS. 1 and 2 will be referenced in more detail below.

FIG. 15 shows an example of a standard prior art display desktop generated by a Microsoft Windows 95™ operating system. Within the desktop 31 are the taskbar 32 and desktop icons 33 .

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a graphical user interface image is painted onto one or more of the sides of the overscan area as shown in FIG. 3 . FIG. 3 is a depiction of a Super VGA (SVGA) display with the addition of a graphical bar user interface displayed in the overscan area. The overscan user interface bar 30 is defined to reside outside the borders of the “desktop” display area 31 . In FIG. 16 , the display is modified to include a graphical user interface 30 in a bar 20-pixels high below the bottom edge. In FIG. 3 , the display is modified to include a graphical user interface in four bars each 20-pixels high/wide outside each of the four display edges: a bottom bar 30 , a left side bar 34 , a right side bar 36 , and a top bar 38 .

The overscan interface may include, and is not limited to, buttons, menus, application output controls (such as a “ticker window”), animations, and user input controls (such as edit boxes). Because the overscan interface is not obscured by other applications running within the standard desktop, the overscan interface may be constantly visible or it may toggle between visible and invisible states based upon any of a number of programming parameters (including, but not limited to, the state of the active window, the state of a toggle button, etc.).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the basic components of the present invention. Within the software component S are the operating system 63 and one or more applications such as application 61 . Within the protected modes of modern systems, applications 61 do not have direct access to the video or Graphics Drivers 64 or hardware components such as the video card 66 which contains the video chipset 66 A, 66 B and 66 C. Abstraction layers such as Application Interface (API) 60 , and/or Direct API 62 , provide limited access, often through the operating system 63 . FIG. 5 is a diagram of a cursor or pointer within the overscan user interface and the hotspot above it within the standard display.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a technique for painting and accessing an area of the computer display not accessible, or used, in the operative desktop graphics modes. In the Microsoft Windows environments (including Microsoft Window 95 and derivatives, and Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 and derivatives) and other contemporary operating environments, the primary display area “desktop” is usually assigned by the operating system to be one of a set of predetermined video “modes” such as those laid out in Tables 1 and 2 below, each of which is predefined at a specific pixel resolution. Thus, the accessible area of the computer display may not be modified except by selecting another of the available predefined modes.

TABLE 1
ROM BIOS VIDEO MODES
Mode		Mode	Buffer	Seg-
Number	Resolution	Colors	Type	ment
00H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 350 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
00H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 350 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
00H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
00H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
01H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 200 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
00H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 350 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
01H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
01H	42 × 25 chars (320 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
02H	80 × 25 chars (640 × 200 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
02H	80 × 25 chars (640 × 350 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
02H	80 × 25 chars (640 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
02H	80 × 25 chars (640 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
03H	80 × 25 chars (640 × 200 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
03H	80 × 25 chars (640 × 350 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
03H	80 × 25 chars (640 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
03H	80 × 25 chars (720 × 400 pixels)	16	Alpha	B800
04H	320 × 200 pixels	4	Graphics	B800
05H	320 × 200 pixels	4	Graphics	B800
06H	840 × 200 pixels	2	Graphics	B800
07H	80 × 25 chars (720 × 350 pixels)	2	Alpha	B000
07H	80 × 25 chars (720 × 400 pixels)	2	Alpha	B000
0DH	320 × 200 pixels	16	Graphics	A000
0EH	640 × 200 pixels	16	Graphics	A000
0FH	640 × 350 pixels	4	Graphics	A000
10H	640 × 350 pixels	4	Graphics	A000
10H	640 × 350 pixels	16	Graphics	A000
11H	640 × 480 pixels	2	Graphics	A000
12H	640 × 480 pixels	16	Graphics	A000
13H	320 × 200 pixels	256	Graphics	A000

TABLE 2
SVGA VIDEO MODES DEFINED
IN THE VESA BIOS EXTENSION
	Mode		Mode	Buffer
	Number	Resolution	Colors	Type
	100H	640 × 480 pixels	256	Graphics
	101H	640 × 480 pixels	256	Graphics
	102H	800 × 600 pixels	16	Graphics
	103H	800 × 600 pixels	256	Graphics
	104H	1024 × 768 pixels	16	Graphics
	105H	1024 × 768 pixels	256	Graphics
	106H	1280 × 1024 pixels	16	Graphics
	107H	1280 × 1024 pixels	256	Graphics
	108H	80 × 60 chars	16	Alpha
	109H	132 × 25 chars	16	Alpha
	10AH	132 × 43 chars	16	Alpha
	10BH	132 × 50 chars	16	Alpha
	10CH	132 × 60 chars	16	Alpha
	10DH	320 × 200 pixels	32,768	Graphics
	10EH	320 × 200 pixels	65,536	Graphics
	10FH	320 × 200 pixels	16,777,216	Graphics
	110H	640 × 480 pixels	32,768	Graphics
	111H	640 × 480 pixels	65,536	Graphics
	112H	640 × 480 pixels	16,777,216	Graphics
	113H	800 × 600 pixels	32,768	Graphics
	114H	800 × 600 pixels	65,536	Graphics
	115H	800 × 600 pixels	16,777,216	Graphics
	116H	1024 × 788 pixels	32,768	Graphics
	117H	1024 × 768 pixels	65,536	Graphics
	118H	1024 × 768 pixels	16,777,216	Graphics
	119H	1280 × 1024 pixels	32,768	Graphics
	11AH	1280 × 1024 pixels	65,536	Graphics
	11BH	1280 × 1024 pixels	16,777,216	Graphics

As shown in FIG. 6 , a displayed image is “overscanned”. That is, the displayed video buffer data occupies less than the entire drivable screen size. The drivable screen size is determined by the total amount of video memory and the operative video display characteristics. The width of the usable overscan border depends on the amount of the horizontal overscan 52 reduced by the horizontal blanking 54 and the amount of the vertical overscan 53 reduced by the vertical blanking 55 .

In a first preferred embodiment, only a border at the bottom of the standard display area is used. Consequently, only the vertical control parameters for the cathode ray tube (CRT) controller, shown as Control Registers 6 H, 16 H, 11 H, 10 H, 12 H and 15 H in FIG. 4 need to be adjusted. These parameters and others are shown in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3
VERTICAL TIMING PARAMETERS FOR CR PROGRAMMING.
Register	Name	Description
6H	Vertical Total	Value = (total number of scan lines per frame) − 2
		The high-order bits of this value are stored in the overflow registers.
7H	Overflow	High-order bits from other CR registers.
10H	Vertical Retrace Start	Scan line at which vertical retrace starts.
		The high-order bits of this value are stored in the overflow registers.
11H	Vertical Retrace End	Only the low-order 4 bits of the actual Vertical Retrace End value are stored.
		(Bit 7 is set to 1 to write-protect registers 0 through 7.)
12H	Vertical Display End	Scan line at which display on the screen ends.
		The high-order bits of this value are stored in the overflow registers.
15H	Start Vertical Blank	Scan line at which vertical blanking starts.
		The high-order bits of this value are stored in the overflow registers.
16H	End Vertical Blank	Scan line at which vertical blanking ends.
		The high order bits of this value are stored in the overflow registers.
59H-5AH	Linear Address Window Position	Linear address window position in 32-bit CPU address space.

In the standard 640×480 graphics mode, the nominal horizontal scan rate is 31.5 KHz (31,500 times per second) with a vertical scan rate of 60 Hz (60 frames per second). So the number of lines in one frame is 31,500/60, or 525. Because only 480 lines of data need to be displayed, there are 525-480 , or 45, lines available for vertical overscan. Leaving a more than adequate margin for retrace, which requires only 2 lines worth of time, the preferred embodiment uses 20 lines for the alternate display. Thus the additional 23 unused but available lines may be used to increase the size of the operating system desktop to some non-standard size while still allowing two lines for retrace, or may be left blank, or may be used for one or more additional alternate parallel user interface displays.

