Method and system for controlling electrical conditions of tissue

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 11944439
  • Patent Number
    11,944,439
  • Date Filed
    Monday, May 23, 2022
    2 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, April 2, 2024
    8 months ago
Abstract
An implantable device for controlling electrical conditions of body tissue. A feedback sense electrode and a compensation electrode are positioned proximal to the tissue to make electrical contact with the tissue. A feedback amplifier is referenced to ground, and takes as an input a feedback signal from the feedback sense electrode. The output of the feedback amplifier is connected to the compensation electrode. The feedback amplifier thus drives the neural tissue via the compensation electrode in a feedback arrangement which seeks to drive the feedback signal to ground, or other desired electrical value.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to controlling the electrical conditions of tissue, for example for use in suppressing artefact to enable improved measurement of a response to a stimulus, such as measurement of a compound action potential by using one or more electrodes implanted proximal to a neural pathway.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Neuromodulation is used to treat a variety of disorders including chronic pain, Parkinson's disease, and migraine. A neuromodulation system applies an electrical pulse to tissue in order to generate a therapeutic effect. When used to relieve chronic pain, the electrical pulse is applied to the dorsal column (DC) of the spinal cord or dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Such a system typically comprises an implanted electrical pulse generator, and a power source such as a battery that may be rechargeable by transcutaneous inductive transfer. An electrode array is connected to the pulse generator, and is positioned in the dorsal epidural space above the dorsal column. An electrical pulse applied to the dorsal column by an electrode causes the depolarisation of neurons, and generation of propagating action potentials. The fibres being stimulated in this way inhibit the transmission of pain from that segment in the spinal cord to the brain.


While the clinical effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is well established, the precise mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The DC is the target of the electrical stimulation, as it contains the afferent Aβ fibres of interest. Aβ fibres mediate sensations of touch, vibration and pressure from the skin. The prevailing view is that SCS stimulates only a small number of Aβ fibres in the DC. The pain relief mechanisms of SCS are thought to include evoked antidromic activity of Aβ fibres having an inhibitory effect, and evoked orthodromic activity of Aβ fibres playing a role in pain suppression. It is also thought that SCS recruits Aβ nerve fibres primarily in the DC, with antidromic propagation of the evoked response from the DC into the dorsal horn thought to synapse to wide dynamic range neurons in an inhibitory manner.


Neuromodulation may also be used to stimulate efferent fibres, for example to induce motor functions. In general, the electrical stimulus generated in a neuromodulation system triggers a neural action potential which then has either an inhibitory or excitatory effect. Inhibitory effects can be used to modulate an undesired process such as the transmission of pain, or to cause a desired effect such as the contraction of a muscle.


The action potentials generated among a large number of fibres sum to form a compound action potential (CAP). The CAP is the sum of responses from a large number of single fibre action potentials. The CAP recorded is the result of a large number of different fibres depolarising. The propagation velocity is determined largely by the fibre diameter and for large myelinated fibres as found in the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) and nearby dorsal column the velocity can be over 60 ms−1. The CAP generated from the firing of a group of similar fibres is measured as a positive peak potential P1, then a negative peak N1, followed by a second positive peak P2. This is caused by the region of activation passing the recording electrode as the action potentials propagate along the individual fibres.


To better understand the effects of neuromodulation and/or other neural stimuli, it is desirable to record a CAP resulting from the stimulus. However, this can be a difficult task as an observed CAP signal will typically have a maximum amplitude in the range of microvolts, whereas a stimulus applied to evoke the CAP is typically several volts. Electrode artefact usually results from the stimulus, and manifests as a decaying output of several millivolts throughout the time that the CAP occurs, presenting a significant obstacle to isolating the CAP of interest. Some neuromodulators use monophasic pulses and have capacitors to ensure there is no DC flow to the tissue. In such a design, current flows through the electrodes at all times, either stimulation current or equilibration current, hindering spinal cord potential (SCP) measurement attempts. The capacitor recovers charge at the highest rate immediately after the stimulus, undesirably causing greatest artefact at the same time that the evoked response occurs.


To resolve a 10 uV SCP with 1 uV resolution in the presence of an input 5V stimulus, for example, requires an amplifier with a dynamic range of 134 dB, which is impractical in implant systems. As the neural response can be contemporaneous with the stimulus and/or the stimulus artefact, CAP measurements present a difficult challenge of amplifier design. In practice, many non-ideal aspects of a circuit lead to artefact, and as these mostly have a decaying exponential appearance that can be of positive or negative polarity, their identification and elimination can be laborious.


A number of approaches have been proposed for recording a CAP. King (U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,882) measures the spinal cord potential (SCP) using electrodes which are physically spaced apart from the stimulus site. To avoid amplifier saturation during the stimulus artefact period, recording starts at least 1-2.5 ms after the stimulus. At typical neural conduction velocities, this requires that the measurement electrodes be spaced around 10 cm or more away from the stimulus site, which is undesirable as the measurement then necessarily occurs in a different spinal segment and may be of reduced amplitude.


Nygard (U.S. Pat. No. 5,785,651) measures the evoked CAP upon an auditory nerve in the cochlea, and aims to deal with artefacts by a sequence which comprises: (1) equilibrating electrodes by short circuiting stimulus electrodes and a sense electrode to each other; (2) applying a stimulus via the stimulus electrodes, with the sense electrode being open circuited from both the stimulus electrodes and from the measurement circuitry; (3) a delay, in which the stimulus electrodes are switched to open circuit and the sense electrode remains open circuited; and (4) measuring, by switching the sense electrode into the measurement circuitry. Nygard also teaches a method of nulling the amplifier following the stimulus. This sets a bias point for the amplifier during the period following stimulus, when the electrode is not in equilibrium. As the bias point is reset each cycle, it is susceptible to noise. The Nygard measurement amplifier is a differentiator during the nulling phase which makes it susceptible to pickup from noise and input transients when a non-ideal amplifier with finite gain and bandwidth is used for implementation.


Daly (US Patent Application No. 2007/0225767) utilizes a biphasic stimulus plus a third phase “compensatory” stimulus which is refined via feedback to counter stimulus artefact. As for Nygard, Daly's focus is the cochlea. Daly's measurement sequence comprises (1) a quiescent phase where stimulus and sense electrodes are switched to Vdd; (2) applying the stimulus and then the compensatory phase, while the sense electrodes are open circuited from both the stimulus electrodes and from the measurement circuitry; (3) a load settling phase of about 1 μs in which the stimulus electrodes and sense electrodes are shorted to Vdd; and (4) measurement, with stimulus electrodes open circuited from Vdd and from the current source, and with sense electrodes switched to the measurement circuitry. However a 1 μs load settling period is too short for equilibration of electrodes which typically have a time constant of around 100 μs. Further, connecting the sense electrodes to Vdd pushes charge onto the sense electrodes, exacerbating the very problem the circuit is designed to address.


Evoked responses are less difficult to detect when they appear later in time than the artefact, or when the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficiently high. The artefact is often restricted to a time of 1-2 ms after the stimulus and so, provided the neural response is detected after this time window, data can be obtained. This is the case in surgical monitoring where there are large distances between the stimulating and recording electrodes so that the propagation time from the stimulus site to the recording electrodes exceeds 2 ms.


Because of the unique anatomy and tighter coupling in the cochlea, cochlear implants use small stimulation currents relative to the tens of mA sometimes required for SCS, and thus measured signals in cochlear systems present a relatively lower artefact. To characterize the responses from the dorsal columns, high stimulation currents and close proximity between electrodes are required. Moreover, when using closely spaced electrodes both for stimulus and for measurement the measurement process must overcome artefact directly, in contrast to existing “surgical monitoring” techniques involving measurement electrode(s) which are relatively distant from the stimulus electrode(s).


Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.


Throughout this specification the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.


In this specification, a statement that an element may be “at least one of” a list of options is to be understood that the element may be any one of the listed options, or may be any combination of two or more of the listed options.


SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect the present invention provides a method for controlling electrical conditions of tissue, the method comprising:

    • providing a plurality of electrodes including at least one nominal feedback sense electrode and at least one nominal compensation electrode, the electrodes being positioned proximal to the tissue and being in electrical contact with the tissue;
    • connecting a feedback signal from the feedback sense electrode to an input of a feedback amplifier, and referencing the amplifier to a desired electrical value; and
    • connecting an output of the feedback amplifier to the compensation electrode such that the feedback amplifier drives the tissue via the compensation electrode in a feedback arrangement which seeks to drive the feedback signal to the desired electrical value.


According to a second aspect the present invention provides a method for measuring a neural response to a stimulus, the method comprising:

    • providing a plurality of electrodes including at least one nominal stimulus electrode, at least one nominal measurement electrode, at least one nominal feedback sense electrode and at least one nominal compensation electrode, the electrodes being positioned proximal to neural tissue and being in electrical contact with the tissue;
    • applying an electrical stimulus to the neural tissue from the stimulus electrode;
    • connecting a feedback signal from the feedback sense electrode to an input of a feedback amplifier, and referencing the amplifier to a desired electrical value;
    • connecting an output of the feedback amplifier to the compensation electrode such that the feedback amplifier drives the neural tissue via the compensation electrode in a feedback arrangement which seeks to drive the neural tissue to the desired electrical value; and
    • obtaining a measurement of a neural response from the measurement electrode.


According to a third aspect the present invention provides an implantable device for controlling electrical conditions of tissue, the device comprising:

    • a plurality of electrodes including at least one nominal feedback sense electrode and at least one nominal compensation electrode, the electrodes being configured to be positioned proximal to the tissue to make electrical contact with the tissue;
    • a feedback amplifier configured to be referenced to a desired electrical value and to take as an input a feedback signal from the feedback sense electrode, an output of the feedback amplifier being connected to the compensation electrode such that the feedback amplifier is configured to drive the neural tissue via the compensation electrode in a feedback arrangement which seeks to drive the feedback signal to the desired electrical value.


In some embodiments the device of the third aspect may be further configured for measuring a neural response to a stimulus, and may further comprise: one or more nominal stimulus electrodes; one or more nominal sense electrodes; a stimulus source for providing a stimulus to be delivered from the one or more stimulus electrodes to neural tissue; measurement circuitry for amplifying a neural signal sensed at the one or more sense electrodes; and a control unit configured to apply an electrical stimulus to the neural tissue from the stimulus electrode and obtain a measurement of a neural response from the measurement electrode.


In some embodiments of the second and third aspects of the invention the feedback amplifier may be disconnected during application of a neural stimulus by disconnecting the feedback sense electrode from the feedback amplifier and/or by disconnecting an output of the feedback amplifier from the compensation electrode. Alternatively, during application of the neural stimulus, for example during the entire period of stimulation, the feedback amplifier may operate and be in connection with the feedback sense electrode and compensation electrode.


In preferred embodiments, the feedback sense electrode and the measurement electrode are located outside the dipole formed by the stimulus electrode and the compensating electrode. In such embodiments the operation of the feedback amplifier acts to spatially shield the measurement electrode from the stimulus field, noting that the voltage at points between the poles of a dipole is comparable to the voltage on the electrodes, whereas outside the dipole the voltage drops with the square of distance.


Preferred embodiments of the invention may thus reduce artefact by reducing interaction between the stimulus and the measurement recording via a measurement amplifier input capacitance.


Some embodiments of the invention may utilise a blanking circuit for blanking the measurement amplifier during and/or close in time to the application of a stimulus. However, alternative embodiments may utilise an unblanked measurement amplifier, which connects a measurement electrode to an analog-to-digital circuit, significantly reducing complexity in the measurement signal chain.


The desired electrical value may be zero voltage, i.e. electrical ground. The electrical ground may be referenced to a patient ground electrode distal from the array such as a device body electrode, or to a device ground. Driving the feedback signal to ground will thus act to counteract any non-zero stimulus artefact produced by application of the stimulus.


In alternative embodiments a non-zero voltage may in some circumstances be desired in the tissue and the feedback amplifier may thus be referenced to a non-zero electrical value in such embodiments.


