Patent Application
20140280548
1. Technical Field
The present teaching relates to methods and systems for providing content. Specifically, the present teaching relates to methods and systems for providing online content.
2. Discussion of Technical Background
The Internet has made it possible for a user to electronically access virtually any content at anytime and from any location. With the explosion of information, it has become more and more important to provide users with information that is relevant to the user and not just information in general. Further, as users of today's society rely on the Internet as their source of information, entertainment, and/or social connections, e.g., news, social interaction, movies, music, etc, it is critical to provide users with information they find valuable.
Efforts have been made to attempt to allow users to readily access relevant and on the point content. For example, topical portals have been developed that are more subject matter oriented as compared to generic content gathering systems such as traditional search engines. Example topical portals include portals on finance, sports, news, weather, shopping, music, art, film, etc. Such topical portals allow users to access information related to subject matters that these portals are directed to. Users have to go to different portals to access content of certain subject matter, which is not convenient and not user centric.
Another line of efforts in attempting to enable users to easily access relevant content is via personalization, which aims at understanding each user's individual likings/interests/preferences so that an individualized user profile for each user can be set up and can be used to select content that matches a user's interests. The underlying goal is to meet the minds of users in terms of content consumption. User profiles traditionally are constructed based on users' declared interests and/or inferred from, e.g., users' demographics. There have also been systems that identify users' interests based on observations made on users' interactions with content. A typical example of such user interaction with content is click through rate (CTR).
These traditional approaches have various shortcomings. For example, users' interests are profiled without any reference to a baseline so that the level of interest can be more accurately estimated. User interests are detected in isolated application settings so that user profiling in individual applications cannot capture a broad range of the overall interests of a user. Such traditional approach to user profiling lead to fragmented representation of user interests without a coherent understanding of the users' preferences. Because profiles of the same user derived from different application settings are often grounded with respect to the specifics of the applications, it is also difficult to integrate them to generate a more coherent profile that better represent the user's interests.
User activities directed to content are traditionally observed and used to estimate or infer users' interests. CTR is the most commonly used measure to estimate users' interests. However, CTR is no longer adequate to capture users' interests particularly given that different types of activities that a user may perform on different types of devices may also reflect or implicate user's interests. In addition, user reactions to content usually represent users' short term interests. Such observed short term interests, when acquired piece meal, as traditional approaches often do, can only lead to reactive, rather than proactive, services to users. Although short term interests are important, they are not adequate to enable understanding of the more persistent long term interests of a user, which are crucial in terms of user retention. Most user interactions with content represent short term interests of the user so that relying on such short term interest behavior makes it difficult to expand the understanding of the increasing range of interests of the user. When this is in combination with the fact that such collected data is always the past behavior and collected passively, it creates a personalization bubble, making it difficult, if not impossible, to discover other interests of a user unless the user initiates some action to reveal new interests.
Yet another line of effort to allow users to access relevant content is to pooling content that may be interested by users in accordance with their interests. Given the explosion of information on the Internet, it is not likely, even if possible, to evaluate all content accessible via the Internet whenever there is a need to select content relevant to a particular user. Thus, realistically, it is needed to identify a subset or a pool of the Internet content based on some criteria so that content can be selected from this pool and recommended to users based on their interests for consumption.
Conventional approaches to creating such a subset of content are application centric. Each application carves out its own subset of content in a manner that is specific to the application. For example, Amazon.com may have a content pool related to products and information associated thereof created/updated based on information related to its own users and/or interests of such users exhibited when they interact with Amazon.com. Facebook also has its own subset of content, generated in a manner not only specific to Facebook but also based on user interests exhibited while they are active on Facebook. As a user may be active in different applications (e.g., Amazon.com and Facebook) and with each application, they likely exhibit only part of their overall interests in connection with the nature of the application. Given that, each application can usually gain understanding, at best, of partial interests of users, making it difficult to develop a subset of content that can be used to serve a broader range of users' interests.
Another line of effort is directed to personalized content recommendation, i.e., selecting content from a content pool based on the user's personalized profiles and recommending such identified content to the user. Conventional solutions focus on relevance, i.e., the relevance between the content and the user. Although relevance is important, there are other factors that also impact how recommendation content should be selected in order to satisfy a user's interests. Most content recommendation systems insert advertisement to content identified for a user for recommendation. Some traditional systems that are used to identify insertion advertisements match content with advertisement or user's query (also content) with advertisement, without considering matching based on demographics of the user with features of the target audience defined by advertisers. Some traditional systems match user profiles with the specified demographics of the target audience defined by advertisers but without matching the content to be provided to the user and the advertisement. The reason is that content is often classified into taxonomy based on subject matters covered in the content yet advertisement taxonomy is often based on desired target audience groups. This makes it less effective in terms of selecting the most relevant advertisement to be inserted into content to be recommended to a specific user.