The information display methods of a preferred embodiment of the present invention can be accomplished by achieving three requirements:

(1) to address and modify the visible resolution of the video display system such that portions of the overscan area are visible as shown in FIG. 6 ,

(2) to address and modify the video display contents for the visible portion of the overscan area, and

(3) to provide an application programming interface (API) or other mechanism to allow applications to implement this functionality.

FIG. 7 , and the additional details and sub-steps provided in FIGS. 8-13 , provides an example flow diagram of an implementation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention meeting the requirements described above. The environment of this implementation is a standard Microsoft Windows 95™ operating environment, using Microsoft Visual C and Microsoft MASM for the development platform. One skilled in the art will recognize that other embodiments can perform on other other platforms and within other environments. For example, embodiments could be implemented within any graphical interface environment, such as X-Windows, OSF Motif, Apple OS, a Java OS, and others in which similar video standards (VGA, SVGA, XGA, 8514/A) are practiced. The reference books PC Video Systems by Richard Wilton, published by Microsoft Press and Programmer's Guide to the EGA, VGA, and Super VGA Cards by Richard F. Ferrano, published by Addison Wesley provide more than adequate background information to implement an embodiment in a Windows environment.

Referring now in particular to FIG. 7 , upon initialization, at Identify Display Type step 102 , the program attempts to determine the display type, and current location in memory used by the display driver, in order to determine the size and locations of any display modifications to be made, e.g. to the size and location of overscan area(s) to be used.

As described in further detail in FIG. 8 , the program first queries the hardware registry in Query Hardware Registry, step 131 , to attempt to determine the registered display type. If successful, the program then determines compatibility information in Display Type Supported, step 135 , to verify that the program supports that display type and determine memory allocation information.

If the hardware registry information is unavailable, as determined in step 131 , or the display type determined in step 131 is unsupported as determined by step 104 , the program may use an alternate approach, shown as subroutine Query hardware, steps 135 in FIG. 8 , to query the BIOS, in step 134 , and the video chipset 66 , in step 136 , for similar information as described immediately below.

If the BIOS is to be accessed in step 134 , physical memory is first allocated in Allocate Physical Memory, step 132 , and accessed using Microsoft's DPMI (DOS Protected Mode Interface) to map it to the linear memory address in which the BIOS resides in Use DPMI to assign BIOS linear address to physical memory, step 133 .

Thereafter, the program queries the BIOS in Read BIOS block, Search for VGA/XVA type and manufacturer ID, step 134 . If successful, the driver and chipset are then further queried to determine the display type and memory location in Query driver/chipset for exact chipset, step 136 .

If the compatibility information does not indicate a standard VGA, SVGA, XGA, or 8514/A signature, step 134 , this routine returns a failure. If a known chipset manufacturer's identification is found, the driver and/or chipset may be queried with manufacturer-specific routines, step 136 , to identify and initialize, as necessary, the specific chipset.

If, at step 104 , the program was unable to finally unable to identify the display type, either because the registry query in step 131 or the hardware query in step 135 was unsuccessful, the user may be prompted at Run in windowed mode, step 116 , as to whether the program should continue to run as a standard “application bar” or “toolbar”. The program may either exit or proceed to run as a toolbar on the desktop.

Returning now to FIG. 8 , if a supported display type is detected, the program then determines the screen borders to be accessed in Identify borders to display in overscan, step 106 , based upon user preferences, and determines, as necessary, whether sufficient video memory exists to make the necessary display changes. For example, if the screen is currently set to a 1024×768 resolution at 16 bits-per-pixel, and the program is to include four graphical interface bars, one on each edge, with each bar 20 pixels deep, the program preferrably checks that video memory is greater than 1.7 MB (required number of bytes=Pixels Width*BitsPerPixel*PixelsHeight).

The controller registers 6 H, 16 H, 11 H, 10 H, 12 H and 15 H as shown in FIG. 4 and detailed in Table 3, may be accessed through standard input/output ports, using standard inp/outp functions. The CR registers 6 H, 16 H, 11 H, 10 H, 12 H and 15 H are first unlocked, as indicated in Unlock CRTC registers, step 108 in FIG. 7 , to make them writeable. They are unlocked by clearing bit 7 in controller register 11 H.

Addressing of video memory, step 112 , is accomplished through one of several means. One is to use the standard VGA 64 K “hardware window”, moving it along the video memory buffer 67 ( FIG. 4 ) in 64 Kb increments as necessary. One example method is to enable linear addressing by querying the video chipset for the linear window position address, step 138 of FIG. 11 . This 32-bit offset in memory allows the program to map the linear memory to a physical address, steps 140 and 142 of FIG. 11 , that can be manipulated programmatically.

At this point the program can modify the size of the display, step 114 and FIG. 9 , to include the border areas. This routine first checks to determine whether or not the system is running in “toolbar” mode, step 144 , and, if so, returns true. If not, it then determines whether to reset all registers and values to their original state, effectively returning the display to its original appearance, step 152 . The determination is based upon a number of parameters, such as whether the current resolution, step 146 , reflects a standard value or previous programmatic manipulation, step 148 . If a standard resolution is already set, the variables are reset to include the specified border areas, step 150 . The CR registers are adjusted, step 154 , to modify the scanned and blanked areas of the display. If the top or side areas are modified, existing video memory is moved accordingly in step 162 of FIG. 10 .

If any of the foregoing routines returns a failure, the program may prompt the user to determine whether “emulation” mode, step 113 , or windowed mode step 116 should be used or if the program should exit at step 124 .

In its simplest form, embodiments of the present invention can be viewed as techniques for adding a secondary GUI by reconfiguring the actual display mode to add a modified, non-standard GUI mode in which the standard display size or resolution has been adjusted to include a secondary display in addition to the primary display. For example, a standard 640×480 display is modified in accordance with techniques of the present invention to become a larger display, one section of which corresponds to the original 640×480 display while another section corresponds to a 640×25 secondary GUI display.

There are various techniques or mechanisms required for modifying the system to include the secondary GUI, depending upon the requirements of the secondary GUI and upon the present circumstances of the unmodified system.

In another embodiment of the present invention system, resources are allocated for a secondary GUI by fooling the video driver into going to larger resolution. This technique automatically guarantees that enough space is kept clean, since the video driver allocates system resources according to the resolution that the video driver believes it will be operating in. To operate one or more secondary user interfaces in one or more areas of the screen it is necessary to have the memory that was associated in video memory or in the frame buffer with that location, contiguously below the primary surface free and available. By writing a series of small applets specific to hardware known to have system resource allocation problems for a secondary user interface, the secondary user interface application may run such applet whenever resolutions will be switched, initializing the chip set pertinent to that particular applet. If the application finds an applet pertinent to the current particular chip set it will be launched. The applet or minidriver initializes itself, performs the necessary changes to the driver's video resolution tables, forces a reenable, and sufficient space is subsequently available for one or more secondary user interfaces.

When reenabled, the driver allocates video memory as needed for the primary display according to the data on the UCCO resolution tables. Therefore, the modified values result in a larger allocation. Once the driver has allocated memory necessary for the primary surface, the driver will allow no outside access to the allocated memory. Thus by fooling the driver into believing that it needs to allocate sufficient memory for a resolution exactly x bytes larger than the current resolution where x is the size of one or more secondary user interfaces, the application can be sure that no internal or external use of the allocated memory location can conflict with the secondary user interface.

This method ensures that system resources will be allocated for one or more secondary user interfaces by writing an applet that would address the video driver in such a way as to force the video driver, on its next reenable, to allocate video memory sufficient for a resolution higher than the actual operating system resolution. This may also be done by modifying each instance of the advertised mode tables, and thus creating a screen size larger than the primary user interface screen size.