The electrodes are preferably part of a single electrode array, and are physically substantially identical whereby any electrode of the array may serve as any one of the nominal electrodes at a given time. Alternatively the electrodes may be separately formed, and not in a single array, while being individually positioned proximal to the tissue of interest.


In preferred embodiments of the invention, the feedback sense electrode, compensation electrode, stimulus electrode and sense electrode are selected from an implanted electrode array. The electrode array may for example comprise a linear array of electrodes arranged in a single column along the array. Alternatively the electrode array may comprise a two dimensional array having two or more columns of electrodes arranged along the array. Preferably, each electrode of the electrode array is provided with an associated measurement amplifier, to avoid the need to switch the sense electrode(s) to a shared measurement amplifier, as such switching can add to measurement artefact. Providing a dedicated measurement amplifier for each sense electrode is further advantageous in permitting recordings to be obtained from multiple sense electrodes simultaneously.


In the first through third aspects of the invention, the measurement may be a single-ended measurement obtained by passing a signal from a single sense electrode to a single-ended amplifier. Alternatively, the measurement may be a differential measurement obtained by passing signals from two measurement electrodes to a differential amplifier. A single stimulus electrode may apply monopolar stimulus referenced to a distal reference point such as an implant case body, alternatively two stimulus electrodes may be used to apply bipolar stimuli, or three stimulus electrodes may be used to apply a tripolar stimulus for example using on stimulus electrode as a cathode and two stimulus electrodes as anodes, and vice versa. The stimulus may be monophasic, biphasic, or otherwise.


Embodiments of the invention may prove beneficial in obtaining a CAP measurement which has lower dynamic range and simpler morphology as compared to systems more susceptible to artefact. Such embodiments of the present invention may thus reduce the dynamic range requirements of implanted amplifiers, and may avoid or reduce the complexity of signal processing systems for feature extraction, simplifying and miniaturizing an implanted integrated circuit. Such embodiments may thus be particularly applicable for an automated implanted evoked response feedback system for stimulus control.


According to another aspect the present invention provides a computer program product comprising computer program code means to make an implanted processor execute a procedure for controlling electrical conditions of neural tissue, the computer program product comprising computer program code means for carrying out the method of the first or second aspect.


According to a further aspect the present invention provides a computer readable storage medium, excluding signals, loaded with computer program code means to make an implanted processor execute a procedure for controlling electrical conditions of neural tissue, the computer readable storage medium loaded with computer program code means for carrying out the method of the first or second aspect.


The present invention recognises that when considering spinal cord stimulation, obtaining information about the activity within the spinal segment where stimulation is occurring is highly desirable. Observing the activity and extent of propagation both above (rostrally of) and below (caudally of) the level of stimulation is also highly desirable. The present invention recognises that in order to record the evoked activity within the same spinal segment as the stimulus requires an evoked potential recording system which is capable of recording an SCP within approximately 3 cm of its source, i.e. within approximately 0.3 ms of the stimulus, and further recognises that in order to record the evoked activity using the same electrode array as applied the stimulus requires an evoked potential recording system which is capable of recording an SCP within approximately 7 cm of its source, i.e. within approximately 0.7 ms of the stimulus.


In some embodiments the method of the present invention may be applied to measurement of other bioelectrical signals, such as muscle potentials. The method of the present invention may be applicable to any measurement of any voltage within tissue during or after stimulation, and where the stimulation may obscure the voltage being measured. Such situations include the measurement of evoked spinal cord potentials, potentials evoked local to an electrode during deep brain stimulation (DBS), the measurement of EEGs during deep brain stimulation (where the source of the potential is distant from the stimulating electrodes), the measurement of signals in the heart (ECGs) by a pacemaker, the measurement of voltages in stimulated muscles (EMGs), and the measurement of EMGs triggered by the stimulation of distant and controlling nervous tissue.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

An example of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:



FIG. 1 illustrates an implantable device suitable for implementing the present invention;



FIG. 2 illustrates currents and voltages which can contribute to SCP measurements;



FIG. 3 illustrates the equivalent circuit of a typical system for applying a neural stimulus and attempting to measure a neural response;



FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit modelling the tissue/electrode interface and electrode loading;



FIG. 5a illustrates a virtual ground system configuration, with double-ended measurement, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 5b illustrates a virtual ground system configuration, with single-ended measurement, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; FIG. 5c is a model of the embodiment of FIG. 5b; FIG. 5d is an equivalent circuit of the model of FIG. 5c;



FIG. 6 is a system schematic illustrating multiplexing of virtual ground functionalities across multiple electrodes;



FIG. 7a illustrates an equivalent circuit of the virtual GND embodiment of FIG. 6;



FIG. 7b illustrates an active ground “bridge” driver in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;



FIG. 8a illustrates the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is disabled;



FIGS. 8b and 8c show the operation of the circuit of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is activated, when experimentally demonstrated on a bench using a saline bath;



FIG. 9a illustrates the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is disabled, with amplifier blanking; FIG. 9b illustrates the step response of the embodiment of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is enabled, with amplifier blanking;



FIG. 10a illustrates the performance of the embodiment of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is disabled, with amplifier blanking and sinusoid injection; FIG. 10b illustrates the step response of the embodiment of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is enabled, with amplifier blanking and sinusoid injection;



FIG. 11a plots the measurements from an electrode array in response to a stimulus delivered by the array to a sheep dorsal column, while FIG. 11b is a superimposed plot of similar data, demonstrating timing of respective signal features;



FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment intended for ASIC implementation;



FIG. 13 illustrates another embodiment intended for ASIC implementation; and



FIG. 14 illustrates yet another embodiment intended for ASIC implementation.





DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS


FIG. 1 illustrates an implantable device 100 suitable for implementing the present invention. Device 100 comprises an implanted control unit 110, which controls application of a sequence of neural stimuli. In this embodiment the unit 110 is also configured to control a measurement process for obtaining a measurement of a neural response evoked by a single stimulus delivered by one or more of the electrodes 122. Device 100 further comprises an electrode array 120 consisting of a three by eight array of electrodes 122, each of which may be selectively used as the stimulus electrode, sense electrode, compensation electrode or sense electrode.



FIG. 2 shows the currents and voltages that contribute to spinal cord potential (SCP) measurements in a typical system of the type shown in FIG. 3. These signals include the stimulus current 202 applied by two stimulus electrodes, which is a charge-balanced biphasic pulse to avoid net charge transfer to or from the tissue and to provide low artefact. Alternative embodiments may instead use three electrodes to apply a tripolar charge balanced stimulus for example where a central electrode. In the case of spinal cord stimulation, the stimulus currents 202 used to provide paraesthesia and pain relief typically consist of pulses in the range of 3-30 mA amplitude, with pulse width typically in the range of 100-400 μs, or alternatively may be paraesthesia-free such as neuro or escalator style stimuli. The stimuli can comprise monophasic or biphasic pulses.


The stimulus 202 induces a voltage on adjacent electrodes, referred to as stimulus crosstalk 204. Where the stimuli 202 are SCP stimuli they typically induce a voltage 204 in the range of about 1-5 V on a SCP sense electrode.


The stimulus 202 also induces electrode artefact. The mechanism of artefact production can be considered as follows. The stimulus crosstalk can be modelled as a voltage, with an equivalent output impedance. In a human spinal cord, this impedance is typically around 500 ohms per electrode, but will be larger or smaller in different applications. This resistance has little effect in the circuit, but is included for completeness. The stimulus crosstalk drives the measurement amplifiers through the electrode/tissue interface. This interface is shown in FIG. 4 as a set of series capacitance/resistance pairs, modelling a component referred to in the literature as a “Warburg element”. The RC pairs model the complex diffusion behaviour at the electrode surface, and have time constants from micro-seconds to seconds. The cables from the electrode to the amplifier add capacitance which loads the electrode, along with the resistive input impedance of the amplifier itself. Typical loading would be 200 pF of capacitance and 1 megohms of resistance. Following this is an ideal amplifier in this equivalent circuit of FIG. 4.


The electrode artefact is the response of the electrode/tissue interface, when driven by the stimulus crosstalk and loaded by the capacitance and resistance at the amplifier input. It can be observed, either with a circuit simulator or in a laboratory. It can also be observed that the sign of the artefact is opposite for capacitive and resistive loading. Electrical artefact usually also arises from the behaviour of the amplifier circuitry in response to these particular circumstances.


It is possible to reduce artefact by reducing the loading on the electrode, however in practical situations there are limits to how low this capacitance can be made. Increasing the electrode surface area also decreases artefact but again in practical situations there will be limits to the electrode size. Artefact can also be reduced by adding resistance or capacitance to the amplifier input relying on the opposite sign of the artefact produced by these terms. However, this only works to a limited extent, and changing the size of the electrode changes the size of the required compensation components which makes it difficult to make a general purpose amplifier that can be connected to a range of electrodes. One can also reduce artefact by reducing the size of the stimulus crosstalk, and this is the aim of the virtual ground circuit embodiment of this invention shown in FIG. 5, which relates to evoking and measuring a neural response.


Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3, an appropriate electrical stimulus 202 will induce nerves to fire, and thereby produces an evoked neural response 206. In the spinal cord, the neural response 206 can have two major components: a fast response lasting ˜2 ms and a slow response lasting ˜15 ms. The slow response only appears at stimulation amplitudes which are larger than the minimum stimulus required to elicit a fast response. Many therapeutic stimuli paradigms seek to evoke fast responses only, and to avoid evoking any slow response. Thus, the neural response of interest for neural response measurements concludes within about 2 ms. The amplitude of the evoked response seen by epidural electrodes is typically no more than hundreds of microvolts, but in some clinical situations can be only tens of microvolts.


In practical implementation a measurement amplifier used to measure the evoked response does not have infinite bandwidth, and will normally have infinite impulse response filter poles, and so the stimulus crosstalk 204 will produce an output 208 during the evoked response 206, this output being referred to as electrical artefact.


Electrical artefact can be in the hundreds of millivolts as compared to a SCP of interest in the tens of microvolts. Electrical artefact can however be somewhat reduced by suitable choice of a high-pass filter pole frequency.


The measurement amplifier output 210 will therefore contain the sum of these various contributions 202-208. Separating the evoked response of interest (206) from the artefacts 204 and 208 is a significant technical challenge. For example, to resolve a 10 μV SCP with 1 μV resolution, and have at the input a 5V stimulus, requires an amplifier with a dynamic range of 134 dB. As the response can overlap the stimulus this represents a difficult challenge of amplifier design.



FIG. 5a illustrates a neural stimulus and response system providing differential neural measurements and using a shared electrode for measurement and for feedback sense. Alternative embodiments could use two separate electrodes for measurements and feedback sense, respectively.



FIG. 5b illustrates a configuration of device 100 for controlling electrical conditions of neural tissue in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, providing single ended neural measurements. In the configuration of FIG. 5b the device has a current source 502 which drives current into tissue via stimulus electrode 504 in order to stimulate the neural tissue and evoke a neural response. A feedback sense electrode 506, compensation electrode 508 and measurement electrode 510 are also provided. The electrodes 504-510 are positioned proximal to neural tissue to make electrical contact with the tissue. A feedback amplifier 512 is referenced to ground 514 and takes as an input a feedback signal from the feedback sense electrode 506. An output of the feedback amplifier 512 is connected to the compensation electrode 508 such that the feedback amplifier 512 is configured to drive the tissue via the compensation electrode 508 in a feedback arrangement which seeks to drive the feedback signal to ground. This mechanism will thus operate to quash stimulus artefact at the tissue electrode interface, improving measurement conditions for neural response measurement circuitry 516.


As shown in FIG. 5c, the adjacent stimulus, compensation, feedback sense and measurement electrodes in contact with resistive tissue can be modelled as respective contacts each connected to a tissue rail by a respective resistance R1, R2, R3 and R4.


An equivalent circuit of FIG. 5c is shown in FIG. 5d. Stimulus and stimulus artefact occurring upon the stimulus electrode creates a current I through R1. Feedback amplifier 512 operates to maintain zero current at each amplifier input, and also operates to maintain the voltage at each input to be identical. Therefore in the configuration of FIGS. 5a-d, the voltage at each amplifier input is zero, because the positive input is referenced to ground. Moreover, current through R3 is forced to zero, being the same as the input current to the amplifier 312. This ensures that there is no voltage differential across R3, and that the tissue node must therefore be forced to ground, in this model. This effect is referred to herein as providing a virtual ground.


