Patent Application
20050115709
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for the recovery of subterranean resources and, more particularly, to a method and system for controlling pressure in a dual well system.
Subterranean deposits of coal, also referred to as coal seams, contain substantial quantities of entrained methane gas. Production and use of methane gas from coal deposits has occurred for many years. Substantial obstacles, however, have frustrated more extensive development and use of methane gas deposits in coal seams.
For example, one problem of surface production of gas from coal seams may be the difficulty presented at times by over-balanced drilling conditions caused by the porosity of the coal seam. During both vertical and horizontal surface drilling operations, drilling fluid is used to remove cuttings from the well bore to the surface. The drilling fluid exerts a hydrostatic pressure on the formation which, if it exceeds the pressure of the formation, can result in a loss of drilling fluid into the formation. This results in entrainment of drilling finds in the formation, which tends to plug the pores, cracks, and fractures that are needed to produce the gas. Other problems include a difficulty in maintaining a desired pressure condition in the well system during drill string tripping and connecting operations.
The present invention provides a method and system for controlling pressure in a dual well system that substantially eliminates or reduces at least some of the disadvantages and problems associated with controlling pressure in previous well systems.
In accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, a method for controlling pressure of a dual well system includes drilling a substantially vertical well bore from a surface to a subterranean zone and drilling an articulated well bore from the surface to the subterranean zone using a drill string. The articulated well bore is horizontally offset from the substantially vertical well bore at the surface and intersects the substantially vertical well bore at a junction proximate the subterranean zone. The method includes drilling a drainage bore from the junction into the subterranean zone. The method includes pumping a drilling fluid through the drill string when drilling the drainage bore. The drilling fluid exits the drill string proximate a drill bit of the drill string. The method includes pumping a pressure fluid down the substantially vertical well bore when drilling the drainage bore. The pressure fluid mixes with the drilling fluid to form a fluid mixture returning up the articulated well bore. The fluid mixture returning up the articulated well bore forms a frictional pressure that resists fluid flow from the subterranean zone.
In accordance with another embodiment, a dual well system for controlling pressure in the wells includes a substantially vertical well bore extending from a surface to a subterranean zone and an articulated well bore extending from the surface to the subterranean zone. The articulated well bore is horizontally offset from the substantially vertical well bore at the surface and intersects the substantially vertical well bore at a junction proximate the subterranean zone. A drainage bore extends from the junction into the subterranean zone. A drill string disposed within the articulated well bore is used to drill the drainage bore. A drilling fluid is provided through the drill string and exits the drill string proximate a drill bit of the drill string. A pressure fluid is provided down the substantially vertical well bore. The pressure fluid mixes with the drilling fluid to form a fluid mixture returning up the articulated well bore. The fluid mixture returning up the articulated well bore forms a frictional pressure that resists fluid flow from the subterranean zone.
Technical advantages of particular embodiments of the present invention include a method of controlling pressure in a well system beyond that of conventional hydrostatically controlled technology. Frictional pressure is used to provide the desired drilling conditions in the system. The pressure in an articulated well bore may be varied in real time, as needed or desired, by varying the frictional pressure caused by fluid flow in the well system. The frictional pressure may be varied by changing pump speeds and by changing the composition of fluids pumped through the system by adding, for example, compressed gas to the fluids.
Other technical advantages will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the figures, descriptions and claims included herein. Moreover, while specific advantages have been enumerated above, various embodiments may include all, some or none of the enumerated advantages.
For a more complete understanding of particular embodiments of the invention and their advantages, reference is now made to the following descriptions, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Referring to
Substantially vertical well bore 12 may be logged either during or after drilling in order to locate the exact vertical depth of the target subterranean zone 15. As a result, subterranean zone 15 is not missed in subsequent drilling operations, and techniques used to locate zone 15 while drilling need not be employed. An enlarged cavity 20 may be formed in substantially vertical well bore 12 at the level of subterranean zone 15. Enlarged cavity 20 may have a different shape in different embodiments. For example, in particular embodiments enlarged cavity 20 may have a generally cylindrical shape or a substantially non-circular shape. Enlarged cavity 20 provides a junction for intersection of substantially vertical well bore 12 by an articulated well bore used to form a drainage bore in subterranean zone 15. Enlarged cavity 20 also provides a collection point for fluids drained from subterranean zone 15 during production operations. Enlarged cavity 20 is formed using suitable underreaming techniques and equipment. A vertical portion of substantially vertical well bore 12 continues below enlarged cavity 20 to form a sump 22 for enlarged cavity 20.