This technique has an additional benefit of eliminating the need to prevent the driver from actually shifting into the specified larger resolution, handing the primary user interface a larger display surface resolution. The “hardware mode table,” a variant of the aforementioned video resolution tables, is not advertised and not accessible. Therefore, when the driver validates the new resolution, checking against the hardware mode table, it will always fail and therefore refuse to shift into that resolution. Because this technique modified the advertised video resolution tables early enough in the driver's process, allocated memory was modified, and memory addresses set before the failure in validate mode. Subsequently when the CRTCs are modified, in step 114 , the driver is reserving sufficient memory for one or more secondary user interfaces and not making it available for any other process or purpose.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, an enveloping driver is installed to sit above the existing driver and shims itself in between the hardware abstraction layer and the actual video driver in order to be able to handle all calls to the video driver and modify the driver and the driver's tables in a much more generic fashion rather than in a chipset specific fashion. The enveloping driver shims into the primary video driver, transparently passing calls back and forth to the primary video driver. The enveloping driver finds the video resolution tables in the primary video driver which may be in a number of locations within the driver. The enveloping driver modifies the tables (for example, increasing 800 by 600 to 800 by 620). A 1024 by 768 table entry may become 1024 by 800.

Like the previously described embodiment, the primary driver cannot validate the new resolution and therefore cannot actually change the display setting. As a result, the driver allocated memory, allocated the cache space, determined memory address and moved cache and offscreen buffers as necessary. So the primary driver never uses all the space allocated, and will never draw in that space.

As stated earlier, methods of the present invention may include three primary steps, finding or producing unused video memory, creating or expanding the overscan area, and putting data in the overscan area.

The step of finding or producing the unused video memory requires a review of the contents of the Controller Registers, the CR registers, used by VGA compatible chip sets or graphic boards to identify where the overscan area, the blanking, the vertical and horizontal total and the sinking should be set. The CR defines the desktop display, how its synched, where it's laid out left and right, how much buffer area there would be on each side, where it would be stored within the video memory area. A review of the contents of the CR data registers therefore fully defines and allows one to control the potential location and size of the overscan area.

In order to accomplish the step of creating or expanding the overscan area, the CRs may currently be used directly for systems with video display resolutions up to and including 1024 pixels in any dimension, that is, resolutions which can be defined in the generally accepted VGA standards by 10 bits per register. To expand the overscan area, new data is written into the CR using standard techniques such as the Inp and Outp, functions. A standard video port and MMIO functions may also be used to modify the CRs.

At greater resolutions, 11 bits may be needed to properly define the resolution. There is currently no standard way in which the 11 th bit location is defined. Therefore, at a resolution above 1280 by 1024, for example, an understanding about the video card itself, particularly how the 11 bits representing the resolution are stored, is currently required and will be described below in greater detail.

When expanding the overscan, it is important to make sure a previous overscan bar is not already displayed, possibly from a previous crash or other unexpected problem. Either the display is preferrably immediately reset to the appropriate resolution defaults, or the CR queried to determine if the total screen resolution as understood by the video card and drivers differs from the screen resolution known by the operating system display interface. An overscan bar may already be displayed if the total screen resolution is not equal to one of the standard VGA or SVGA resolutions. In particular, if the total screen resolution is equal to a standard VGA/SVGA resolution plus the area required for the overscan bar or is greater than the resolution reported by the operating system display interface, the display is reset.

Once the display area or resolution as stored in the CR is determined, the resolution or display area can be extended in several different ways. The overscan area can be added to the bottom, the top, or the right of the current display area, and optionally, the display area can be repositioned so that the overscan bar can remain centered in appearance. Alternatively, the overscan area can be added anywhere and the original or desktop display area can be centered to improve appearance. In any event, the height/width of the display area required for the overscan bar is presented adjacent the desktop area stored in the CR and the combination is written into the CR, overwriting the previous data.

The screen typically shows a quick flash as it is placed in a different mode, including the desktop display area as well as a parallel GUI such as a display bar in the overscan area. As soon as that change occurs, a black mask can be positioned over the new areas. The new menu data can then be safely written on top of the black mask so that the user never sees memory “garbage”.

There is typically a few seconds of load time during which a simple message can be displayed, such as “Loading . . . ”, to avoid confusing the user.

There are a number of mechanisms by which this may be done. A set of class objects is used, all derived from a common base class corresponding to the above described VGA-generic technique.

The first mechanism is an implementation of the VGA-generic technique. Using this mechanism, no information specific to a video-card is necessary, other than ensuring VGA support. Using standard application programming interface (API) routines, primary and secondary surfaces are allocated. The new display data in the CR is simply the physical address at the start of the primary surface plus the number of pixels defined by the screen size.

Allocation of the primary surface will always be based on the entire screen display. Given the linear address of the allocated primary surface, from which a physical address can be derived, it can be extrapolated that the physical address of the location in video memory immediately adjacent to the primary surface is represented by the sum of the number of bytes of memory used to maintain the primary surface in memory plus the value of the physical address of the primary surface.

Once the physical address of the primary surface is known, the size of the primary surface as represented in video memory can be determined.

For example, the system looks in the CRs for the resolution of the screen, 800 by 600, in terms of number of bits per pixel, or bytes per pixel. Then any data stored in the CR representing any horizontal synching space is added. This is the true scan line length. The scan line length is a more accurate measurement of the width in a given resolution.

Next, the physical address of the allocated secondary surface is derived from its linear address. In the case where the allocated secondary surface is, in fact, allocated in the memory space contiguous to the primary surface (the value of the secondary surface physical address is equal to the value of the primary surface physical address plus the size of the primary), the secondary surface is determined to be the location in memory for the overscan display.

If, however, the above is not true and the secondary surface is not contiguous to the primary surface, another approach mechanism is required.

To summarize, the first mechanism determines how much physical area to allocate for the desktop allowing adjacent area for parallel GUI secondary space beyond that to display in the overscan area. The newly allocated area will be the very first block of memory available. If this block immediately follows the primary surface, the physical address will correspond to the value associated with the physical address of the primary surface, plus the size of the primary surface. If that is true, the memory blocks are contiguous, this VGA-generic mechanism can be used.

If this first, VGA-generic mechanism cannot be used, the video card and driver name and version information retrieved from the hardware registry and BIOS, as described earlier, is used in conjunction with a look-up table to determine the best alternatives among the remaining mechanisms. The table includes a set of standards keyed to the list of driver names found in the hardware registry. A class object specific to the video chipset is instantiated based, directly or indirectly, on the VGA-generic object.

If the hardware look up does not result in a reliable match, a reliability, or confidence, fudge factor may be used. For example, if the hardware look up determines that an XYZ-brand device of some kind is being used, but the particular XYZ device named is not found in the look up table, a generic model from that chipset manufacturer many often be usable. If no information is available, the user may get a message indicating that the hardware is not supported and that the program cannot run in the overscan area. The user may then be queried to determine if the system should be operated in the “application-toolbar” mode, which basically runs with exactly the same functionality but in a windowed environment within the desktop rather than in the overscan area outside the desktop.

The next alternative mechanism uses surface overlays. The first step to this approach is to determine if the system will support surface overlays. A call is made to the video driver to determine what features are supported and what other factors are required. If surface overlays are supported, for example, there may be a scaling factor required.

For example, a particular video card in a given machine, using 2 megabytes of video RAM, might support unscaled surface overlays at 1024×768 at 8 bits per pixel, but not at 1024×768 at 16 bits per pixel because the bandwidth of the video card or the speed of the card, coupled with the relatively small amount of video memory would not be sufficient to draw a full width overlay. It is often horizontal scaling that is at issue, preventing the driver from drawing a full width overlay. An overlay is literally an image that is drawn on top of the primary surface. It is not a secondary surface, which is described above. Typically, the system sends its signal from the video driver to the hardware such that it merges the two signals together, overlaying a second signal on top of the first.

If a system can not support unscaled overlays, perhaps because of bandwidth issues or memory issues, this mechanism is not desirable. It is not rejected, but becomes a lower priority alternative. For example, if the scaling factor is below 0.1, then the normal bar can be drawn and it will be clipped closer to the edge. If the scaling factor is more than 10%, another approach mechanism is required

In the next set of alternative mechanisms, a secondary surface is allocated sufficient in size to encompass the normal desktop display area plus the overscan area to be used for display of the overscan bar or bars. Using these mechanisms, the allocated secondary surface does not have to be located contiguous in memory to the primary surface. However, these approaches use more video memory than the others.