The voltage caused by the current stimulus travels at the speed of light in the tissue medium, whereas an evoked action potential in the neural tissue travels at around 60 m/s. When the feedback sense electrode is subject to (or senses) the evoked response it will cancel the stimulus crosstalk in the tissue, but due to the larger propagation delay, the voltages produced by the evoked response at different electrodes (such as the measurement electrodes) will differ, and can be recorded. It will simply be the voltage that would otherwise by recorded as the difference between the measurement electrode and the feedback sense electrode. Alternatively, the sense electrode can be placed elsewhere in the tissue further from the stimulus electrode(s), and substantially no cancellation of the evoked response will then occur, although the electrode will be subject to other electrical signals in the body from muscles, and other nerve bundles. This might be the situation when the sense electrode is on the body of an implant, with the stimulating electrodes on a lead.



FIG. 6 is a system schematic illustrating multiplexing of virtual ground functionalities across multiple electrodes, applicable to the embodiment of FIG. 5a or FIG. 5b. This shows the buffer at the output of the reference MUX. A set of electrodes is connected to a current source and a set of amplifiers. The “current source MUX” allows the stimulus current to be directed to any electrode. The “Ground MUX” allows any electrode to be chosen as the second of the pair of stimulating electrodes. Switches “Std” and “VG” allow the circuit to selectively provide conventional stimulation, or stimulation according to this invention. A third multiplexor selects the electrode to be used as the reference point (feedback sense electrode). Once the electrode configuration has been chosen, the circuit operates according to FIGS. 5a-d. Each of the N electrodes of the array of FIG. 6 may thus, at any given time, nominally serve as any one of the stimulus, sense or measurement electrode.


The circuit of FIG. 6 may alternatively be modified such that the reference voltage passed to the virtual ground feedback amplifier is a combination of the voltages on the measurement electrodes, e.g. the average of two or more electrode voltages.


In principle, the virtual ground circuit of the embodiment of FIG. 5b provides for the stimulus electrode 504 to be driven by a current source. An op-amp circuit 512 and compensating electrode 508 provides a feedback loop holding the tissue voltage, as measured at a sense electrode 510, to 0 V. In an ideal situation, the voltage on the compensating electrode 508 is identical in amplitude but of opposite polarity to the voltage on the stimulating electrode 504. This ideally leaves the potential on a measurement electrode 510 unchanged by the stimulation and thus significantly improves conditions for measurement of an evoked response with reduced artefact.


Referring to FIG. 6, it is noted that the components making up the virtual ground circuit are spread throughout the device 100, having components in the reference multiplexer (Ref. MUX). As shown in FIG. 6, an electrode is wired to the inverting input multiplexer. This includes a buffer to drive the capacitance on the inputs of the array of amplifiers, and the virtual ground amplifier. These components, their parasitics, and the capacitance of the wiring on the circuit boards from which the system is made must be considered in order to design a stable circuit.



FIG. 7a illustrates the actual circuit used for the amplifier in the reference multiplexer (“Ref. MUX”) of FIG. 6, in the preferred embodiment of the virtual ground circuit. The reference signal selected by the MUX is buffered before it is passed to the amplifier negative inputs, and the virtual ground circuit. The buffer uses a current feedback amplifier, because this amplifier is inside the virtual ground feedback loop and this amplifier introduces less phase shift than a voltage feedback device. This has been used both for experimental verification in a saline bath (from which the attached figures were obtained) and in a human subject.


As shown in FIG. 7b, the virtual ground circuit of this embodiment includes an inverting amplifier and a high-speed buffer. The op-amp alone does not have the current sourcing capability to drive the current available from the current sources, which can deliver up to 50 mA. The 470 p capacitor provides dominant pole compensation to the loop. The switches are paralleled to provide low impedance paths, and match the switch configuration of FIG. 6.


The FETs Q902 and Q903 in FIG. 7b, from the input to the supplies, provide electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection. The capacitor C900 and pulldown resistor R901 set the DC bias point for the loop.



FIG. 8a illustrates the problem of stimulus crosstalk when the virtual ground function is disabled. Trace 801 is from Electrode 1 (stimulus electrode), trace 804 is from Electrode 2 (ground electrode), trace 802 is from Electrode 4 (first measurement electrode), and trace 803 is from Electrode 5 (second measurement electrode).



FIGS. 8b and 8c show the behaviour of the circuit of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is activated, when experimentally implemented on a bench using an actual saline bath. FIGS. 8b and 8c show the response to a 10 mA biphasic pulse stimulus in 1/10 PBS (phosphate buffered saline). As can be seen, now the stimulus and feedback electrodes (811 and 814) swing in opposite directions, while the measurement electrodes (812 and 813) mostly stay at ground. The ringing at the measurement electrodes is the response of the feedback loop to the very high slew-rate current source edges, but represents significantly reduced artefact as compared to FIG. 8a.



FIG. 9a shows artefact with virtual ground disabled, and in particular shows the behaviour of the circuit of FIG. 6 when the virtual ground function is deactivated, when experimentally implemented on a bench using an actual saline bath. In FIG. 9a, the stimulus occurred and concluded at some time prior to t=0.6 ms, at which time the amplifiers were blanked. The amplifiers were then unblanked at t=0.6 ms. FIG. 9 shows the measured voltages on two measurement electrodes, with a peak artefact of around 400 uV.



FIG. 9b shows the amplifier outputs with virtual ground enabled, but otherwise identical stimulation as produced FIG. 9a. As can be seen, when using virtual ground in the circuit of FIG. 6, artefact is about 100 uV, or smaller by about 75%.



FIG. 10a shows the amplifier output for the same experiment as FIG. 9a, but with a 50 uV pp sinusoidal signal injected in series with electrode 4, to give an idea of how an evoked response would superimpose upon the artefact. The sinusoidal signal cannot be easily seen before about 1.5 ms, i.e. the first 1 ms of measurement time is obscured by the artefact.



FIG. 10b is for the same experiment as FIG. 10a but with virtual ground enabled. Here, the sinusoidal signal can be seen distinct from the artefact from around 0.75 ms, or about 750 us (80%) earlier than for FIG. 10a relative to the unblanking time.



FIG. 11a shows the evoked response in a sheep dorsal column. In particular, FIG. 11a plots the measurements obtained simultaneously from 22 electrodes of a 24 electrode array in response to a stimulus delivered by two adjacent electrodes positioned centrally in the array. As can be seen, evoked responses propagate simultaneously both caudally and rostrally from the central stimulus site. The current required to evoke such a response in a sheep is much lower than in humans, and the evoked response signals are higher, so artefact is less of a problem. In other regards the sheep signals are similar to the human case. In FIG. 11a the amplifiers are unblanked at approximately 0.75 msec and the response finishes within another 0.75 ms. FIG. 11b is a superimposed plot of similar data, demonstrating timing of respective signal features when measuring on multiple electrodes at increasing distance from the stimulus site. FIGS. 11a and 11b illustrate the importance of reducing artefact during the period immediately after stimulation.


In a first mode of operation in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, at the end of stimulation the stimulation electrodes are both disconnected. The bath (or subject) is floating at this point, as there is no connection between the bath and the circuit ground. Since the amplifiers are all differential, taking the difference between the reference electrode and the other epidural electrodes will compensate for any change in voltage. This mode of operation reflects the logic that other choices of which electrode to ground seem likely to worsen artefact: connecting a stimulation electrode will cause the bath potential to change as the electrode voltage settles; connecting an epidural electrode to GND might put a transient on it which would be seen on all the channels.


In a second mode of operation of other embodiments of the invention, the VG circuit remains active after the stimulation, which makes the bioelectrical situation quite different. The voltage on the compensation electrode will change as the electrode potentials settle, but the VG loop will compensate for this so it will not affect the bath potential. At the same time, the VG circuit can hold the bath at a fixed voltage—GND. The VG circuit will attempt to keep the epidural space at a static voltage, namely GND.


In another embodiment, the present invention is implemented in an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The primary difference that is encountered in an ASIC implementation is that whereas most PCB amplifiers and components are intended for split supply operation, most ASIC designs, especially one intended for implantable operation, will operate from a single supply. Also, in an ASIC, the desire to produce a low-cost design is increased, as an ASIC implementation would be preferable for commercial exploitation.



FIG. 12 shows a design intended for ASIC operation. The design uses separate current sources to provide anodic and cathodic current. These are connected to an electrode array. They also electrodes to be arbitrarily connected to the output and input of the virtual ground amplifier. The point “Vgref” provides the bias point for the amplifier; this would typically be half the power supply. In this case the power supply is called “VDDH”, indicating it is a high-voltage supply suitable for tissue stimulation.


The switched connections directly to VDDH and GND allow stimulation modes that do not use the virtual ground amplifier. In the design of FIG. 5a, the virtual ground amplifier provides the entire current for the second of the two stimulating electrodes. To create the ASIC implementation some changes were required. In the PCB design of FIG. 5a, the amplifier output provides the entire opposite current to that of the output of the current driver. This requires an amplifier with a considerable output drive, for example if the current source can drive 50 mA, so must the amplifier. An amplifier with this current drive, stable in a feedback loop, and with the required bandwidth can be difficult to obtain, although they are available.


Thus a problem in an ASIC implementation is to provide the virtual ground amplifier with sufficient current capability to balance the current source; this takes considerable silicon area which incurs cost. Noting that both positive and negative current sources are available in the ASIC, the present embodiment thus uses the circuit of FIG. 13, suitable for integrated circuit implementation. This implementation requires the use of matched positive and negative current drivers. It also operates from a single supply, simplifying the system implementation. The feedback loop holds the tissue voltage at a stable voltage—the midpoint of the two supplies. The amplifier only has to source or sink a current equal to the mismatch between the two amplifiers, denoted dI in FIG. 13. Since the current source has a high output impedance, the load seen by the amplifier is unchanged as compared to the case of FIG. 5a where the amplifier provides all the drive, however the amplifier no longer has to provide high current. In a case where the current sources match to 10%, a 0.1 reduction in capability is achieved.



FIG. 14 illustrates yet another embodiment, in which the amplifier is connected as a unity gain buffer. It is noted that this proposal may be integrated into the design of Australian Provisional Patent Application No. 2012904838.


It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. For example while application of the method to neural stimulation is described, it is to be appreciated that the techniques described in this patent apply in other situations involving measurement of a voltage within tissue during or after stimulation.