An articulated well bore 30 extends from the surface 14 to enlarged cavity 20 of substantially vertical well bore 12. Articulated well bore 30 includes a substantially vertical portion 32, a substantially horizontal portion 34, and a curved or radiused portion 36 interconnecting vertical and horizontal portions 32 and 34. Horizontal portion 34 lies substantially in the horizontal plane of subterranean zone 15 and intersects enlarged cavity 20 of substantially vertical well bore 12. In particular embodiments, articulated well bore 30 may not include a horizontal portion, for example, if subterranean zone 15 is not horizontal. In such cases, articulated well bore 30 may include a portion substantially in the same plane as subterranean zone 15.
Articulated well bore 30 is offset a sufficient distance from substantially vertical well bore 12 at surface 14 to permit curved portion 36 and any desired horizontal portion 34 to be drilled before intersecting enlarged cavity 20. In one embodiment, to provide curved portion 36 with a radius of 100-150 feet, articulated well bore 30 is offset a distance of about 300 feet from substantially vertical well bore 12. As a result, reach of the articulated drill string drilled through articulated well bore 30 is maximized.
Articulated well bore 30 may be drilled using an articulated drill string 40 that includes a suitable down-hole motor and drill bit 42. A measurement while drilling (MWD) device 44 may be included in articulated drill string 40 for controlling the orientation and direction of the well bore drilled by the motor and drill bit 42. The substantially vertical portion 32 of the articulated well bore 30 may be lined with a suitable casing 38.
After enlarged cavity 20 has been successfully intersected by articulated well bore 30, drilling is continued through enlarged cavity 20 using articulated drill string 40 and appropriate horizontal drilling apparatus to drill a drainage bore 50 in subterranean zone 15. Drainage bore 50 and other such well bores include sloped, undulating, or other inclinations of the coal seam or subterranean zone 15. During this operation, gamma ray or acoustic logging tools and other MWD devices may be employed to control and direct the orientation of the drill bit to retain the drainage bore 50 within the confines of subterranean zone 15 and to provide substantially uniform coverage of a desired area within the subterranean zone 15.
During the process of drilling drainage bore 50, drilling fluid (such as drilling “mud”) is pumped down articulated drill string 40 using pump 64 and circulated out of articulated drill string 40 in the vicinity of drill bit 42, where it is used to scour the formation and to remove formation cuttings. The drilling fluid is also used to power drill bit 42 in cutting the formation. The general flow of the drilling fluid through and out of drill string 40 is indicated by arrows 60.
Foam, which in certain embodiments may include compressed air mixed with water, may be circulated down through articulated drill string 40 with the drilling mud in order to aerate the drilling fluid in articulated drill string 40 and articulated well bore 30 as articulated well bore 30 is being drilled and, if desired, as drainage bore 50 is being drilled. Drilling of drainage bore 50 with the use of an air hammer bit or an air-powered down-hole motor will also supply compressed air or foam to the drilling fluid. In this case, the compressed air or foam which is used to power the drill bit or down-hole motor exits the vicinity of drill bit 42.
A pressure fluid may be pumped down substantially vertical well bore 12 using pump 62 as indicated by arrows 65. The pressure fluid pumped down substantially vertical well bore 12 may comprise nitrogen gas, water, air, drilling mud or any other suitable materials. The pressure fluid enters enlarged cavity 20 where the fluid mixes with the drilling fluid which has been pumped through articulated drill string 40 and has exited articulated drill string 40 proximate drill bit 42. The mixture of the pressure fluid pumped down substantially vertical well bore 12 and the drilling fluids pumped through articulated drill string 40 (the “fluid mixture”) flows up articulated well bore 30 in the annulus between articulated drill string 40 and the surface of articulated well bore 30. Such flow of the fluid mixture is generally represented by arrows 70 of
In this embodiment, pumps 62 and 64 pump the drilling fluid and the pressure fluid into the system; however, in other embodiments other suitable means or techniques may be used to provide the drilling fluid and the pressure fluid into the system.
When the hydrostatic and frictional pressure in articulated well bore 30 is greater than the formation pressure of subterranean zone 15, the well system is considered over-balanced. When the hydrostatic and frictional pressure in articulated well bore 30 is less than the formation pressure of subterranean zone 15, the well system is considered under-balanced. In an over-balanced drilling situation, drilling fluid and entrained cuttings may be lost into subterranean zone 15. Loss of drilling fluid and cuttings into the formation is not only expensive in terms of the lost drilling fluids, which must be made up, but it tends to plug the pores in the subterranean zone, which are needed to drain the zone of gas and water.