The first step is to allocate a secondary surface sufficient in size to contain the video display (the primary surface) plus the overscan area to be used. If the allocation fails, that means that there is not enough video memory to accomplish the task and this set of mechanisms is skipped and the next alternative tried. After the new block of memory is allocated, a timer of very small granularity is used to execute a simple memory copy of in the contents of the primary surface onto the appropriate location of this secondary surface. The timer executes the copy at approximately 85 times per second.

Within this set of alternative mechanisms is a variant that uses the system page tables. This mechanism queries the system page tables to determine the current GDI surface address, that is, the physical address in the page table for the primary surface. A secondary surface is then created large enough to hold all of what is in the video memory plus the memory required for the overscan bar to be displayed. This surface address is then pushed into the system page table and asserted as the GDI surface address.

Thereafter, when GDI reads from or writes to the primary surface through the driver, it actually reads from or writes the new, larger surface. The overscan bar program can, subsequently, modify the area of the surface not addressed by GDI. The original primary surface can be de-allocated and the memory usage reclaimed. This mechanism, being more memory-efficient than the previously described mechanism, is the preferred alternative. But the page tables solution will not work correctly on a chipset that includes a coprocessor device. If the initial device query reveals that the device does include a coprocessor, this variant mechanism will not be attempted.

Other variations of the above-described mechanisms are accounted for in derived class objects. For example, the VGA-generic mechanisms may vary when the video card requires more than ten bits to represent the video resolution in the CR. Some instances may require 11 bits. Such registers typically do not use contiguous bytes, but use extension bits to designate the address information for the higher order bits.

In this example, the eleventh bit is usually specified in an extended CR register and the extended CR registers are usually chip specific.

Similarly, a variation of the surface overlay mechanism includes a scaling factor, as described above. This alternative is handled in specific implementations through derived class objects and may be the preferred solution in certain situations.

Another implementation of this technology uses a “hooking” mechanism as shown in FIG. 14 . After the display driver is identified through the hardware registry or the BIOS, as described above, certain programming interface entry points into the driver are hooked such as at step 117 . In other words, when the video system device interface, Windows GDI for example, calls those entry points into the display driver, the program can take the opportunity to modify the parameters being passed to the display driver, and/or to modify the values being returned from the display driver.

By hooking the “ReEnable” function in the display driver, at step 117 , the overscan bar program can allocate screen area in different ways in step 119 :

(1) In step-up mode, step 121 , by intercepting a resolution change request and identifying the next-higher supported screen resolution and passing that higher resolution to the display driver, then, when the display driver acknowledges the change, intercepting the returned value, which would reflect the new resolution, and actually returning the original requested resolution instead. For example, GDI requests a change from 640×480 resolution to 800×600 resolution; the overscan program intercepts the request and modifies it to change the display driver to the next supported resolution higher than 800×600, say 1024×768. The display driver will change the screen resolution to 1024×768 and return that new resolution. The overscan program intercepts the return and instead passes the original request, 800×600, to GDI. The display driver has allocated and displays a 1024×768 area of memory. GDI and Windows will display the desktop in an 800×600 area of that display, leaving areas on the right and bottom edges of the screen available to the overscan program.

(1) In shared mode, step 123 , by intercepting only the return from the display driver and modifying the value to change the operating system's understanding of the actual screen resolution. For example, GDI requests a change from 800×600 resolution to 1024×768 resolution. The overscan program intercepts the returned acknowledgment, subtracting 32 before passing the return on to GDI. The display driver has allocated and displays a 1024×768 area of memory. GDI and Windows will display the desktop in an 1024×736 area of that display, leaving an area on the bottom edge of the screen available to the overscan bar program.

After hooking, the overscan bar program can display by:

(1) using standard API calls to render the bar to an off-screen buffer, as described in the next section, and then hooking the “BitBlt” function entry point into the display driver in order to modify the offset and size parameters and subsequently redirect the BitBlt to the area outside of that which the API believes is onscreen.

(1) using mechanisms of primary and secondary surface addresses, described earlier, the program determines the linear addresses for the off-desktop memory location(s) left available to it, and can render directly to those memory locations. Phase 2 of the methods of embodiments of the present invention begins by painting the new images into a standard off-screen buffer, step 118 , as is commonly used in the art, and making the contents visible, step 120 , as described in FIG. 10 . If the program is in “toolbar” mode, step 156 , the off-screen buffer is painted into the standard window client space, step 166 , and made visible, step 164 , using generic windowing-system routines. Otherwise, the linear window position address is mapped, step 158 , as described in FIG. 11 which has been previously explained. Once the linear memory is mapped to a physical memory address, step 142 , the contents of the off-screen display buffer can be copied into the video buffer directly, step 154 of FIG. 10 , or painted as to a secondary surface.

The preferred embodiment application includes a standard application message loop, step 122 , which processes system and user events. An example of a minimum functionality process loop is in FIG. 12 . Here the application handles a minimal set of system events, such as painting requests, step 170 , system resolution changes, step 172 , and activation/deactivation, step 174 . Here, too, is where user events, such as key or mouse events, may be handled, step 184 , detailed in FIG. 13 . System paint messages are handled by painting as appropriate into the off-screen buffer, step 178 , and painting the window or display buffer, step 180 , as appropriate, as described earlier in FIG. 10 . System resolution messages are received whenever the system or user changes the screen or color resolution. The programs reset all registers to the correct new values, then change the display resolution, step 182 , as earlier described in FIG. 9 , to reflect the new resolution modified. User messages are ignored when the program is not the active application.

FIG. 13 describes a method of implementing user-input events. In this embodiment, there are three alternative mechanisms used to implement cursor or mouse support so that the user has a pointing device input tool within the overscan area user interface.

In the preferred mechanism, GDI's “cliprect” is modified to encompass the overscan bar's display area. That keeps the operating system from clipping the cursor as it moves into the overscan area. This change doesn't necessarily make the cursor visible or provide event feedback to the application, but is the first step.

Some current Windows applications continually reset the cliprect. It is a standard programming procedure to reset the cliprect after use or loss of input focus. Some applications use the cliprect to constrain the mouse to a specific area as may be required by the active application. Whenever the overscan display bar interface receives the input focus it reasserts the cliprect, making it large enough for the mouse to travel down into the overscan space.

Once the cliprect has been expanded, the mouse can generate messages to the operating system reflecting motion within the expansion area. GDI does not draw the cursor outside what it understands to be its resolution, however, and does not pass “out-of-bounds” event messages on to an application. The overscan program uses a V×D device driver, and related callback function, to make hardware driver calls at ring zero to monitor the actual physical deltas, or changes, in the mouse position and state. Every mouse position or state change is returned as an event to the program which can graphically represent the position within the menu display bar.

An alternative mechanism avoids the need to expand the cliprect in order to avoid conflict with a class of device drivers that use the cliprect to facilitate virtual display panning. Querying the mouse input device directly the overscan program can determine “delta's”, changes in position and state. Whenever the cursor touches the very last row or column of pixels on the standard display, it is constrained there by setting the cliprect to a rectangle comprised of only that last row or column. A “virtual” cursor position is derived from the deltas available from the input device. The actual cursor is hidden and a virtual cursor representation is explicitly displayed at the virtual coordinates to provide accurate feedback to the user. If the virtual coordinates move back onto the desktop from the overscan area, the cliprect is cleared, the virtual representation removed, and the actual cursor restored onto the screen.

A third alternative mechanism creates a transparent window that overlaps the actual Windows desktop display area by a predefined number of pixels, for example, two or four pixels. If the mouse enters that small, transparent area, the program hides the cursor. A cursor image is then displayed within the overscan bar area, at the same X-coordinate but at a Y-coordinate correspondingly offset into the overscan area. If a two-pixel overlap area is used, this method uses a granularity of two. Accordingly, this API-only approach provides only limited vertical granularity. This alternative mechanism assures that all implementations will have some degree of mouse-input support, even when cliprect and input device driver solutions fail.

FIG. 7 describes the cleanup mechanisms executed when the program is closed, step 124 . The display is reset to the original resolution, step 126 , and the CR registers are reset to their original values, step 128 , and locked, step 130 .