The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

Claims
  • 1. An implantable device for controlling electrical conditions of tissue, the device comprising: a plurality of implantable electrodes including a nominal compensation electrode, a nominal stimulus electrode, a nominal stimulus return electrode, a nominal feedback sense electrode, and at least one nominal measurement electrode, the electrodes being configured to be implanted proximal to neural tissue to make electrical contact with the tissue; anda first current source, connected to a power supply, and configured to provide an electrical stimulus to be delivered from the nominal stimulus electrode to the neural tissue;a second current source configured to extract a second current from the tissue via the nominal stimulus return electrode, the second current source being matched with the first current source; andmeasurement circuitry for measuring a neural response of the neural tissue to the electrical stimulus from a signal sensed at the at least one nominal measurement electrode;wherein: the nominal compensation electrode is connected to an output of a feedback amplifier such that the feedback amplifier drives the neural tissue via the nominal compensation electrode to a desired electrical value in a feedback arrangement in order to improve an electrical condition of the neural tissue for neural response measurement; andthe measurement circuitry is configured to measure the neural response during the improved electrical condition of the neural tissue.
  • 2. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein a negative terminal of the feedback amplifier is connected to the nominal feedback sense electrode, and a positive terminal of the feedback amplifier is connected to the desired electrical value.
  • 3. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the desired electrical value is fixed in relation to a supply rail voltage of the power supply for the first current source.
  • 4. The implantable device of claim 3, wherein the desired electrical value is half the supply rail voltage of the power supply for the first current source.
  • 5. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the nominal compensation electrode is the nominal stimulus return electrode.
  • 6. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the nominal compensation electrode is the nominal feedback sense electrode.
  • 7. An implantable device for controlling electrical conditions of tissue, the device comprising: a plurality of implantable electrodes including a nominal compensation electrode, a nominal stimulus electrode, a nominal stimulus return electrode, a nominal feedback sense electrode, and at least one nominal measurement electrode, the electrodes being configured to be implanted proximal to neural tissue to make electrical contact with the tissue; anda first current source, connected to a power supply, and configured to provide an electrical stimulus to be delivered from the nominal stimulus electrode to the neural tissue;a second current source configured to extract a second current from the tissue via the nominal stimulus return electrode, the second current source being matched with the first current source; andmeasurement circuitry for measuring a neural response of the neural tissue to the electrical stimulus from a signal sensed at the at least one nominal measurement electrode;wherein the nominal stimulus return electrode is connected to an output of a feedback amplifier such that the feedback amplifier chives the neural tissue via the nominal stimulus return electrode to a desired electrical value in a feedback arrangement in order to reduce an artefact induced by the electrical stimulus in the signal sensed by the at least one nominal measurement electrode.
  • 8. The implantable device of claim 7, wherein a negative terminal of the feedback amplifier is connected to the nominal feedback sense electrode, and a positive terminal of the feedback amplifier is connected to the desired electrical value.
  • 9. The implantable device of claim 7, wherein the desired electrical value is fixed in relation to a supply rail voltage of the power supply for the first current source.
  • 10. The implantable device of claim 9, wherein the desired electrical value is half the supply rail voltage of the power supply for the first current source.
  • 11. The implantable device of claim 7, wherein the nominal compensation electrode is the nominal stimulus return electrode.
  • 12. The implantable device of claim 7, wherein the nominal compensation electrode is the nominal feedback sense electrode.
  • 13. The implantable device of claim 7, wherein the measurement circuitry is configured to measure the neural response during the reduced artefact.
  • 14. A method for measuring a neural response to a stimulus, the method comprising: providing a plurality of implantable electrodes including a nominal stimulus electrode, a nominal stimulus return electrode, a nominal feedback sense electrode, at least one nominal measurement electrode, and a nominal compensation electrode, the electrodes being implanted proximal to a neural tissue and being in electrical contact with the neural tissue;applying an electrical stimulus to the neural tissue from the nominal stimulus electrode by: delivering to the neural tissue via the nominal stimulus electrode a first current produced by a first current source; andextracting from the neural tissue via the nominal stimulus return electrode a second current drawn by a second current source, the second current source being matched with the first current source;connecting the nominal compensation electrode to an output of a feedback amplifier such that the feedback amplifier drives the neural tissue via the nominal compensation electrode to a desired electrical value in a feedback arrangement so as to drive the neural tissue to an altered electrical condition for neural response measurement; andobtaining a measurement of a neural response of the neural tissue to the electrical stimulus from the at least one nominal measurement electrode during the altered electrical condition of the neural tissue.
  • 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a negative terminal of the feedback amplifier is connected to the nominal feedback sense electrode, and a positive terminal of the feedback amplifier is connected to the desired electrical value.
  • 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the desired electrical value is fixed in relation to a supply rail voltage of a power supply for the first current source.
  • 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the desired electrical value is half the supply rail voltage of the power supply for the first current source.
  • 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the nominal compensation electrode is the nominal stimulus return electrode.
  • 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the nominal compensation electrode is the nominal feedback sense electrode.
  • 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the connecting occurs at least partly during the application of the electrical stimulus.
Priority Claims (2)
Number Date Country Kind
2012904836 Nov 2012 AU national
2012904838 Nov 2012 AU national
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/440,873, filed May 5, 2015, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/AU2013/001279 filed Nov. 6, 2013, which claims the benefit of Australian Provisional Patent Application No. 2012904836 filed Nov. 6, 2012, and Australian Provisional Patent Application No. 2012904838 filed Nov. 6, 2012, which are incorporated herein by reference.