There is a need for improvements over the conventional approaches to personalizing content recommendation.
The teachings disclosed herein relate to methods, systems, and programming for providing personalized web page layouts. In an embodiment a method for identifying content for a user is disclosed, the method is implemented on a computing device having at least one processor, storage, and a communication interface connected to a network. The method comprising retrieving user information related to a user, wherein the information indicates one or more interests of the user, identifying at least one interest of the user, determining one or more supplemental interests with respect to each of the at least one interest of the user, where the one or more supplemental interests do not overlap with the one or more interests of the user, and identifying supplemental content associated with the one or more supplemental interests with respect to each of the at least one interest of the user, wherein the supplemental content associated with the one or more supplemental interests is used to discover unknown interest of the user.
In another embodiment, the method further comprises identifying relatedness between each piece of the supplemental content and its corresponding supplemental interest, ranking each piece of the supplemental content based on the relatedness, selecting at least some of the supplemental content based on the ranking, and outputting the selected supplemental content.
In another embodiment, the method further comprises retrieving random content from a content pool, adding the random content to the supplemental content, selecting the random content, and outputting the random content. In still another embodiment, the method further comprises filtering the ranked supplemental content based on a criteria. In still another embodiment, the criteria is demographics. In an embodiment, a system for identifying unknown user content is disclosed. The system comprises a retrieval unit for retrieving user information related to a user, wherein the information indicates one or more interests of the user, an interest analyzer for identifying at least one interest of the user, a supplemental interest identifier for determining one or more supplemental interests with respect to each of the at least one interest of the user, where the one or more supplemental interests do not overlap with the one or more interests of the user, and a supplemental content identifier for identifying supplemental content associated with the one or more supplemental interests with respect to each of the at least one interest of the user, wherein the supplemental content associated with the one or more supplemental interests is used to discover unknown interest of the user.
In another embodiment the system further comprises a supplemental weighting unit for identifying relatedness between each piece of the supplemental content and its corresponding supplemental interest, a ranking unit for ranking each piece of the supplemental content based on the relatedness, a selector for selecting at least some of the supplemental content based on the ranking, and an output for outputting the selected supplemental content.
In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable medium having recorded thereon information for identifying unknown user interest is disclosed. The medium, when read by a computer, causes the computer to perform the steps of retrieving user information related to a user, wherein the information indicates one or more interests of the user, identifying at least one interest of the user, determining one or more supplemental interests with respect to each of the at least one interest of the user, where the one or more supplemental interests do not overlap with the one or more interests of the user, and, identifying supplemental content associated with the one or more supplemental interests with respect to each of the at least one interest of the user, wherein the supplemental content associated with the one or more supplemental interests is used to discover unknown interest of the user.
In another embodiment, the medium when read by the computer, further causes the computer to perform the steps of identifying relatedness between each piece of the supplemental content and its corresponding supplemental interest, ranking each piece of the supplemental content based on the relatedness, selecting at least some of the supplemental content based on the ranking and outputting the selected supplemental content.
The methods, systems and/or programming described herein are further described in terms of exemplary embodiments. These exemplary embodiments are described in detail with reference to the drawings. These embodiments are non-limiting exemplary embodiments, in which like reference numerals represent similar structures throughout the several views of the drawings, and wherein:
a is a diagram illustrating a high dimensional vector of user interest mapped to a content taxonomy and indicating potentially other relevant interests;
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings.
The present teaching relates to personalizing on-line content recommendations to a user. Particularly, the present teaching relates to a system, method, and/or programs for personalized content recommendation that addresses the shortcomings associated the conventional content recommendation solutions in personalization, content pooling, and recommending personalized content.