In another embodiment of the present invention, the launching or initiating of alternate display content controller 6 may be modified and controlled. Alternate display content controller 6 may be launched as a service, as an application, or as a user application. As a service, alternate display content controller 6 may be launched as a service within the registry of utility operating system 5 B. The first kind of application is launched in the Run section in the registry, and the user application may be initiated from the Start Up Group within the Start button. Thus, alternate display content controller 6 may be initiated any time from the first thing after graphics mode is enabled to the very last thing initiated.

Launched as a service, alternate display content controller 6 may be visible shortly after utility operating system 5 B such as Windows actually addresses the display, and how soon after depends on where alternate display content controller 6 is put it in the order of the things that will be launched as services. It may be possible to put alternate display content controller 6 so that it launches as essentially the first service and thus would launch almost at the same time as the drivers, very, very shortly after the drivers are launched. Accordingly, it is possible to have the screen change from text mode to graphics, draw the colored background, immediately re-display with the overscan addressed and a parallel GUI such as CSNB 2 display the very close to the same time as taskbar. Launched as a run-line application, alternate display content controller 6 may be visible in display space I shortly after icons appear.

Example Secondary User Interfaces

The following descriptions provide example user interfaces that can be implemented using methods and techniques of the present invention. The Xsides™ application environment implemente by the pixel company includes, among other capabilities, a cylindrical visualization of a secondary user interface, a Portal feature, and a Web Jump (NetSpace) feature that offers Internet browsing and searching capabilities. The Portal feature can include any type of textual or graphical content envisioned by its implementer. One skilled in the art will recognize that many other user interfaces can be realized by the methods, systems, and techniques of the present invention and that these interfaces may be available in conjunction with one another.

Xsides™ Application Environment Overview

The Xsides™ environment is an embodiment of the methods and systems of the present invention. It offers a user interface that is:

always visible and accessible

technically scalable

able to “overtake” the desktop

merge-able

able to provide highly secure data transmissions

easy to use

small (<1.5 MB to download)

Xsides™ is implemented by software that is independent of any underlying systems user interface. It resides “below” the operating system and “above” the drivers (if the system architecture is viewed from the drivers up through the application software). The software communicates directly to the driver level and adjusts video display parameters. It also allows keyboard and mouse events outside of the primary user interface supported by the operating system.

The technology can deliver, among other things, Internet content and services, third-party applications, Web browsers, personal Internet portals, advertisements, Web-based client-server applications and electronic program guides (EPGs). Because the xSides™ Technology enables content and functionality to reside physically outside and control independent of the existing operating systems, such content and functionality do not interfere with and cannot be covered by the operating system or the applications that reside on the desktop.

The xSides™ Technology is able to support interactive content and applications in a persistent fashion outside of the operating system because it resides outside of the operating system's control. Specifically, xSides™ resides within an abstraction layer “below” the operating system and “above” the device drivers. As such, xSides™ can adjust the parameters for the video display system, can increase the number of pixels and scan lines and can enable keyboard and mouse events within the xSides™ area. This allows xSides™ to dramatically resize the existing desktop, if desired, “uncovering” the majority of the display area around any or all four sides of the desktop, which we can then use to display content and applications. An application programming interface (“API”) to the xSides™ Technology allows developers to rapidly develop applications that take advantage of these unique characteristics of the technology.

The technology can potentially address every user of an Internet-enabled computer or TV worldwide. In addition, the proliferation of consumer electronics operating systems (i.e., Microsoft CE) in such devices as portable daily planners and set-top boxes further expands our market opportunity.

The first products of xSides™ Technology will be variations of co-branded mini-portals, which reside on the user's display area and feature the content and applications of our strategic partners. These products initially appear on the bottom of a computer screen as a thin cylinder icon (the “control bar”) containing a series of control buttons. The control bar is comprised of a number of faces, which we call “Sides™,” each of which can contain different combinations of content, applications and graphics (hence the name xSides™). The user can easily rotate from one Side™ to the next with mouse clicks to view and access the different content present on a given Side™. The ability to rotate the xSides™ interface to different faces expands the available computer display real estate and allows for compatibility among products licensed to different partners, enabling users to easily view and access whatever content they want. The control buttons can perform a variety of tasks, including launching a Web connection or application, displaying tickers and banners of server-delivered content, or can allow the user to launch functions running in an additional xSides™ display area called the xSides™ Portal. The xSides™ Portal is an Internet display area below the xSides™ control bar which can contain any html-based image or application, including email and instant messaging input and output, calendar and address book information, ISP controls, ad-banners, electronic programming guides and Web-based client-server applications. The xSides™ Portal is initially being used to build personal “desktop” Internet portals, which will be customized and distributed by Internet content and commerce providers, fee-based and free Internet service providers (ISPs), PC based Web application developers (ISVs) and hardware OEMs.

An important feature of our xSides™ products is the function we call “merge. ” Merge allows users to upgrade their existing xSides™ products to subsequent versions and to add or remove additional faces to their control bar at will. Essentially, merge enables users to make their xSides™ product a convenient, one-stop destination for all of their favorite content and services. This is not only important and attractive to users, but also to our strategic partners who are able to introduce multiple faces, as well as upgrade their users to new applications and functionality over time. Although merge provides product convenience and flexibility for both users and strategic partners, in one preferred embodiment neither the original faces nor the persistent logos on an xSides™ product can be “de-merged,” giving strategic partners additional incentive to distribute the products.

The following summarizes the five basic functions performed by our xSides™ Technology:

Expands the display surface around the desktop to a previously unused area—The xSides™ Technology adjusts parameters for the video display system to increase the number of pixels in at least one dimension of the display system and on one or more edges of the desktop.

Establishes additional video memory buffers for the newly visible area—The number of scan lines and pixels which need to be added to the display is set by xSides™ so that the video display system can display within the physical limitations of video RAM and monitor refresh.

Allows the buffers to be written into like any regular display buffer—The buffers are allocated and locked in order to prevent them from being corrupted by the video display system.

Allows keyboard and mouse events within the xSides™ area—These events can now occur outside of the desktop, whereas before they were recognized only by the operating system.

Secures the xSides™ area—Since the xSides™ area communicates directly to the driver level without having to communicate through the operating system, transactions, emails, and other data transfers are more secure than in an environment where the data transfer occurs through multiple layers of an operating system where corruption and infiltration can occur.

Xsides™ Example Cylindrical User Interface

Referring now to FIG. 19 , display area 26 includes a parallel GUI 28 according to embodiments of the present invention. Display area 26 may be located anywhere on screen 24 S of video monitor 24 . For example, with long axis L oriented horizontally display area 26 may be located adjacent edge 24 T or edge 24 B. Alternatively, with long axis L oriented vertically, display area 26 may be located adjacent edge 24 L or edge 24 R.

Aspect ratio 34 of parallel GUI 28 is the relationship between dimension 32 measured along long axis L and dimension 30 expressed as 34:1 where aspect ratio 34 is determined by equation 36.

36 →Aspect ratio 34=dimension 32÷dimension 30

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, parallel GUI 28 includes bar 38 surrounded by area 28 A. Bar 38 may include one or more containers or cartridges such as cartridge 86 of FIG. 20 . Area 28 A may be any color; in the example embodiment, area 28 A is black. Bar 38 may be composed of separate elements such as title area 40 , one or more help areas such as help area 42 and or help area 56 , one or more rotators such as rotator 44 and or rotator 48 , and one or more buttons such as button 46 , button 50 , ticker 52 and button 54 . A button may be depressible such as button 46 or non-depressible such as button 40 . A depressible button such as button 46 may perform an associated action and display highlighting when selected and clicked on using any conventional pointing device such as mouse 22 . A non-depressible button such as button 40 may act as a label and or initiate apparent rotation of the elements of bar 38 to the right of button 40 along with all the associated sound, apparent motion, and highlighting as described below.

During a ‘mouse over’ condition, that is when a pointer such as arrow 64 is moved over a depressible button such as button 46 , the appearance of button frame 62 may be changed such as by changing its color and thus the apparent intensity of emitted light. The change evoked in a button frame such as button frame 62 may be localized to a portion of the button frame such as corner 62 A. Preferably, a ‘mouse over’ condition causes light to apparently emit from the lower left corner of the button frame such as corner 62 B.