US Referenced Citations (331)
Number Name Date Kind
3724467 Avery et al. Apr 1973 A
3736434 Darrow May 1973 A
3817254 Maurer Jun 1974 A
3898472 Long Aug 1975 A
4158196 Crawford, Jr. Jun 1979 A
4418695 Buffet Dec 1983 A
4474186 Ledley et al. Oct 1984 A
4628934 Pohndorf et al. Dec 1986 A
4807643 Rosier Feb 1989 A
4856525 van den Honert Aug 1989 A
5113859 Funke May 1992 A
5139020 Koestner et al. Aug 1992 A
5143081 Young et al. Sep 1992 A
5156154 Valenta, Jr. et al. Oct 1992 A
5172690 Nappholz et al. Dec 1992 A
5184615 Nappholz et al. Feb 1993 A
5188106 Nappholz et al. Feb 1993 A
5215100 Spitz Jun 1993 A
5324311 Acken Jun 1994 A
5417719 Hull et al. May 1995 A
5431693 Schroeppel Jul 1995 A
5458623 Lu et al. Oct 1995 A
5476486 Lu et al. Dec 1995 A
5497781 Chen et al. Mar 1996 A
5638825 Yamazaki et al. Jun 1997 A
5702429 King et al. Dec 1997 A
5758651 Nygard et al. Jun 1998 A
5776170 Macdonald et al. Jul 1998 A
5785651 Kuhn et al. Jul 1998 A
5792212 Weijand et al. Aug 1998 A
5814092 King Sep 1998 A
5895416 Barreras et al. Apr 1999 A
5913882 King Jun 1999 A
5999848 Gord et al. Dec 1999 A
6020857 Podger Feb 2000 A
6027456 Feler et al. Feb 2000 A
6038480 Hrdlicka et al. Mar 2000 A
6066163 John May 2000 A
6114164 Dennis et al. Sep 2000 A
6144881 Hemming et al. Nov 2000 A
6157861 Faltys et al. Dec 2000 A
6212431 Hahn et al. Apr 2001 B1
6246912 Sluijter et al. Jun 2001 B1
6381496 Meadows et al. Apr 2002 B1
6449512 Boveja Sep 2002 B1
6463328 John Oct 2002 B1
6473649 Gryzwa et al. Oct 2002 B1
6473653 Schallhorn et al. Oct 2002 B1
6493576 Dankwart-Eder Dec 2002 B1
6516227 Meadows et al. Feb 2003 B1
6522932 Kuzma Feb 2003 B1
6600955 Zierhofer et al. Jul 2003 B1
6658293 Vonk et al. Dec 2003 B2
6675046 Holsheimer Jan 2004 B2
6782292 Whitehurst Aug 2004 B2
6895280 Meadows et al. May 2005 B2
6898582 Lange et al. May 2005 B2
6909917 Woods et al. Jun 2005 B2
7089059 Pless Aug 2006 B1
7171261 Litvak et al. Jan 2007 B1
7177675 Suffin et al. Feb 2007 B2
7206640 Overstreet Apr 2007 B1
7231254 DiLorenzo et al. Jun 2007 B2
7286876 Yonce et al. Oct 2007 B2
7412287 Yonce et al. Aug 2008 B2
7450992 Cameron Nov 2008 B1
7634315 Cholette Dec 2009 B2
7734340 De Ridder Jun 2010 B2
7742810 Moffitt Jun 2010 B2
7792584 Van et al. Sep 2010 B2
7818052 Litvak et al. Oct 2010 B2
7831305 Gliner Nov 2010 B2
7835804 Fridman et al. Nov 2010 B2
7890182 Parramon et al. Feb 2011 B2
7894905 Pless et al. Feb 2011 B2
8190251 Molnar et al. May 2012 B2
8224459 Pianca et al. Jul 2012 B1
8239031 Fried et al. Aug 2012 B2
8249698 Mugler et al. Aug 2012 B2
8332047 Libbus et al. Dec 2012 B2
8359102 Thacker et al. Jan 2013 B2
8417342 Abell Apr 2013 B1
8454529 Daly et al. Jun 2013 B2
8494645 Spitz et al. Jul 2013 B2
8515545 Trier Aug 2013 B2
8538541 Milojevic et al. Sep 2013 B2
8588929 Davis et al. Nov 2013 B2
8620459 Gibson et al. Dec 2013 B2
8655002 Parker Feb 2014 B2
8670830 Carlson et al. Mar 2014 B2
8886323 Wu et al. Nov 2014 B2
8945216 Parker et al. Feb 2015 B2
9044155 Stahl Jun 2015 B2
9155892 Parker et al. Oct 2015 B2
9302112 Bornzin et al. Apr 2016 B2
9381356 Parker et al. Jul 2016 B2
9386934 Parker et al. Jul 2016 B2
9566439 Single Feb 2017 B2
9872990 Parker et al. Jan 2018 B2
9974455 Parker et al. May 2018 B2
10206596 Single et al. Feb 2019 B2
10278600 Parker et al. May 2019 B2
10368762 Single Aug 2019 B2
10426409 Single Oct 2019 B2
10500399 Single Dec 2019 B2
10568559 Parker et al. Feb 2020 B2
10588524 Single et al. Mar 2020 B2
10588698 Parker et al. Mar 2020 B2
10632307 Parker Apr 2020 B2
10842996 Baru et al. Nov 2020 B2
10849525 Parker et al. Dec 2020 B2
11006846 Parker et al. May 2021 B2
11006857 Parker May 2021 B2
11045129 Parker et al. Jun 2021 B2
11389098 Single Jul 2022 B2
20020055688 Katims May 2002 A1
20020099419 Ayal et al. Jul 2002 A1
20020193670 Garfield et al. Dec 2002 A1
20030032889 Wells Feb 2003 A1
20030045909 Gross et al. Mar 2003 A1
20030139781 Bradley et al. Jul 2003 A1
20030153959 Thacker et al. Aug 2003 A1
20030195580 Bradley et al. Oct 2003 A1
20040088017 Sharma et al. May 2004 A1
20040122482 Tung et al. Jun 2004 A1
20040158298 Gliner Aug 2004 A1
20040225211 Gozani et al. Nov 2004 A1
20040254494 Spokoyny et al. Dec 2004 A1
20050010265 Baru Fassio Jan 2005 A1
20050017190 Eversmann et al. Jan 2005 A1
20050021104 DiLorenzo Jan 2005 A1
20050065427 Magill Mar 2005 A1
20050070982 Heruth et al. Mar 2005 A1
20050075683 Miesel et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050101878 Daly et al. May 2005 A1
20050113877 Giardiello et al. May 2005 A1
20050137670 Christopherson et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050149154 Cohen Jul 2005 A1
20050192567 Katims Sep 2005 A1
20050203600 Wallace Sep 2005 A1
20050209655 Bradley et al. Sep 2005 A1
20050282149 Kovacs et al. Dec 2005 A1
20060009820 Royle et al. Jan 2006 A1
20060020291 Gozani et al. Jan 2006 A1
20060135998 Libbus et al. Jun 2006 A1
20060195159 Bradley et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060212089 Tass Sep 2006 A1
20060217782 Boveja et al. Sep 2006 A1
20060264752 Rubinsky et al. Nov 2006 A1
20060276722 Litvak et al. Dec 2006 A1
20060287609 Litvak et al. Dec 2006 A1
20070021800 Bradley et al. Jan 2007 A1
20070073354 Knudson et al. Mar 2007 A1
20070100378 Maschino May 2007 A1
20070178579 Ross et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070185409 Wu et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070208394 King et al. Sep 2007 A1
20070225765 King Sep 2007 A1
20070225767 Daly Sep 2007 A1
20070244410 Fridman et al. Oct 2007 A1
20070250120 Flach et al. Oct 2007 A1
20070255372 Metzler et al. Nov 2007 A1
20070282217 McGinnis et al. Dec 2007 A1
20070287931 Dilorenzo Dec 2007 A1
20080021292 Stypulkowski Jan 2008 A1
20080294221 Kilgore Jan 2008 A1
20080051647 Wu et al. Feb 2008 A1
20080064947 Heruth et al. Mar 2008 A1
20080077191 Morrell Mar 2008 A1
20080097529 Parramon et al. Apr 2008 A1
20080132964 Cohen et al. Jun 2008 A1
20080147155 Swoyer Jun 2008 A1
20080183076 Witte et al. Jul 2008 A1
20080208304 Zdravkovic et al. Aug 2008 A1
20080234780 Smith et al. Sep 2008 A1
20080275527 Greenberg et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080300655 Cholette Dec 2008 A1
20080319508 Botros et al. Dec 2008 A1
20090033486 Costantino et al. Feb 2009 A1
20090058635 Lalonde et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090082691 Denison et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090149912 Dacey et al. Jun 2009 A1
20090157155 Bradley Jun 2009 A1
20090270957 Pianca Oct 2009 A1
20090281594 King et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090287277 Conn et al. Nov 2009 A1
20090299214 Wu et al. Dec 2009 A1
20090306491 Haggers Dec 2009 A1
20100010388 Panken et al. Jan 2010 A1
20100057159 Lozano Mar 2010 A1
20100058126 Chang et al. Mar 2010 A1
20100069835 Parker Mar 2010 A1
20100069996 Strahl Mar 2010 A1
20100070007 Parker Mar 2010 A1
20100070008 Parker Mar 2010 A1
20100100153 Carlson et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100106231 Torgerson Apr 2010 A1
20100114237 Giftakis et al. May 2010 A1
20100114258 Donofrio et al. May 2010 A1
20100125313 Lee et al. May 2010 A1
20100125314 Bradley et al. May 2010 A1
20100145222 Brunnett et al. Jun 2010 A1
20100152808 Boggs Jun 2010 A1
20100179626 Pilarski Jul 2010 A1
20100191307 Fang et al. Jul 2010 A1
20100204748 Lozano et al. Aug 2010 A1
20100222844 Troosters et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100222858 Meloy Sep 2010 A1
20100249643 Gozani et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100249867 Wanasek Sep 2010 A1
20100258342 Parker Oct 2010 A1
20100262208 Parker Oct 2010 A1
20100262214 Robinson Oct 2010 A1
20100280570 Sturm et al. Nov 2010 A1
20100286748 Midani et al. Nov 2010 A1
20100331604 Okamoto et al. Dec 2010 A1
20100331926 Lee et al. Dec 2010 A1
20110004207 Wallace et al. Jan 2011 A1
20110021943 Lacour et al. Jan 2011 A1
20110028859 Chian Feb 2011 A1
20110040546 Gerber et al. Feb 2011 A1
20110087085 Tsampazis et al. Apr 2011 A1
20110093042 Torgerson et al. Apr 2011 A1
20110106100 Bischoff May 2011 A1
20110184488 De Ridder et al. Jul 2011 A1
20110204811 Pollmann-retsch Aug 2011 A1
20110224665 Crosby et al. Sep 2011 A1
20110224749 Ben-David et al. Sep 2011 A1
20110264165 Molnar et al. Oct 2011 A1
20110270343 Buschman et al. Nov 2011 A1
20110307030 John Dec 2011 A1
20110313310 Tomita Dec 2011 A1
20110313483 Hincapie et al. Dec 2011 A1
20120029377 Polak Feb 2012 A1
20120059275 Fagin et al. Mar 2012 A1
20120101552 Lazarewicz et al. Apr 2012 A1
20120101826 Visser et al. Apr 2012 A1
20120109004 Cadwell May 2012 A1
20120109236 Jacobson et al. May 2012 A1
20120155183 Aritome Jun 2012 A1
20120185020 Simon et al. Jul 2012 A1
20120245481 Blanco et al. Sep 2012 A1
20120253423 Youn et al. Oct 2012 A1
20120277621 Gerber et al. Nov 2012 A1
20120277823 Gerber et al. Nov 2012 A1
20120310301 Bennett et al. Dec 2012 A1
20130041449 Cela et al. Feb 2013 A1
20130053722 Carlson et al. Feb 2013 A1
20130060302 Polefko et al. Mar 2013 A1
20130172774 Crowder et al. Jul 2013 A1
20130268043 Tasche et al. Oct 2013 A1
20130289661 Griffith et al. Oct 2013 A1
20130289683 Parker et al. Oct 2013 A1
20140046407 Ben-Ezra et al. Feb 2014 A1
20140066803 Choi Mar 2014 A1
20140142447 Takahashi et al. May 2014 A1
20140194771 Parker et al. Jul 2014 A1
20140194772 Single et al. Jul 2014 A1
20140236042 Parker et al. Aug 2014 A1
20140236257 Parker et al. Aug 2014 A1
20140243926 Carcieri Aug 2014 A1
20140243931 Parker et al. Aug 2014 A1
20140249396 Shacham-diamand et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140276195 Papay et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140277250 Su et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140277267 Vansickle et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140288551 Bharmi et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140288577 Robinson et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140296737 Parker et al. Oct 2014 A1
20140324118 Simon et al. Oct 2014 A1
20140350634 Grill et al. Nov 2014 A1
20140358024 Nelson et al. Dec 2014 A1
20150018699 Zeng et al. Jan 2015 A1
20150051637 Osorio Feb 2015 A1
20150126839 Li et al. May 2015 A1
20150148869 Dorvall et al. May 2015 A1
20150164354 Parker et al. Jun 2015 A1
20150174396 Fisher et al. Jun 2015 A1
20150238104 Tass Aug 2015 A1
20150238304 Lamraoui Aug 2015 A1
20150282725 Single Oct 2015 A1
20150313487 Single et al. Nov 2015 A1
20150360031 Bornzin et al. Dec 2015 A1
20150374999 Parker Dec 2015 A1
20160082265 Moffitt et al. Mar 2016 A1
20160082268 Hershey et al. Mar 2016 A1
20160101289 Stolen et al. Apr 2016 A1
20160106980 Surth et al. Apr 2016 A1
20160121124 Johanek et al. May 2016 A1
20160129272 Hou et al. May 2016 A1
20160144189 Bakker et al. May 2016 A1
20160166164 Obradovic et al. Jun 2016 A1
20160175594 Min et al. Jun 2016 A1
20160287126 Parker Oct 2016 A1
20160287182 Single Oct 2016 A1
20160367808 Simon et al. Dec 2016 A9
20170001017 Parker et al. Jan 2017 A9
20170049345 Single Feb 2017 A1
20170071490 Parker et al. Mar 2017 A1
20170135624 Parker May 2017 A1
20170157410 Moffitt et al. Jun 2017 A1
20170173326 Bloch et al. Jun 2017 A1
20170173335 Min et al. Jun 2017 A1
20170173341 Johanek et al. Jun 2017 A1
20170216587 Parker Aug 2017 A1
20170361101 Single Dec 2017 A1
20180071513 Weiss et al. Mar 2018 A1
20180104493 Doan et al. Apr 2018 A1
20180110987 Parker Apr 2018 A1
20180117335 Parker et al. May 2018 A1
20180132747 Parker et al. May 2018 A1
20180132760 Parker May 2018 A1
20180133459 Parker et al. May 2018 A1
20180228391 Parker et al. Aug 2018 A1
20180228547 Parker Aug 2018 A1
20180229046 Parker et al. Aug 2018 A1
20180256052 Parker et al. Sep 2018 A1
20190030339 Baru et al. Jan 2019 A1
20190125269 Markovic et al. May 2019 A1
20190168000 Laird-wah Jun 2019 A1
20190216343 Single et al. Jul 2019 A1
20190239768 Karantonis et al. Aug 2019 A1
20190307341 Parker et al. Oct 2019 A1
20190357788 Single Nov 2019 A1
20200029914 Single Jan 2020 A1
20200129108 Parker et al. Apr 2020 A1
20200155240 Parker et al. May 2020 A1
20200215331 Single Jul 2020 A1
20200282208 Parker Sep 2020 A1
20210121696 Parker et al. Apr 2021 A1
20210162214 Parker Jun 2021 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (115)
Number Date Country
2013277009 Jan 2016 AU
103648583 Mar 2014 CN
103654762 Mar 2014 CN
103842022 Jun 2014 CN
104411360 Mar 2015 CN
0219084 Apr 1987 EP
1244496 Oct 2002 EP
0998958 Aug 2005 EP
2019716 Nov 2007 EP
2243510 Oct 2010 EP
2443995 Apr 2012 EP
2520327 Nov 2012 EP
2707095 Mar 2014 EP
3229893 Oct 2017 EP
2006504494 Feb 2006 JP
2009512505 Mar 2009 JP
2012524629 Oct 2012 JP
2013500779 Jan 2013 JP
2013527784 Jul 2013 JP
2013536044 Sep 2013 JP
2014522261 Sep 2014 JP
2014523261 Sep 2014 JP
WO 1983003191 Sep 1983 WO
WO 1993001863 Feb 1993 WO
WO 1996012383 Apr 1996 WO
WO 2000002623 Jan 2000 WO
WO 2002036003 Nov 2001 WO
WO 2002038031 May 2002 WO
WO 2002049500 Jun 2002 WO
WO 2003028521 Apr 2003 WO
WO 2003103484 Apr 2003 WO
WO 2003043690 May 2003 WO
WO 2004021885 Mar 2004 WO
WO 2004103455 Dec 2004 WO
WO 2005032656 Apr 2005 WO
WO 2005105202 Nov 2005 WO
WO 2005122887 Dec 2005 WO
WO 2006091636 Aug 2006 WO
WO 2007050657 May 2007 WO
WO 2007064936 Jun 2007 WO
WO 2007127926 Nov 2007 WO
WO 2007130170 Nov 2007 WO
WO 2008004204 Jan 2008 WO
WO 2008049199 May 2008 WO
WO 2009002072 Dec 2008 WO
WO 2009002579 Dec 2008 WO
WO 2009010870 Jan 2009 WO
WO 2009130515 Oct 2009 WO
WO 2009146427 Dec 2009 WO
WO 2010013170 Feb 2010 WO
WO 2010044989 Apr 2010 WO
WO 2010051392 May 2010 WO
WO 2010051406 May 2010 WO
WO 2010057046 May 2010 WO
WO 2010124139 Oct 2010 WO
WO 2010138915 Dec 2010 WO
WO 2011011327 Jan 2011 WO
WO 2011014570 Feb 2011 WO
WO 2011017778 Feb 2011 WO
WO 2011066477 Jun 2011 WO
WO 2011066478 Jun 2011 WO