With regard to personalization, the present teaching identifies a user's interests with respect to a universal interest space, defined via known concept archives such as Wikipedia and/or content taxonomy. Using such a universal interest space, interests of users, exhibited in different applications and via different platforms, can be used to establish a general population's profile as a baseline against which individual user's interests and levels thereof can be determined. For example, users active in a third party application such as Facebook or Twitter and the interests that such users exhibited in these third party applications can be all mapped to the universal interest space and then used to compute a baseline interest profile of the general population. Specifically, each user's interests observed with respect to each document covering certain subject matters or concepts can be mapped to, e.g., Wikipedia or certain content taxonomy. A high dimensional vector can be constructed based on the universal interest space in which each attribute of the vector corresponds to a concept in the universal space and the value of the attribute may corresponds to an evaluation of the user's interest in this particular concept. The general baseline interest profile can be derived based on all vectors represent the population. Each vector representing an individual can be normalized against the baseline interest profile so that the relative level of interests of the user with respect to the concepts in the universal interest space can be determined. This enables better understanding of the level of interests of the user in different subject matters with respect to a more general population and result in enhanced personalization for content recommendation. Rather than characterizing users' interests merely according to proprietary content taxonomy, as is often done in the prior art, the present teaching leverages public concept archives, such as Wikipedia or online encyclopedia, to define a universal interest space in order to profile a user's interests in a more coherent manner. Such a high dimensional vector captures the entire interest space of every user, making person-to-person comparison as to personal interests more effective. Profiling a user and in this manner also leads to efficient identification of users who share similar interests. In addition, content may also be characterized in the same universal interest space, e.g., a high dimensional vector against the concepts in the universal interest space can also be constructed with values in the vector indicating whether the content covers each of the concepts in the universal interest space. By characterizing users and content in the same space in a coherent way, the affinity between a user and a piece of content can be determined via, e.g., a dot product of the vector for the user and the vector for the content.
The present teaching also leverages short term interests to better understand long term interests of users. Short term interests can be observed via user online activities and used in online content recommendation, the more persistent long term interests of a user can help to improve content recommendation quality in a more robust manner and, hence, user retention rate. The present teaching discloses discovery of long term interests as well as short term interests.
To improve personalization, the present teaching also discloses ways to improve the ability to estimate a user's interest based on a variety of user activities. This is especially useful because meaningful user activities often occur in different settings, on different devices, and in different operation modes. Through such different user activities, user engagement to content can be measured to infer users' interests. Traditionally, clicks and click through rate (CTR) have been used to estimate users' intent and infer users' interests. CTR is simply not adequate in today's world. Users may dwell on a certain portion of the content, the dwelling may be for different lengths of time, users may scroll along the content and may dwell on a specific portion of the content for some length of time, users may scroll down at different speeds, users may change such speed near certain portions of content, users may skip certain portion of content, etc. All such activities may have implications as to users' engagement to content. Such engagement can be utilized to infer or estimate a user's interests. The present teaching leverages a variety of user activities that may occur across different device types in different settings to achieve better estimation of users' engagement in order to enhance the ability of capturing a user's interests in a more reliable manner.
Another aspect of the present teaching with regard to personalization is its ability to explore unknown interests of a user by generating probing content. Traditionally, user profiling is based on either user provided information (e.g., declared interests) or passively observed past information such as the content that the user has viewed, reactions to such content, etc. Such prior art schemes can lead to a personalization bubble where only interests that the user revealed can be used for content recommendation. Because of that, the only user activities that can be observed are directed to such known interests, impeding the ability to understand the overall interest of a user. This is especially so considering the fact that users often exhibit different interests (mostly partial interests) in different application settings. The present teaching discloses ways to generate probing content with concepts that is currently not recognized as one of the user's interests in order to explore the user's unknown interests. Such probing content is selected and recommended to the user and user activities directed to the probing content can then be analyzed to estimate whether the user has other interests. The selection of such probing content may be based on a user's current known interests by, e.g., extrapolating the user's current interests. For example, for some known interests of the user (e.g., the short term interests at the moment), some probing concepts in the universal interest space, for which the user has not exhibited interests in the past, may be selected according to some criteria (e.g., within a certain distance from the user's current known interest in a taxonomy tree) and content related to such probing concepts may then be selected and recommended to the user. Another way to identify probing concept (corresponding to unknown interest of the user) may be through the user's cohorts. For instance, a user may share certain interests with his/her cohorts but some members of the circle may have some interests that the user has never exhibited before. Such un-shared interests with cohorts may be selected as probing unknown interests for the user and content related to such probing unknown interests may then be selected as probing content to be recommended to the user. In this manner, the present teaching discloses a scheme by which a user's interests can be continually probed and understood to improve the quality of personalization. Such managed probing can also be combined with random selection of probing content to allow discovery of unknown interests of the user that are far removed from the user's current known interests.