Clicking on or ‘mouse down’ condition of a depressible button such as button 46 may evoke apparent movement of the button and or apparent lighting changes adjacent the effected button. Preferably, ‘mouse down’ of a depressible button such as button 46 causes button 46 to apparently move into bar 38 and an apparent increase of light from behind button frame 62 . Apparent motion and light emission changes may be accomplished by any conventional means.

Following a click on or ‘mouse down’ condition of a depressible button such as button 46 a ‘mouse up’ condition is initiated thus completing a button selection cycle. A ‘mouse up’ condition may initiate an action such a hyperlink or launch an application associated with the acting button such as button 46 . Additionally, a ‘mouse up’ condition may cause a button such as button 46 to reverse the apparent motion caused by the prior ‘mouse down’ condition, thus as in the prior example, button 46 apparently springs back out of bar 38 into alignment with bar 38 . At the conclusion of a button selection cycle, a highlighting change of a selected button may also be included. In one embodiment, a post selection highlighting is the same as the earlier described ‘mouse over’ highlighting and is maintained until another button such as button 54 is selected or some other action within parallel GUI 28 is initiated.

Actuation of a complete button selection cycle on a non-depressible button such as button 50 , a title button such as title area 40 , or on a rotator such as rotator 44 may initiate rotation about long axis L of the display area. In one embodiment a click of right mouse button 22 R initiates rotation of 38 in a first direction D and a click of left mouse button 22 L initiates rotation of 38 in a second direction U, opposite first direction D.

Accompanying a complete button selection cycle as described above, sound may be used to enhance the experience and thus heighten the similarity of a virtual metaphor to a real 3 -dimensional device. In one embodiment, sound 66 may issue from the computer system, sound 66 may resemble a sound or sounds issued from a real device such as a subtle mechanical click. Any other appropriate sound or sounds may also be used.

A non-depressible button such as button 50 may be used a title button or a placeholder, and thus may not invoke a utility, URL or any other function if subjected to a complete button selection cycle. Accordingly, no highlighting or other special indicia would accompany a ‘mouse over’ condition of a non-depressible button such as button 50 . In an alternate embodiment, a non-depressible button such as button 50 may include the functionality of a rotator such as rotator 44 or 48 . Thus a complete button selection cycle on such a non-depressible button would result in the apparent rotation of non-depressible button 50 and all the elements of bar 38 to its right such as ticker 52 and button 60 .

Tickers such as ticker 52 may be dynamic reading areas within a cartridge such as cartridge 86 as shown in FIG. 20 . Scrolling updateable text such as text 53 can be displayed and the text reading area can also be dynamically linked to launch an application or URL. A ticker such as ticker 52 may be as long as a single button or any combination of multiple buttons. The text such as text 53 that is displayed may be scrolling or otherwise made to move through ticker window 52 A. In a currently preferred embodiment of the present invention text enters ticker window 52 A at right side 52 R and scrolls to the left to left side 52 L. The scrolling text such as text 53 may repeat in a loop at the end of the text string. Ticker text such as text 53 may be updated locally or over a network. A ticker such as ticker 52 may activate a hyperlink through a network when ticker 52 is clicked on, or subjected to a complete button cycle.

Referring now to FIG. 20 , an example of a menu tree that may be displayed and accessed through parallel GUI 28 is shown. Menu 70 includes title bands 72 , 74 , 76 , 78 and 80 which correspond to title area 40 , button 46 , button 50 , ticker 52 and button 54 respectively. 40 Rotators 44 and 48 are represented by bands 82 and 84 , respectively. In this example, title area 40 includes 6 containers or cartridges, cartridges 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 and cartridge 91 . Many more cartridges and titles may be available, the number of cartridges or titles available may only be limited by the resources of the computer. Cartridges such as cartridge 90 or cartridge 91 may include accessories such as a web browser or media player or any other accessory. Accessories for a cartridge such as cartridge 90 may be installed for use with system software, or they may be components of the software implementing the parallel GUI, or they may be available via a network.

Referring now to FIG. 21 , parallel GUI 28 is shown with accessory cartridge 90 visible. Accessory cartridge 90 may include function specific actuators such as fast forward or next track for a CD player. A section of accessory cartridge 90 or any other cartridge selected may also be dedicated to a single function such as web browser 92 , to permit the browser to remain visible at all times that parallel GUI software is running.

Cartridges such as cartridges 86 - 91 may be pre-loaded with links and accessories. Alternatively, the elements or buttons of a cartridge may be blank for loading by a user through a “merge” capability. User cartridge(s) may include access to applications, documents, files, or network links such as URLs and or embedded functions. Some embedded functions which may be launched from a cartridge may include a browser, an MP 3 player, instant messaging, trading notices for marketplace functions, alerts for auction results and or trades, agent checking regarding price comparison searches. User items such as applications, documents, files, or network links may be added to a user button via any conventional method such as copy and paste or drag and drop functions of system software or of any web browser. Preferably, user buttons may be renamed or cleared in any conventional manner.

A parallel GUI such as parallel GUI 28 may also include a help finction. Help screens or menus may be implemented in any conventional manner. A map of the contents and organization of bar 38 may be provided in the form of a menu or tree such as menu 70 of FIG. 20 . Menu 70 and other help screens may extend from display area 26 in any conventional manner. In one embodiment, in which menu 70 is visible extending away from edge 26 T thus allowing bar 38 to remain visible, actuation of a complete button cycle on a title such as title 87 C will initiate rotation of bar 38 to bring cartridge 87 and title 87 C to visibility on bar 38 .

In a one embodiment of the present invention, display area 26 includes 4 preset actuators 94 . Activation of a complete button cycle on an actuator such as actuator 96 will rotate bar 38 to a pre-selected position. A user may initially load, change or delete a preset setting associated with an actuator such as actuator 96 .

The software implementing the parallel GUI may also include a screen saver component such as idle component 96 . If parallel GUI 28 is notified that the system software is in idle, rather than blanking display area 26 as in some conventional techniques, parallel GUI 28 may auto rotate through all possible cartridge displays of menu 70 . When the system software returns to active mode, bar 38 will automatically return to the last active position prior to idle.

If parallel GUI 28 is oriented with a title cartridge, such as cartridge 86 with title 86 A visible on title area 40 , a complete button cycle of title area 40 as described above may result in apparent rotation of bar 38 and thus display an adjacent cartridge such as cartridge 87 or cartridge 85 (not shown). Title area 40 may also include all buttons and rotators to the right of title area 40 as well. In an alternate embodiment, a complete button cycle of title area 40 changes the visible title such as title 86 and apparently rotates elements of bar 38 to the right of title area 40 such as rotator 44 , rotator 48 , button 46 , button 50 , ticker 52 and button 54 . The result of changing a cartridge and thus the title visible in title area 40 is that as cartridge 87 is visible, title 87 A may be visible as well as a set of it's subordinate titles such as titles 87 B, 87 C, 87 D and 87 E. Additional cycling of title area 40 will result in display of additional cartridges and thus additional titles of band 72 such as titles 88 A and 89 A.

If title 89 A is visible in band 72 , execution of a complete button cycle on rotator 44 corresponding to band 82 will cause apparent rotation of bar 38 at button 46 corresponding to band 74 including everything to the right of button 46 . Subsequent button cycles of a rotator such as rotator 44 cause titles which appear on button 46 to sequentially cycle through titles 89 B, 89 C, 89 D, 89 E and 89 F with a new title appearing after each button cycle.

In one preferred embodiment, a merge function may be included to allow cartridges such as cartridges 86 - 91 to be added to an existing parallel GUI such as parallel GUI 28 . A cartridge such as cartridge 86 may be added or merged with any existing cartridges in a parallel GUI such as parallel GUI 28 using any conventional technique such as copy and paste or drag and drop. A merged cartridge such as cartridge 86 may be added between any two adjacent cartridges such as cartridges 88 and 89 . Similarly, existing cartridges may be reordered using a conventional sort function.