WO 2011112843 Sep 2011 WO
WO 2011119251 Sep 2011 WO
WO 2011159545 Dec 2011 WO
WO 2012027252 Mar 2012 WO
WO 2012027791 Mar 2012 WO
WO 2012155183 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2012155184 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2012155185 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2012155187 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2012155188 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2012155189 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2012155190 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2012162349 Nov 2012 WO
WO 2013063111 May 2013 WO
WO 2013075171 May 2013 WO
WO 2014071445 May 2014 WO
WO 2014071446 May 2014 WO
WO 2014143577 Sep 2014 WO
WO 2014150001 Sep 2014 WO
WO 2015070281 May 2015 WO
WO 2015074121 May 2015 WO
WO 2015109239 Jul 2015 WO
WO 2015143509 Oct 2015 WO
WO 2015168735 Nov 2015 WO
WO 2016011512 Jan 2016 WO
WO 2016048974 Mar 2016 WO
WO 2016059556 Apr 2016 WO
WO 2016077882 May 2016 WO
WO 2016090420 Jun 2016 WO
WO 2016090436 Jun 2016 WO
WO 2016115596 Jul 2016 WO
WO 2016161484 Oct 2016 WO
WO 2016168798 Oct 2016 WO
WO 2016191807 Dec 2016 WO
WO 2016191808 Dec 2016 WO
WO 2016191815 Dec 2016 WO
WO 2017053504 Mar 2017 WO
WO 2017142948 Aug 2017 WO
WO 2017173493 Oct 2017 WO
WO 2017210352 Dec 2017 WO
WO 2017219096 Dec 2017 WO
WO 2018080753 May 2018 WO
WO 2018119220 Jun 2018 WO
WO 2018160992 Sep 2018 WO
WO 2018170141 Sep 2018 WO
WO 2019178634 Sep 2019 WO
WO 2019204884 Oct 2019 WO
WO 2019231796 Dec 2019 WO
WO 2020082118 Apr 2020 WO
WO 2020082126 Apr 2020 WO
WO 2020082128 Apr 2020 WO
WO 2020087123 May 2020 WO
WO 2020087135 May 2020 WO
WO 2020124135 Jun 2020 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (242)
Entry
Extended European Search Report in European Appln No. 19875139.8, dated Jun. 15, 2022, 8 pages.
Extended European Search Report in European Appln No. 19899138.2, dated Aug. 3, 2022, 9 pages.
Islam et al., “Methods for artifact detection and removal from scalp EEG: A review,” Neurophysiologie Clinique—Clinical Neurophysiology, Oct. 2016, 46(4): 287-305.
“Advanced Pain Therapy using Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain”, Medtronic RestoreSensor clinical trial paper, Clinical summary, 2011-11, pp. 32.
“Battelle Neurotechnology—Moving Beyond The Limits In Neurotechnology”, Battelle, www.battelle.org, May 2014, pp. 1-2.
“Evoke 12C Percutaneous Leads”, Saluda Medical, specifications available in the “Evoke Surgical Guide”, version 6, http://www.saludamedical.com/manuals/, retrieved May 2017.
“Haptic technology”, Wikipedia, Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology, Last modified on Sep. 15, 2014, Printed on Sep. 15, 2014, 5 pgs.
“Implants for surgery, Cardiac pacemakers”, IS-1 standard ISO 5841-3-2000, Oct. 15, 2000.
“Neural Bypass Technology Enables Movement in Paralyzed Patient”, Posted on Jul. 29, 2014, 6 a.m. in Brain chips/computer interface, pp. 1-2.
“Spinal Cord Stimulation, About Spinal Cord Stimulation”, Medtronic, Retrieved from: http://professional.medtronic.com/pt/neuro/scs/edu/about/index.htm, Printed on Jun. 16, 2014, 2 pgs.
“Wide bandwidth BioAmplifier”, http://www.psylab.com/html/default_bioamp.htm, Printed Jan. 30, 2014, 1-3 pages.
Abrard et al., “A time-frequency blindsignal separation methodapplicable to underdetermined mixtures of dependent sources”, Signal Processing 85 (2005) 1389-1403.
Alam et al., “Evaluation of optimal electrode configurations for epidural spinal cord stimulation in cervical spinal cord injured rats”, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Mar. 2015, 28 pgs.
Al-Ani et al., “Automatic removal of high-amplitude stimulus artefact from neuronal signal recorded in the subthalamic nucleus”, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 198, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 135-146.
Andreassen, S. et al., “Muscle Fibre Conduction Velocity in Motor Units of the Human Anterior Tibial Muscle: a New Size Principle Parameter”, J. Physiol, (1987), 391, pp. 561-571.
Andy, “Parafascicular-Center Median Nuclei Stimulation for Intractable Pain and Dyskinesia (Painful-Dyskinesia)”, Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Appl. Neurophysiol., 43, No. 3-5, 1980, pp. 133-144.
Australian Examination Report for Application No. 2019283936, dated Apr. 1, 2021, 7 pages.
Bahm ER et al., “Application of triphasic pulses with adjustable phase amplitude ratio (PAR) for cochlear ECAP recording: I. Amplitude growth functions”, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Clinical Neuroscience, 2012, vol. 205, pp. 202-211.
Bahm ER et al., “Effects of electrical pulse polarity shape on intra cochlear neural responses in humans: Triphasic pulses with cathodic second phase”, Hearing Research, 2013, vol. 306, pp. 123-130.
Balzer et al., “Localization of cervical and cervicomedullary stimulation leads for pain treatment using median nerve somatosensay evoked potential collision testing”, Journal of Neurosurgery, Jan. 2011, vol. 114, No. 1: pp. 200-205.
Blum, A. R., “An Electronic System for Extracellular Neural Stimulation and Recording”, Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Aug. 2007, Retrieved from http://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/16192 on Jan. 30, 2012.
Borg et al., “Conduction velocity and refractory period of single motor nerve fibres in antecedent poliomyelitis”, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, vol. 50, 1987, 443-446.
Bratta et al., “Orderly Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle Motor Units with Tripolar Nerve Cuff Electrode”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 36, No. 8, 1989.
Brown et al., “Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation on Upper Limb Askinesia in Parkinson's Disease”, Annals of Neurology, 45, No. 4, 1999, pp. 473-488.
Budagavi et al., “Modelling of compound nerve action potentials health and disease”, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. vol. 6. IEEE, 1992. pp. 2600-2601.
Casey et al., “Separation of Mixed Audio Sources by Independent Subspace Analysis”, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (2001).
Celestin et al., “Pretreatment Psychosocial Variables as Predictors of Outcomes Following Lumbar Surgery and Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Literature Synthesis”, American Academy of Pain Medicine, 2009, vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 639-653. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00632.X.
Cong et al., “A 32-channel modular bi-directional neural interface system with embedded DSP for closed-loop operation”, 40th European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC), 2014, pp. 99-102.
Connolly et al., “Towards a platform for prototyping control systems for optimization of neuromodulation therapies”, IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), 2015, pp. 1-4.
Coquery et al., “Backward and forward masking in the perception of cutaneous stimuli”, Perception & Psychophysics, 1973, vol. 13. No. 2, pp. 161-163.
Dawson, G. D., “The relative excitability and conduction velocity of sensory and motor nerve fibres in man”, Journal of Physiology, 1956, vol. 131 (2), pp. 436-451.
De Ridder et al., “Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation toward Paresthesia-Free Pain Suppression”, Nuerosurgery-online.com, May 2010, vol. 66, No. 8, pp. 986-990.
Delgado et al., “Measurement and interpretation of electrokinetic phenomena”, Pure Appl. Chem., 2005, vol. 77, No. 10, pp. 1753-1805.
Devergnas et al., “Cortical potentials evoked by deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic area”, Front Syst Neurosci. 2011; 5: 30. May 13, 2011. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00030.
Dijkstra, E. A., “Ultrasonic Distance Detection for a Closed-Loop Spinal Cord Stimulation System”, Proceedings—19th International Conference—IEEE/EMBS Oct. 30-Nov. 2, 1997, Chicago, IL, 4 pgs.
Dillier, N. et al., “Measurement of the electrically evoked compound action potential via a neural response telemetry system”, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., vol. 111, No. 5, May 2002, pp. 407-414.
Doiron et al., “Persistent Na+ Current Modifies Burst Discharge By Regulating Conditional Backpropagation of Dendritic Spikes”, Journal of Neurophysiology 89, No. 1 (Jan. 1, 2003): 324-337, doi:10.1152/jn.00729.2002.
England et al., “Increased Numbers of Sodium Channels Form Along Demyelinated Axons”, Brain Research 548, No. 1-2 (May 10, 1991): 334-337.
European Search Report for European Application 12785619.3 Search Completed Oct. 13, 2014, dated Oct. 23, 2014, 7 pgs.
European Search Report for European Application 12785669.8 Search Completed Sep. 22, 2014, dated Sep. 29, 2014, 5 pgs.
European Search Report for European Application No. 15861444.6, Search completed Jul. 13, 2018, dated Jul. 23, 2018, 8 pgs.
Extended European Search Report for EP Application 12785483.4 completed Sep. 16, 2014, 7 pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 11820923.8, report completed Dec. 9, 2013, report dated Dec. 17, 2013, 6 pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 13852669.4, Search completed Jun. 8, 2016, dated Jun. 22, 2016, 09 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 14861553.7, Search completed Jun. 8, 2017, dated Jun. 19, 2017, 8 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 14863597.2, Search completed Jun. 6, 2017, dated Jun. 13, 2017, 9 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 15768956.3, Search completed Oct. 3, 2017, dated Oct. 10, 2017, 8 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 16739680.3, Search completed Jun. 1, 2018, dated Jun. 12, 2018, 9 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 16802237.4, Search completed Dec. 11, 2018, dated Dec. 19, 2018, 9 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 16802238.2, Search completed Oct. 17, 2018, dated Oct. 24, 2018, 8 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 17778477.4, report completed Nov. 12, 2019, dated Nov. 20, 2019, 7 pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 17814341.8, report completed Dec. 12, 2019, report dated Jan. 2, 2020, 8 pgs.
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 13853514.1, Search completed Jun. 8, 2016, dated Jun. 15, 2016, 07 Pgs.
Extended European Search Report in European Appln No. 18910394.8, dated Oct. 15, 2021, 8 pages.
Extended European Search Report in European Appln No. 19793420.1, dated Dec. 17, 2021, 9 pages.
Fagius, J. et al., “Sympathetic Reflex Latencies and Conduction Velocities in Normal Man”, Journal of Neurological Sciences, 1980. vol. 47, pp. 433-448.
Falowski et al., “Spinal Cord Stimulation: an update”, Neurotherapeutics: The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 5, No. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 86-99.
Fisher, “F-Waves—Physiology and Clinical Uses”, TheScientificWorldJournal, (2007) 7, pp. 144-160.
Fitzpatrick et al., “A Nerve Cuff Design for the Selective Activation and Blocking of Myelinated Nerve Fibers”, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 13, No. 2, 1991.
Franke, Felix et al., “An Online Spike Detection and Spike Classification Algorithm Capable of Instantaneous Resolution of Overlapping Spikes”, Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 2010, vol. 29, No. 1-2, pp. 127-148.
French et al., “Information transmission at 500 bits/s by action potentials in a mechanosensory neuron of the cockroach”, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 243, No. 1-3, Feb. 1, 1998, pp. 113-116.
Fuentes et al., “Spinal Cord Stimulation Restores Locomotion in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease”, Science, vol. 323, No. 5921, Mar. 20, 2009, pp. 1578-1582.
Gad et al., “Development of a multi-electrode array for spinal cord epidural stimulation to facilitate stepping and standing after a complete spinal cord injury in adult rats”, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2013, 10:2, 18 pgs.
George et al., “Vagus nerve stimulation: a new tool for brain research and therapy”, Biological Psychiatry 47, No. 4, Feb. 15, 2000, pp. 287-295.
Gnadt et al., “Spectral Cancellation of Microstimulation Artifact for Simultaneous Neural Recording In Situ”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Oct. 2003, Date of Publication: Sep. 23, 2003, vol. 50, No. 10, pp. 1129-1135, DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2003.816077.
Goodall, E. V., “Modeling Study of Activation and Propagation delays During Stimulation of Peripheral Nerve Fibres with a Tripolar Cuff Electrode”, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 3, No. 3, Sep. 1995, pp. 272-282.
Gorman et al., “ECAP Mapping of the Spinal Cord: Influence of Electrode Position on Al3 Recruitment”, (2012). In 16th Annual Meeting. Presented at the North American Neuromodulation Society, Las Vegas, NV.
Gorman et al., “Neural Recordings For Feedback Control Of Spinal Cord Stimulation: Reduction Of Paresthesia Variability.” 2013, In International Neuromodulation Society 11th World Congress. Presented at the International Neuromodulation Society 11th World Congress, Berlin, Germany.
Hallstrom et al., “Distribution of lumbar spinal evoked potentials and their correlation with stimulation-induced paresthesiae”, (1991), Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology 80:126-139.
Harper, A. A. et al., “Conduction Velocity is Related to Morphological Cell Type in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurones”, J. Physiol, (1985), 359, pp. 31-46.
He et al., “Perception threshold and electrode position for spinal cord stimulation”, Pain, 59 (1994) 55-63 pages.