A second aspect of recommending quality personalized content is to build a content pool with quality content that covers subject matters interesting to users. Content in the content pool can be rated in terms of the subject and/or the performance of the content itself. For example, content can be characterized in terms of concepts it discloses and such a characterization may be generated with respect to the universal interest space, e.g., defined via concept archive(s) such as content taxonomy and/or Wikipedia and/or online encyclopedia, as discussed above. For example, each piece of content can be characterized via a high dimensional vector with each attribute of the vector corresponding to a concept in the interest universe and the value of the attribute indicates whether and/or to what degree the content covers the concept. When a piece of content is characterized in the same universal interest space as that for user's profile, the affinity between the content and a user profile can be efficiently determined.
Each piece of content in the content pool can also be individually characterized in terms of other criteria. For example, performance related measures, such as popularity of the content, may be used to describe the content. Performance related characterizations of content may be used in both selecting content to be incorporated into the content pool as well as selecting content already in the content pool for recommendation of personalized content for specific users. Such performance oriented characterizations of each piece of content may change over time and can be assessed periodically and can be done based on users' activities. Content pool also changes over time based on various reasons, such as content performance, change in users' interests, etc. Dynamically changed performance characterization of content in the content pool may also be evaluated periodically or dynamically based on performance measures of the content so that the content pool can be adjusted over time, i.e., by removing low performance content pieces, adding new content with good performance, or updating content.
To grow the content pool, the present teaching discloses ways to continually discover both new content and new content sources from which interesting content may be accessed, evaluated, and incorporated into the content pool. New content may be discovered dynamically via accessing information from third party applications which users use and exhibit various interests. Examples of such third party applications include Facebook, Twitter, Microblogs, or YouTube. New content may also be added to the content pool when some new interest or an increased level of interests in some subject matter emerges or is predicted based on the occurrence of certain (spontaneous) events. One example is the content about the life of Pope Benedict, which in general may not be a topic of interests to most users but likely will be in light of the surprising announcement of Pope Benedict's resignation. Such dynamic adjustment to the content pool aims at covering a dynamic (and likely growing) range of interests of users, including those that are, e.g., exhibited by users in different settings or applications or predicted in light of context information. Such newly discovered content may then be evaluated before it can be selected to be added to the content pool.
Certain content in the content pool, e.g., journals or news, need to be updated over time. Conventional solutions usually update such content periodically based on a fixed schedule. The present teaching discloses the scheme of dynamically determining the pace of updating content in the content pool based on a variety of factors. Content update may be affected by context information. For example, the frequency at which a piece of content scheduled to be updated may be every 2 hours, but this frequency can be dynamically adjusted according to, e.g., an explosive event such as an earthquake. As another example, content from a social group on Facebook devoted to Catholicism may normally be updated daily. When Pope Benedict's resignation made the news, the content from that social group may be updated every hour so that interested users can keep track of discussions from members of this social group. In addition, whenever there are newly identified content sources, it can be scheduled to update the content pool by, e.g., crawling the content from the new sources, processing the crawled content, evaluating the crawled content, and selecting quality new content to be incorporated into the content pool. Such a dynamically updated content pool aims at growing in compatible with the dynamically changing users' interests in order to facilitate quality personalized content recommendation.
Another key to quality personalized content recommendation is the aspect of identifying quality content that meets the interests of a user for recommendation. Previous solutions often emphasize mere relevance of the content to the user when selecting content for recommendation. In addition, traditional relevance based content recommendation was mostly based on short term interests of the user. This not only leads to a content recommendation bubble, i.e., known short interests cause recommendations limited to the short term interests and reactions to such short term interests centric recommendations cycle back to the short term interests that start the process. This bubble makes it difficult to come out of the circle to recommend content that can serve not only the overall interests but also long term interests of users. The present teaching combines relevance with performance of the content so that not only relevant but also quality content can be selected and recommended to users in a multi-stage ranking system.
In addition, to identify recommended content that can serve a broad range of interests of a user, the present teaching relies on both short term and long term interests of the user to identify user-content affinity in order to select content that meets a broader range of users' interests to be recommended to the user.