In particular embodiments, the pressure fluid pumped down substantially vertical well bore 12 may include compressed gas provided by an air compressor 66. Using compressed gas within the fluid pumped down vertical well bore 12 will lighten the pressure of the pressure fluid thus lightening the frictional pressure of the fluid mixture flowing up articulated well bore 30. Thus, the composition of the pressure fluid (including the amount of compressed gas or other fluids making up the pressure fluid) may be varied in order to vary or control the frictional pressure resulting from the flow of the fluid mixture up articulated well bore 30. For example, the amount of compressed gas pumped down vertical well bore 12 may be varied to yield over-balanced, balanced or under-balanced drilling conditions. Another way to vary the frictional pressure in articulated well bore 30 is to vary flow rate of the pressure fluid by varying the speeds of pumps 62 and 64. The frictional pressure may be changed in real time and very quickly, as desired, using the methods described herein.
The frictional pressure may be varied for any of a variety of reasons, such as during a blow out from the pressure of fluids in subterranean zone 15. For example, drill bit 42 may hit a pocket of high-pressured gas in subterranean zone 15 during drilling. At this point the speed of pump 62 may be increased so as to maintain a desired relationship between the frictional pressure in articulated well bore 30 and the increased formation pressure from the pocket of high-pressured gas. By varying the frictional pressure, low pressure coal seams and other subterranean zones can also be drilled without substantial loss of drilling fluid and contamination of the zone by the drilling fluid.
Fluid may also be pumped down substantially vertical well bore 12 by pump 62 while making connections to articulated drill string 40, while tripping the drill string or in other situations when active drilling is stopped. Since drilling fluid is typically not pumped through articulated drill string 40 during drill string connecting or tripping, one may increase the pumping rate of fluid pumped down substantially vertical well bore 12 by a certain volume to make up for the loss of drilling fluid flow through articulated drill string 40. For example, when articulated drill string 40 is removed from articulated well bore 30, pressure fluid may be pumped down vertical well bore 12 and circulated up articulated well bore 30 between articulated drill string 40 and the surface of articulated well bore 30. This fluid may provide enough frictional and hydrostatic pressure to prevent fluids from subterranean zone 15 from flowing up articulated well bore 30. Pumping an additional amount of fluid down substantially vertical well bore 12 during these operations enables one to maintain a desired pressure condition on the system when not actively drilling.
Dual well system 110 is similar in operation to dual well system 10 of
After the drilling fluid exits articulated drill string 140, it generally flows back through drainage bore 150 and mixes with the pressure fluid which has been pumped down articulated well bore 130. The resulting fluid mixture flows up substantially vertical well bore 112. The general flow of the resulting fluid mixture is represented by arrows 170. The flow of the pressure fluid down articulated well bore 130 and fluid mixture up substantially vertical well bore 112 creates a frictional pressure in dual well system 110. This frictional pressure, combined with the hydrostatic pressure from the fluids, provides a resistance to formation fluids from subterranean zone 115 from leaving the subterranean zone. The amount of frictional pressure provided may be varied to yield over-balanced, balanced or under-balanced drilling conditions.
The pressure fluid pumped down articulated well bore 130 may include compressed gas provided by air compressor 166. Compressed gas may be used to vary the frictional pressure discussed above provided in the system. The speed of pumps 162 and 164 may also be varied to control the pressure in the system, for example, when a pocket of high-pressured gas is encountered in subterranean zone 115. An additional amount of pressure fluid may be pumped down articulated well bore 130 during connections of articulated drill string 140, tripping, other operations or when drilling is otherwise stopped in order to maintain a certain frictional pressure on subterranean zone 115.
Step 204 includes drilling a drainage bore from the junction into the subterranean zone. At step 206, a drilling fluid is pumped through the drill string when the drainage bore is being drilled. The drilling fluid may exit the drill string proximate a drill bit of the drill string. At step 208, a pressure fluid is pumped down the substantially vertical well bore when the drainage bore is being drilled. In particular embodiments the pressure fluid may comprise compressed gas. The pressure fluid mixes with the drilling fluid to form a fluid mixture returning up the articulated well bore. The fluid mixture returning up the articulated well bore forms a frictional pressure that may resist flow of fluid from the subterranean zone. The well system includes a bottom hole pressure that comprises the frictional pressure. The bottom hole pressure may also comprise hydrostatic pressure from fluids in the articulated well bore. The bottom hole pressure may be greater than, less than or equal to a pressure from subterranean zone fluid.
At step 210, the bottom hole pressure is monitored. At step 212, the flow rate of the pressure fluid pumped down the substantially vertical well bore is varied in order to vary the frictional pressure. The composition of the pressure fluid may also be varied to vary the frictional pressure. Variation in the frictional pressure results in a variation of the bottom hole pressure.
Although the present invention has been described in detail, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as falling within the scope of the appended claims.