New cartridges may be merged or added to an existing parallel GUI from any conventional media such as magnetic storage media, optical storage media, or from network resources such as the Internet, or any local or internet network. A delete and or a sort function may also be included to permit a user to organize or personalize a bar such as bar 38 in parallel GUI according to their own wishes consistent with the parallel GUI software.

For example, a user may go to a specific Internet site to peruse the applications available to be merged into the parallel GUI. One such application is an application providing access to weather information over the WEB. The user selects the application to be merged, and the parallel GUI automatically determines a set of cartridges provided by the application. The parallel GUI software then merges the determined set of cartridges into the current data structure used to store data on the currently loaded cartridges. One skilled in the art will recognize that any conventional data structure may be used, including arrays, hash tables, linked lists, and trees. Preferably, a data structure that allows easy replacement of entire cartridges, (such as cartridges stored as branches of a tree) is used. The parallel GUI software may then update any related data structures whose information depends upon knowledge of the current set of available cartridges.

NetSpace

Referring again to FIG. 1 , in an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the technique of controlling the allocation of display area 1 is used to open a context sensitive network browser 2 (CSNB) adjacent but not interfering with operating system desktop 3 and/or parallel graphical user interface 4 . A display controller such as alternate display content controller 6 may include CSNB 2 thus permitting the browser to create and control a space for itself on display 1 which may not be overwritten by utility operating system SB. The combined controller/browser may be an application running on the computer operating system, or may include an operating system kernel of varying complexity ranging from dependent on the utility operating system for hardware system services to a parallel system independent of the utility operating system and capable of supporting dedicated applications. The alternate display content controller/browser may also include content and operating software such as JAVA delivered over the Internet I or any other LAN. There may also be more than one context sensitive network browser and more than one parallel graphical user interface in addition to the operating system desktop.

Context sensitive interface such as network browser 2 may respond to movement and placement of cursor 1 C controlled by a pointing device such as mouse 1 M anywhere on display area 1 . The generation and control of a cursor across two or more parallel graphical user interfaces was described previously. The location of cursor 1 C will trigger CSNB 2 to retrieve appropriate and related network pages such as web page 2 A. CSNB 2 may store the last X number of CSNB enabled network addresses for display offline. In a currently preferred embodiment of the present invention, X is ten pages. If a user is examining a saved CSNB enabled page offline, a mouse click on the page or a link on the page will initiate the users dial-up sequence and establish an online connection.

In an alternate embodiment, alternate display content controller 6 may include a browser or search engine. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, space 2 C may include an edit input box 2 D. Edit input box 2 D may include conventional functionality's such as edit, copy, paste, etc. A user may enter a URL into edit input box 2 D using any conventional input device and then select a button to launch or initiate alternate display content controller 6 as a browser. This may be accomplished by using objects and or drivers from utility operating system 5 B. Initiating alternate display content controller 6 as a browser would include a simple window to display the URL as a live HTML document with all conventional functionality. By implementing alternate display content controller 6 as a little applet that uses that DLL, it may slide on, or slide off. Thus initiating alternate display content controller 6 as a browser is like a window into the Internet.

Secondly, a user may enter any text into edit input box 2 D using any conventional input device and then select a button to launch or initiate alternate display content controller 6 as a search engine. By entering a search string and selecting “search” and enter any string and click on “search” and pass that to any number from one to whatever or existing search engines, and subsequently have the search string acted on by one or more selected search engines and or by alternate display content controller 6 as a search engine. Resulting in multiple different windows appearing in some sort of stacked or cascaded or tiled format, with the different searches within them.

Using alternate display content controller 6 as a search engine or browser, the results or HTML document may be displayed in any overscan area or on the desktop.

Referring now to FIG. 17 , a context sensitive network browser such as CSNB 13 may also include a suite of tools such as tools 14 that may or may not have fixed locations on the browser space. Such tools may include but are not limited to e-mail, chat, buddy lists and voice. As shown, spaces such as desktop 14 A, web page 14 B, secondary GUI 14 C and browser 13 may be arranged in any convenient manner. FIG. 18 is a diagram of a standard display with an overscan user interface in the bottom and on the right overscan area.

Hooking Mechanism

The following describes the hooking mechanism used with xSides (an example embodiment) on an Intel 80386 (or greater) processor. This description of the Intel processor operations are simplified for clarity. This hooking mechanism is expected to work on most, if not all, compatible processors currently available.

Interrupt Descriptor Table

The interrupt descriptor table (IDT) associates each interrupt with a descriptor for the instructions that service the associated event. For example, when a software interrupt (INT 3 ) is generated (and interrupts are enabled), the Intel processor will suspend what it was currently doing, look up in the IDT for the appropriate entry (or interrupt vector) for the address of the code to execute to service this interrupt. The code is known as the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). It will start executing the ISR. When a Return From Interrupt instruction (IRET) is executed by the ISR, the processor will resume what is was doing prior to the interrupt.

Debug Registers

The Intel 80386 microprocessor provides a set of system registers that are normally used for debugging purposes. The are technically referred to as Debug Registers. These registers allow control over execution of code as well as access over data. The Debug Registers are used in conjunction with exception code. There are four addresses registers (i. e. Four different locations of code and/or data) (DR 0 , DR 1 , DR 2 , and DR 3 ).

There is a control register (DR 7 ) that can be programmed to selectively enable the address registers. In addition, DR 7 is used to control the type of access to a memory location that will generate an interrupt. For example, an exception can be raised for reading and or writing a specific memory location or executing a memory location (i. e. Code execution).

Finally, there is a status register (DR 6 ) that is used to detect and determine the debug exception, (i. e. What address register generated the exception). When enabled and the data criterion is met, the x 86 processor generates an Interrupt 1 (INT 1 ).

How this mechanism is used

The xSides implementation preferably first sets up the IDT to point our ISR to process INT 1 interrupts. Next, the address of the code that you want to hook (or the memory location of data, as in this case) is programmed into one of the address registers and the appropriate bits within the control register are set. When the x86 processor executes this instruction (or touches the memory location of data), the processor generates an INT 1 . The processor will then invoke the Interrupt 1 ISR (as described above.) At this point, the ISR can do almost any kind of processor, code or data manipulation. When complete, the ISR executes an IRET instruction and the processor starts execution after the point of the INT 1 occurrence. Note that the interrupt code has no knowledge of the interruption.

This mechanism is expected to move the memory address used on some video systems for cache or hardware cursor. This should allow us to push the percentage of systems that support “overscan” mode to around 90% (in that this mechanism should work on approximately that number of machines).

Additional Alternative Embodiments

1. Utilizing the VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE) in place of the CRT Controller registers ( FIG. 5 ) to determine the linear window position address, step 138 , as necessary.

2. Utilizing API's (application programming interfaces) 62 capable of direct driver and/or hardware manipulation, such as Microsoft's DirectX and/or DirectDraw, in place of the CRT Controller registers and/or direct access to the display buffer.

3. Utilizing API's (applications programming interfaces) 62 , such as Microsoft's DirectX and/or DirectDraw, capable of direct driver and/or hardware manipulation, to create a second virtual display surface on the primary display with the same purpose, to display a separate and unobscured graphical user interface.

4. Utilizing modifications in the video subsystem of the operating system 63 in place of the CRT Controller registers and/or DirectX access to the display buffer.

5. Utilizing modifications in the video subsystem of the operating system 63 to create a second virtual display surface on the primary display with the same purpose, to display a separate and unobscured graphical user interface.

6. Building this functionality into the actual video drivers 64 and/or mini-drivers. Microsoft Windows provides support for virtual device drivers, V×Ds, which could also directly interface with the hardware and drivers. These could also include an API to provide applications with an interface to the modified display.

7. Incorporating the same functionality, with or without the VGA registers, into the BIOS and providing an API to allow applications an interface to the modified display.

8. Incorporating the same functionality into hardware devices, such as monitor itself, with hardware and/or software interfaces to the CPU.

9. This technique may be used to control the desktop (i.e. Windows) to easily enable the desktop to operate in virtually any non-standard size limited only by the capability of the display hardware. This may be in combination with parallel graphical user interface displays or exclusively to maximize the primary operating system desktop display area. This may not require any modification to the operating system.