Herreras, “Local Field Potentials: Myths and Misunderstandings”, Frontiers in Neural Circuits, Dec. 15, 2016, vol. 10, Article 1101, 16 pgs.
Holsheimer et al., “Optimum Electrode Geometry for Spinal Cord Stimulation: the Narrow Bipole and Tripole”, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 35, No. 5, 1997, pp. 493-497.
Holsheimer et al., “Significance of the Spinal Cord Position in Spinal Cord Stimulation”, Acta Neurochir (1995) [Suppl] 64: 119-124 pages.
Holsheimer et al., “Spinal Geometry and Paresthesia Coverage in Spinal Cord Stimulation”, (1998 paper) 8 Pages.
Howell et al., “Evaluation of Intradural Stimulation Efficiency and Selectivity in a Computational Model of Spinal Cord Stimulation”, PLOS One, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0114938, Dec. 23, 2014.
Huff, Terry B. et al., “Real-Time CARS Imaging Reveals a Calpain-Dependent Pathway for Paranodal Myelin Retraction during High-Frequency Stimulation”, PLoS One vol. 6, issue 3 (Mar. 3, 2011): e17176, 11 pgs.
International Preliminary Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2017/050296, dated Oct. 9, 2018, 7 Pgs.
International Preliminary Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2017/050647, dated Dec. 25, 2018, 8 pgs.
International Preliminary Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/050384, dated Oct. 27, 2020, 8 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2011/001127, Report dated Mar. 5, 2013, 9 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000511, Report dated Nov. 19, 2013, 6 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000512, Report dated Nov. 19, 2013, 8 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000513, Report dated Nov. 19, 2013, 11 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000515, Report dated Nov. 19, 2013, 5 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000516, Report dated Nov. 19, 2013, 9 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000517, Report dated Nov. 19, 2013, 6 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000518, Report dated Nov. 19, 2013, 11 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/001441, Report dated May 27, 2014, 10 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2013/001279, Report dated May 12, 2015, 6 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2013/001280, Report dated May 12, 2015, 6 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2014/001049, Report dated May 17, 2016, 5 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2014/050369, Report dated May 24, 2016, 8 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050135, Report dated Oct. 4, 2016, 13 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050215, Report dated Nov. 8, 2016, 4 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050422, Report dated Jan. 31, 2017, 8 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050724, Report dated May 23, 2017, 5 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050753, Report dated Jun. 13, 2017, 7 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050787, Report dated Jun. 13, 2017, 6 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050019, Report dated Jul. 25, 2017, 9 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050263, Report dated Oct. 10, 2017, 9 pgs.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/AU2018/050278, dated Sep. 29, 2020, 7 pgs.
International Search Report & Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2013/001280, Search Completed Jan. 16, 2014, dated Jan. 16, 2014, 8 Pgs.
International Search Report & Written Opinion for International Application PCT/AU2013/001279, Search Completed Jan. 9, 2014, dated Jan. 9, 2014, 9 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2011/001127, date completed Nov. 11, 2011, dated Nov. 15, 2011, 13 pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/001441, International Filing Date Nov. 23, 2012, Search Completed Feb. 26, 2013, dated Feb. 26, 2013, 14 pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2014/001049, Search completed Feb. 10, 2015, dated Feb. 10, 2015, 8 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2014/050369, Search completed Feb. 20, 2015, dated Feb. 20, 2015, 14 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050135, Search completed Jun. 30, 2015, dated Jun. 30, 2015, 26 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050422, Search completed Oct. 14, 2015, dated Oct. 14, 2015, 17 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050724, Search completed May 9, 2016, dated May 9, 2016, 8 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050753, Search completed Feb. 10, 2016, dated Feb. 10, 2016, 10 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050787, Search completed Mar. 16, 2016, dated Mar. 16, 2016, 10 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050019, Search completed May 4, 2016, dated May 4, 2016, 16 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050263, Search completed Nov. 16, 2016, dated Nov. 16, 2016, 8 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050430, Search completed Aug. 16, 2016, dated Aug. 16, 2016, 10 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050431, Search completed Aug. 16, 2016, dated Aug. 16, 2016, 11 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050439, Search completed Jul. 15, 2016, dated Jul. 15, 2016, 8 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2017/050296, Search completed Jul. 28, 2017, dated Jul. 28, 2017, 10 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2017/050647, Search completed Sep. 29, 2017, dated Sep. 29, 2017, 13 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2018/050278, Search completed Jun. 18, 2018, dated Jun. 18, 2018, 12 pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/050384, Search completed Jun. 25, 2019, dated Jun. 25, 2019, 15 pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/051385, Search completed Mar. 24, 2020, dated Mar. 24, 2020, 8 Pgs.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2015/050215, Search completed Jul. 30, 2015, dated Jul. 30, 2015, 8 Pgs.
International Search Report for Australian Application 2011901829 Search Completed Feb. 6, 2012, dated Feb. 7, 2012, 3 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/051151, International Filing Date Oct. 22, 2019, Search Completed Feb. 24, 2020, dated Feb. 24, 2020, 9 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/051160, International Filing Date Oct. 23, 2019, Search Completed Jan. 28, 2020, dated Jan. 28, 2020, 13 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000511, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed May 17, 2012, dated May 18, 2012, 4 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000512, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jul. 10, 2012, dated Jul. 11, 2012, 4 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000513, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed May 29, 2012, dated May 30, 2012, 5 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000515, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed May 21, 2012, dated Jun. 4, 2012, 5 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000516, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jul. 11, 2012, dated Jul. 12, 2012, 8 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000517, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jun. 4, 2012, dated Jun. 6, 2012, 3 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000518, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jun. 8, 2012, dated Jun. 12, 2012, 4 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/051163, International Filing Date Oct. 23, 2019, Search Completed Jan. 21, 2020, dated Jan. 31, 2020, 8 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/051197, International Filing Date Oct. 30, 2019, Search Completed Jan. 21, 2020, dated Jan. 21, 2020, 15 pgs.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/AU2019/051210, International Filing Date Nov. 2, 2019, Search Completed Feb. 4, 2020, dated Feb. 4, 2020, 10 pgs.
International Type Search Report for International Application No. AU2015902393, Search completed May 16, 2016, dated May 16, 2016, 8 Pgs.
Jang et al., “Single Channel Signal Separation Using Time-Domain Basis Functions”, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Jun. 2003, vol. 10, No. 6.
Jang et al., “A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Single-channel Source Separation”, Journal of Machine Learning Research 4 (2003) 1365-1392.
Japanese Office Action for Application No. 2017-546830, dated Feb. 20, 2020, 5 pages with English translation.
Japanese Office Action for Application No. 2017-553090, dated Mar. 16, 2020, 12 pages with English translation.
Japanese Office Action for Application No. 2018-552138, dated Mar. 1, 2021, 7 pages with English translation.
Japanese Office Action for Application No. 2018-513699, dated Jun. 8, 2020, 7 pages with English translation.
Jeffrey et al., “A reliable method for intracranial electrode implantation and chronic electrical stimulation in the mouse brain”, BMC Neuroscience. Biomed Central. London. GB. vol. 14. No. 1. Aug. 6, 2013 (Aug. 6, 2013) ⋅ p. 82.
Jones et al., “Scaling of Electrode—Electrolyte Interface Model Parameters In Phosphate Buffered Saline”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2015, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 441-448.
Kent AR et al., “Recording evoked potentials during deep brain stimulation: development and validation of instrumentation to suppress the stimulus artefact”, J Neural Eng. Jun. 2012; 9(3):036004, Apr. 18, 2012. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/9/3/036004.
Kent et al., “Instrumentation to Record Evoked Potentials for Closed-Loop Control of Deep Brain Stimulation”, Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med Biol. Sol, Aug. 2012, 1 O pgs.
Kim et al., “A Wavelet-Based Method for Action Potential Detection From Extracellular Neural Signal Recording With Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio”, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, vol. 50. No. 8, Aug. 2003.
Kim et al., “Cell Type-specific Changes of the Membrane Properties of Peripherally-axotomized Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain”, Neuroscience 86, No. 1 (May 21, 1998): 301-309, doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00022-0.
Kopelman et al., “Attempted Reversible Sympathetic Ganglion Block by An Implantable Neurostimulator”, Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Feb. 7, 2012, vol. 14, Issue 5, pp. 605-609, doi:10.1093/icvts/ivr137.
Krames et al., “Neuromodulation”, 1st Edition, Academic Press, 2009, p. 540-541.
Krarup, Christian, “Compound sensory action potential in normal and pathological human nerves”, Muscle & nerve, vol. 29, No. 4 (2004), pp. 465-483.
Krishnan et al., “Excitability Differences in Lower-Limb Motor Axons During and After Ischemia”, Muscle & nerve, vol. 31, No. 2 (2005), pp. 205-213.
Kumar et al., “Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Pain: a 15-year Experience”, Neurosurgery, Issue 40, No. 4, Apr. 1997, pp. 736-747.
Kumar et al., “Double-blind evaluation of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease”, by the American Academy of Neurology, 51, No. 3, Sep. 1, 1998, pp. 850-855.
Kumar et al., “Globus Pallidus Deep Brain Stimulation for Generalized Dystonia: Clinical and PET Investigation”, Neurology, 53, No. 4, 1999, pp. 871-874.
Laird et al., “A Model of Evoked Potentials in Spinal Cord Stimulation”, IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society, 35th Annual Conference. Osaka, Japan: Jul. 3-7, 2013, pp. 6555-6558.
Laird-Wah, “Improving Spinal Cord Stimulation: Model-Based Approaches to Evoked Response Telemetry”, UNSW, Aug. 2015.
Lempka, Scott, “The Electrode-Tissue Interface During Recording and Stimulation In The Central Nervous System”, published on May 2010.
Levy et al., “Incidence and Avoidance of Neurologic Complications with Paddle Type Spinal Cord Stimulation Leads”, Neuromodulation 14(15), Sep. 2011, pp. 412-422.
Li S. et al., “Resonant antidromic cortical circuit activation as a consequence of high-frequency subthalamic deep-brain stimulation”, J Neurophysiol. Dec. 2007; 98(6): 3525-37. First published Oct. 10, 2007. doi:10.1152/jn.00808.2007.
Ma et al., “Similar Electrophysiological Changes in Axotomized and Neighboring Intact Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons”, Journal of Neurophysiology 89, No. 3 (Mar. 1, 2003): 1588-1602, doi:10.1152/jn.00855.2002.
Macefield, “Spontaneous and Evoked Ectopic Discharges Recorded from Single Human Axons”, Muscle & Nerve 21, No. 4, Apr. 1998, pp. 461-468.
Mah Nam et al., “Measurement of the current-distance relationship using a novel refractory interaction technique”, J. Neural Eng. 6(2): 036005, published May 20, 2009, 22 pgs.
Mannan et al., “Identification and Removal of Physiological Artifacts From Electroencephalogram Signals: A Review”, IEEE Access, May 31, 2018, vol. 6, pp. 30630-30652, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2842082.
Markandey, Vishal, “ECG Implementation on the TMS320C5515 DSP Medical Development Kit (MOK)”, Texas Instruments Application Report Jun. 2010, 35 pgs.
Massachusetts Institute of Techn, “The Compound Action Potential of the Frog Sciatic Nerve”, Quantitative Physiology: Cells and Tissues. Fall, 1999, Retrieved from http://umech.mit.edu/freeman/6.021J/2001/lab.pdf on May 22, 2012.
Matzner et al., “Na+ Conductance and the Threshold for Repetitive Neuronal Firing”, Brain Research 597, No. 1 (Nov. 27, 1992): 92-98, doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91509-D.