In overview, the visual display area is conventionally defined by the values maintained in the CRTC registers on the chip and available to the driver. The normally displayed area is defined by VGA standards, and subsequently by SVGA standards, to be a preset number of modes, each mode including a particular display resolution which specifies the area of the display in which the desktop can be displayed.

The desktop can only be displayed in this area because Windows does not directly read/write the video memory, rather it uses programming interface calls to the video driver. And the video driver simply reads/writes using an address that happens to be in video memory. So the value this mechanism needs to realize is the value the video card and driver assert is available for painting. This value is queried from the registers, modified by specific amounts and rewritten to the card. Subsequently, present embodiments change the area of writable visible display space without informing the operating system's display interface of the change

Embodiments of the present invention don't necessarily change the CRTCs to add just to the bottom. Preferably the top is also moved up a little. This keeps the displayed interfaces centered within the drivable display area. For example, rather than just add thirty-two scan lines to the bottom, the top of the display area is moved up by sixteen lines.

Nor do embodiments of the present invention depend solely upon the ability to change the CRTCs to modify the visible display area. Alternative mechanisms define other methods of creating and accessing visible areas of the screen that are outside the dimensions of the desktop accessed by the operating system's display interface.

From a consideration of the specifications, drawings, and claims, other embodiments and variations methods and systems of the present invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art of computer science.

In particular, the secondary GUI may be positioned in areas not normally considered the conventional overscan area. For example, the secondary GUI may be positioned in a small square exactly in the center of the normal display in order to provide a service required by the particular system and application. In fact, the techniques of reading and rewriting screen display information can be used to maintain the primary GUI information, or portions of it, in an additional memory and selectively on a timed, computed, interactive, or any or other basis, replace a portion of the primary GUI with the secondary GUI such as a pop-up, window, or any other display space.

As a simple example, a security system may require the ability to display information to a user without regard to the status of the computer system and/or require the user to make a selection, such as call for help by clicking on “911?”. Embodiments of the present invention could provide a video display buffer in which a portion of the primary GUI interface was continuously recorded and displayed in a secondary GUI for example in the center of the screen. Under non-emergency conditions, the secondary GUI would then be effectively invisible in that the user would not notice anything except the primary GUI.

Under the appropriate emergency conditions, an alarm monitor could cause the secondary GUI to present the “911?” to the user by overwriting the copy of the primary display stored in the secondary GUI memory. Alternatively, a database of photographs may be stored and one recalled in response to an incoming phone call in which caller ID identified a p hone number associated with a database photo entry.

In general, embodiments of the present invention may provide one or more secondary user interfaces which may be useful whenever it is more convenient or desirable to control a portion of the total display, either outside the primary display in an unused area such as overscan or even in a portion of the primary GUI directly or by time division multiplexing, directly by communication with the video memory, or by bypassing at least a portion of the video memory to create a new video memory. In other words, methods and systems of the present invention may provide one or more secondary user interfaces outside of the control of the system, such as the operating system, which controls the primary GUI.

Additional user interfaces may be used for a variety of different purposes. For example, a secondary user interface may be used to provide simultaneous access to the Internet, full motion video, and a conference channel. A secondary user interface may be dedicated to a local network or multiple secondary user interfaces may provide simultaneous access and data for one or more networks to which a particular computer may be connected.

Although specific embodiments of, and examples for, the present invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, it is not intended that the invention be limited to these embodiments. Equivalent methods, structures, processes, steps, and other modifications within the spirit of the invention fall within the scope of the invention. Also, those skilled in this art will understand how to make changes and modifications to the present invention to meet their specific requirements or conditions. For example, the teachings provided herein of the present invention can be applied to other types of computer systems, including those that control non-integrated display surfaces. In addition, the teachings may be applied to other types of devices that have display surfaces and other organizations of computer operating systems and environments. These and other changes may be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the disclosure.

Claims

1. A method for modifying the display of a secondary user interface on a video display system to include a portal area, the video display system having a total displayable area that includes a first region and a second region, the first region controlled by a computer operating system which presents a user interface that occupies at least a portion of the first region, the second region located outside of the first region and outside of the control of the operating system, the secondary user interface being displayed in the second region, comprising:upon receiving an indication to display a portal area; increasing the size of the second region by reallocating the total displayable area between the first region and the second region, such that the first region decreases in size in a manner that is transparent to the operating system; allocating a first portion of the enlarged second region to the secondary user interface and a second portion to the portal area; redisplaying the secondary user interface in the first portion of the enlarged second region; determining an indication of content to display in the portal area; and loading and displaying the indicated content in the portal area.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for a personal information management system.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the personal information management system includes a calendar for scheduling events.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an html-based image.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an application that communicates over a network.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the network is the Internet.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for instant messaging.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an advertisement.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for an electronic mail application.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area contains textual or graphical information.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an application that invokes a programming interface of the code that controls the second region to modify characteristics of the second region.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an electronic program guide.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:dynamically determining a component of the secondary user interface that is potentially new or updated; integrating the determined component into the secondary user interface.

14. A device for modifying the display of a secondary user interface on a video display system to include a portal area, the video display system having a total displayable area that includes a first region and a second region, the first region controlled by a computer operating system which presents a user interface that occupies at least a portion of the first region, the second region located outside of the first region and outside of the control of the operating system, the secondary user interface being displayed in the second region, comprising:a display adjustment mechanism that, upon receiving an indication to display a portal area, increases the size of the second region by reallocating the total displayable area between the first region and the second region, such that the first region decreases in size in a manner that is transparent to the operating system; a region allocation system that allocates a first portion of the enlarged second region to the secondary user interface and a second portion to the portal area causing the secondary user interface to be redisplayed in the first portion of the enlarged second region; and a portal management system that determines an indication of content to display in the portal area and loads and displays the indicated content in the portal area.

15. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for a personal information management system.

16. The device of claim 15 wherein the personal information management system includes a calendar for scheduling events.

17. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an html-based image.

18. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an application that communicates over a network.

19. The device of claim 18 wherein the network is the Internet.

20. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for instant messaging.

21. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an advertisement.

22. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for an electronic mail application.

23. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area contains textual or graphical information.

24. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an application that invokes a programming interface of the code that controls the second region to modify characteristics of the second region.

25. The device of claim 14 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an electronic program guide.

26. The device of claim 14, further comprising:a user interface merge facility that dynamically determines a component of the secondary user interface that is potentially new or updated and integrates the determined component into the secondary user interface.

27. A computer readable memory medium containing instructions for controlling a computer processor to modify the display of a secondary user interface on a video display system to include a portal area, the video display system having a total displayable area that includes a first region and a second region, the first region controlled by a computer operating system which presents a user interface that occupies at least a portion of the first region, the second region located outside of the first region and outside of the control of the operating system, the secondary user interface being displayed in the second region, by:upon receiving an indication to display a portal area; increasing the size of the second region by reallocating the total displayable area between the first region and the second region, such that the first region decreases in size in a manner that is transparent to the operating system; allocating a first portion of the enlarged second region to the secondary user interface and a second portion to the portal area; redisplaying the secondary user interface in the first portion of the enlarged second region; determining an indication of content to display in the portal area; and loading and displaying the indicated content in the portal area.

28. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for a personal information management system.

29. The computer readable memory medium of claim 28 wherein the personal information management system includes a calendar for scheduling events.

30. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an html-based image.

31. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an application that communicates over a net work.

32. The computer readable memory medium of claim 31 wherein the network is the Internet.

33. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for instant messaging.

34. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an advertisement.

35. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is a user interface for an electronic mail application.

36. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area contains textual or graphical information.

37. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an application that invokes a programming interface of the code that controls the second region to modify characteristics of the second region.

38. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27 wherein the content that is loaded and displayed in the portal area is an electronic program guide.

39. The computer readable memory medium of claim 27, further comprising instructions for controlling the computer processor by:dynamically determining a component of the secondary user interface that is potentially new or updated; integrating the determined component into the secondary user interface.