Mcgill, Kevin et al., “On the Nature and Elimination of Stimulus Artifact in Nerve Signals Evoked and Recorded Using Surface Electrodes”, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-29, No. 2, Feb. 1982, pp. 129-137.
Medtronic, RestoreSensor Neurostimulator, Retrieved from: http://web.archive.org/web/20150328092923/http://professional.medtronic.com:80/pt/neuro/scs/prod/restore-sensor/features-specifications/index.htm, Capture Date Jul. 9, 2012, Printed on May 11, 2017.
Medtronic, Spinal Cord Stimulation, RestoreSensor Neurostimulator, Features and Specification: Specification, Printed Jun. 16, 2014, 2 pgs.
Medtronic, Spinal Cord Stimulation, RestoreSensor Neurostimulator, Features and Specification: Summary Printed Jun. 16, 2014, 1 pg.
Melzack et al., “Pain mechanisms: a new theory”, Science, New York, New York, vol. 150, No. 3699, Nov. 19, 1965, pp. 971-979.
Miles et al., “An Electrode for Prolonged Stimulation of the Brain”, Proc. 8th Meeting World Soc. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Part III, Zurich, 1981, Appl. Neurophysiol, 45, 1982, pp. 449-445.
Misawa et al., “Neuropathic Pain Is Associated with Increased Nodal Persistent Na(+) Currents in Human Diabetic Neuropathy”, Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System: JPNS, 14, No. 4 (Dec. 2009): 279-284.
Niazy et al., “Removal of FMRI environment artifacts from EEG data using optimal basis sets”, NeuroImage 28 (2005) 720-737.
Nordin et al., “Ectopic Sensory Discharges and Paresthesiae in Patients with Disorders of Peripheral Nerves, Dorsal Roots and Dorsal Columns”, Pain 20, No. 3 (Nov. 1984): 231-245, doi:10.1016/0304-3959(84)90013-7.
North et al., “Prognostic value of psychological testing in patients undergoing spinal cord stimulation: a prospective study”, Neurosurgery, Aug. 1, 1996, vol. 39, Issue 2, pp. 301-311. https:/ /doi. org/10.1097/00006123-199608000-00013.
Oakley et al., “Spinal Cord Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action”, Spine 27, No. 22, Nov. 15, 2002, pp. 2574-2583.
Oakley et al., “Transverse Tripolar Spinal Cord Stimulation: Results of an International Multicenter Study”, Neuromodulation, vol. 9, No. 3, 2006, pp. 192-203.
Obradovic et al., “Effect of pressure on the spinal cord during spinal cord stimulation in an animal model”, Poster, 18th Annual Meeting of the North American Neuromodulation Society, Dec. 11-14, 2014, Las Vegas.
Office Action for Chinese Patent Application No. 201680020725.4, dated Mar. 16, 2020, 8 pgs.
Oh et al., “Long-term hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation”, Neurosurgery, vol. 50, No. 6, Jun. 2002, pp. 1268-1274, discussion pp. 1274-1276.
Olin et al., “Postural Changes in Spinal Cord Stimulation Perceptual Thresholds”, Neuromodulation, vol. 1, No. 4, 1998, pp. 171-175.
Opsommer, E. et al., “Determination of Nerve Conduction Velocity of C-fibres in Humans from Thermal Thresholds to Contact Heat (Thermode) and from Evoked Brain Potentials to Radiant Heat (CO2 Laser)”, Neurophysiologie Clinique 1999, vol. 29, pp. 411-422.
Orstavik, Kristin et al., “Pathological C-fibres in patients with a chronic painful condition”, Brain (2003), 126, 567-578.
Ouyang et al., “Compression Induces Acute Demyelination and Potassium Channel Exposure in Spinal Cord”, Journal of Neurotrauma 27, No. 6, Jun. 2010, 1109-1120, doi: 10.1089/neu.2010.1271.
Parker et al., “Closing the Loop in Neuromodulation Therapies: Spinal Cord Evoked Compound Action Potentials During Stimulation for Pain Management (230).”, 2011, In 15th Annual Meeting, North American Neuromodulation Society (p. 48). Presented at the North American Neuromodulation Society, Las Vegas.
Parker et al., “Compound action potentials recorded in the human spinal cord during neurostimulation for pain relief”, Pain, 2012, vol. 153, pp. 593-601.
Parker et al., “Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potentials Recorded From the Sheep Spinal Cord”, Neuromodulation, vol. 16, 2013, pp. 295-303.
Parker et al., “Compound Action Potentials Recorded in the Human Spinal Cord During Neurostimulation for Pain Relief,” Pain, vol. 153, 2012, pp. 593-660 (abstract only).
Partial European Search Report for European Application No. 16775966.1, Search completed Oct. 26, 2018, dated Nov. 6, 2018, 11 Pgs.
Penar et al., “Cortical Evoked Potentials Used for Placement of a Laminotomy Lead Array: A Case Report”, Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, accessed Apr. 19, 2011, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00352.x.
Peterson et al., “Stimulation artifact rejection in closed-loop, distributed neural interfaces”, ESSCIRC, 42nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference, Lausanne,2016, pp. 233-235.
Rattay, “Analysis of Models for External Stimulation of Axons”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-33, No. 10, Oct. 1986, pp. 974-977.
Richter et al., “EMG and SSEP Monitoring During Cervical Spinal Cord Stimulation”, Journal of Neurosurgical Review 2011, Southern Academic Press, 1 (S1), 2011, pp. 61-63.
Ridder et al., “Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation for Limb and Back Pain”, World Neurosurgery, 2013, 9 pgs.
Rijkhoff et al., “Acute Animal Studies on the Use of Anodal Block to Reduce Urethral Resistance in Sacral Root Stimulation”, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 2, No. 2, 1994.
Rijkhoff et al., “Orderly Recruitment of Motoneurons in an Acute Rabbit Model”, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 20, No. 5, 1998.
Ross et al., “Improving Patient Experience with Spinal Cord Stimulation: Implications of Position-Related Changes in Neurostimulation”, Neuromodulation 2011; e-pub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00407.x 6 pages.
Roy, S. H. et al., “Effects of Electrode Location on Myoelectric Conduction Velocity and Median Frequency Estimates”, J. Appl. Physiol. 61 (4), 1986, pp. 1510-1517.
Sa Yen Ko et al., “Neuromodulation of evoked muscle potentials induced by epidural spinal-cord stimulation in paralyzed individuals”, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 111, No. 5, 2014, pp. 1088-1099, First published Dec. 11, 2013.
Schmidt et al., “Gating of tactile input from the hand”, Exp Brain Res, 1990, 79, pp. 97-102.
Scott et al., “Compact Nonlinear Model of an Implantable Electrode Array for Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2014, vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 382-390.
Siegfried et al., “Bilateral Chronic Electrostimulation of Ventroposterolateral Pallidum: A New Therapeutic Approach for Alleviating all Parkinsonian Symptoms”, Neurosurgery, 35, No. 6, Dec. 1994, pp. 1126-1130.
Siegfried et al., “Intracerebral Electrode Implantation System”, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 59, No. 2, Aug. 1983, pp. 356-3591.
Srinivasan, S., “Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces: Structure and Kinetics of Charge Transfer”, Fuel Cells, 2006, Chapter 2, 67 Pages.
Stanslaski et al., “Design and Validation of a Fully Implantable, Chronic, Closed-Loop Neuromodulation Device with Concurrent Sensing and Stimulation”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, Jul. 2012, Date of Publication: Jan. 23, 2012, vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 410-421, DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2183617.
Struijk et al., “Excitation of Dorsal Root Fibers in Spinal Cord Stimulation: a Theoretical Study”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Jul. 1993, vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 632-639.
Struijk et al., “Paresthesia Thresholds in Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Comparison of Theoretical Results with Clinical Data”, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 1, No. 2, Jun. 1993, pp. 101-108.
Struijk, “The Extracellular Potential of a Myelinated Nerve Fiber in an Unbounded Medium and in Nerve Cuff Models”, Biophysical Journal vol. 72 Jun. 1997 2457-2469.
Sufka et al., “Gate Control Theory Reconsidered”, Brain and Mind, 3, No. 2, 2002, pp. 277-290.
Takahashi et al, “Classification of neuronal activities from tetrode recordings using independent component analysis”, Neurocomputing, (2002), vol. 49, Issues 1-4, 289-298.
Tamura et al., “Increased Nodal Persistent Na+ Currents in Human Neuropathy and Motor Neuron Disease Estimated by Latent Addition”, Clinical Neurophysiology 117, No. 11 (Nov. 2006): 2451-2458, doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.309.
Tasker, “Deep Brain Stimulation is Preferable to Thalamotomy for Tremor Suppression”, Surgical Neurology, 49, No. 2, 1998, pp. 145-153.
Taylor et al., “Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Back and Leg Pain and Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Prognostic Factors”, Spine, vol. 30, No. 1, 2004, pp. 152-160.
Texas Instruments, “Precision, Low Power Instrumentation Amplifiers”, Texas Instruments SBOS051B Oct. 1995, Revised Feb. 2005, 20 pgs.
Tomas et al., “Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) Localization Using Direct Spinal Cord Stimulation Can Improve Results of the DREZ Thermocoagulation Procedure for Intractable Pain Relief”, Pain, 2005, vol. 116, pp. 159-163.
Tronnier et al., “Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Implanted Neurostimulators: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study”, Jan. 1999, Neurosurgery, vol. 44(1), p. 118-125 (Year: 1999).
Tscherter et al., “Spatiotemporal Characterization of Rhythmic Activity in Rat Spinal Cord Slice Cultures”, European Journal of Neuroscience 14, No. 2 (2001), pp. 179-190.
Van Den Berg et al., “Nerve fiber size-related block of action currents by phenytoin in mammalian nerve”, Epilepsia, Nov. 1994, 35(6), pp. 1279-1288.
Villavicencio, Alan T., “Laminectomy versus Percutaneous Electrode Placement for Spinal Cord Stimulation,” Neurosurgery, vol. 46 (2), Feb. 2000, pp. 399-405.
Vleggeert, Lan Kamp et al., “Electrophysiology and morphometry of the Aalpha- and Abeta-fiber populations in the normal and regenerating rat sciatic nerve”, Experimental Neurology, vol. 187, No. 2, Jun. 1, 2004, Available online Apr. 2, 2004, pp. 337-349.
Woessner, “Blocking Out the Pain, Electric Nerve Block Treatments for Sciatic Neuritis”, Retrieved from: http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/spine/radiculopathy/blocking-outpain, Last updated Jan. 10, 2012.
Wolter et al., “Effects of sub-perception threshold spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled double-blind crossover study”, European Federation of International Association for the Study of Pain Chapters, 2012, pp. 648-655.
Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000511, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed May 17, 2012, dated May 18, 2012, 5 pgs.
Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000512, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jul. 10, 2012, dated Jul. 11, 2012, 7 pgs.
Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000513, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed May 29, 2012, dated May 30, 2012, 10 pgs.
Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000515, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed May 21, 2012, dated Jun. 4, 2012, 4 pgs.
Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000516, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jul. 11, 2012, dated Jul. 12, 2012, 8 pgs.
Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000517, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jun. 4, 2012, dated Jun. 6, 2012, 5 pgs.
Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000518, International Filing Date May 11, 2012, Search Completed Jun. 8, 2012, dated Jun. 12, 2012, 10 pgs.
Wu et al., “Changes in Al3 Non-nociceptive Primary Sensory Neurons in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis Pain”, Molecular Pain 6, No. 1 (Jul. 1, 2010): 37, doi:10.1186/1744-8069-6-37.
Xie et al., “Functional Changes in Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells after Chronic Nerve Constriction in the Rat”, Journal of Neurophysiology 73, No. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1811-1820.
Xie et al., “Sinusoidal Time-Frequency Wavelet Family and its Application in Electrograstrographic Signal Analysis”, Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 20, No. 3, Oct. 29, 1998, pp. 1450-1453.
Yamada et al., “Extraction and Analysis of the Single Motor Unit F-Wave of the Median Nerve”, EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function, InTech, 2012, 15 pgs.
Yearwood, T. L., “Pulse Width Programming in Spinal Cord Stimulation: a Clinical Study”, Pain Physician. 2010. vol. 13, pp. 321-335.
Yingling et al., “Use of Antidromic Evoked Potentials in Placement of Dorsal Cord Disc Electrodes”, Applied Neurophysiology, 1986, vol. 49, pp. 36-41.
Yuan, S. et al., “Recording monophasic action potentials using a platinumelectrode ablation catheter”, Europace. Oct. 2000; 2(4):312-319.
Zhang et al., “Automatic Artifact Removal from Electroencephalogram Data Based on A Priori Artifact Information”, BioMed research international. 2015. 720450. Aug. 25, 2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/720450.
Zhou et al., “A High Input Impedance Low Noise Integrated Front-End Amplifier for Neural Monitoring”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2016, vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1079-1086.
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20220354406 A1 Nov 2022 US
Continuations (2)
Number Date Country
Parent 16224641 Dec 2018 US
Child 17664568 US
Parent 14440873 US
Child 16224641 US