In content recommendation, monetizing content such as advertisements are usually also selected as part of the recommended content to a user. Traditional approaches often select ads based on content in which the ads are to be inserted. Some traditional approaches also rely on user input such as queries to estimate what ads likely can maximize the economic return. These approaches select ads by matching the taxonomy of the query or the content retrieved based on the query with the content taxonomy of the ads. However, content taxonomy is commonly known not to correspond with advertisement taxonomy, which advertisers use to target at certain audience. As such, selecting ads based on content taxonomy does not serve to maximize the economic return of the ads to be inserted into content and recommended to users. The present teaching discloses method and system to build a linkage between content taxonomy and advertisement taxonomy so that ads that are not only relevant to a user's interests but also the interests of advertisers can be selected. In this way, the recommended content with ads to a user can both serve the user's interests and at the same time to allow the content operator to enhance monetization via ads.
Yet another aspect of personalized content recommendation of the present teaching relates to recommending probing content that is identified by extrapolating the currently known user interests. Traditional approaches rely on selecting either random content beyond the currently known user interests or content that has certain performance such as a high level of click activities. Random selection of probing content presents a low possibility to discover a user's unknown interests. Identifying probing content by choosing content for which a higher level of activities are observed is also problematic because there can be many pieces of content that a user may potentially be interested but there is a low level of activities associated therewith. The present teaching discloses ways to identify probing content by extrapolating the currently known interest with the flexibility of how far removed from the currently known interests. This approach also incorporates the mechanism to identify quality probing content so that there is an enhanced likelihood to discover a user's unknown interests. The focus of interests at any moment can be used as an anchor interest based on which probing interests (which are not known to be interests of the user) can be extrapolated from the anchor interests and probing content can be selected based on the probing interests and recommended to the user together with the content of the anchor interests. Probing interests/content may also be determined based on other considerations such as locale, time, or device type. In this way, the disclosed personalized content recommendation system can continually explore and discover unknown interests of a user to understand better the overall interests of the user in order to expand the scope of service.
Additional novel features will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following and the accompanying drawings or may be learned by production or operation of the examples. The advantages of the present teachings may be realized and attained by practice or use of various aspects of the methodologies, instrumentalities and combinations set forth in the detailed examples discussed below.
Knowledge archives 115 may be an on-line encyclopedia such as Wikipedia or indexing system such as an on-line dictionary. On-line concept archives 115 may be used for its content as well as its categorization or indexing systems. Knowledge archives 115 provide extensive classification system to assist with the classification of both the user's 105 preferences as well as classification of content. Knowledge concept archives, such as Wikipedia may have hundreds of thousands to millions of classifications and sub-classifications. A classification is used to show the hierarchy of the category. Classifications serve two main purposes. First they help the system understand how one category relates to another category and second, they help the system maneuver between higher levels on the hierarchy without having to move up and down the subcategories. The categories or classification structure found in knowledge archives 115 is used for multidimensional content vectors as well as multidimensional user profile vectors which are utilized by personalized content recommendation module 100 to match personalized content to a user 105. Third party platforms 120 maybe any third party applications including but not limited to social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+. It may include third party mail servers such as GMail or Bing Search. Third party platforms 120 provide both a source of content as well as insight into a user's personal preferences and behaviors.
Advertisers 125 are coupled with the ad content database 126 as well as an ads classification system or ad. taxonomy 127 intended for classified advertisement content. Advertisers 125 may provide streaming content, static content, and sponsored content. Advertising content may be placed at any location on a personalized content page and may be presented both as part of a content stream as well as a standalone advertisement, placed strategically around or within the content stream.
Personalized content recommendation module 100 comprises applications 130, content pool 135, content pool generation/update unit 140, concept/content analyzer 145, content crawler 150, unknown interest explorer 215, user understanding unit 155, user profiles 160, content taxonomy 165, context information analyzer 170, user event analyzer 175, third party interest analyzer 190, social media content source identifier 195, advertisement insertion unit 200 and content/advertisement/taxonomy correlator 205. These components are connected to achieve personalization, content pooling, and recommending personalized content to a user. For example, the content ranking unit 210 works in connection with context information analyzer 170, the unknown interest explorer 215, and the ad insertion unit 200 to generate personalized content to be recommended to a user with personalized ads or probing content inserted. To achieve personalization, the user understanding unit 155 works in connection with a variety of components to dynamically and continuously update the user profiles 160, including content taxonomy 165, the knowledge archives 115, user event analyzer 175, and the third party interest analyzer 190. Various components are connected to continuously maintain a content pool, including the content pool generation/update unit 140, user event analyzer 175, social media content source identifier 195, content/concept analyzer 145, content crawler 150, the content taxonomy 165, as well as user profiles 160.
Personalized content recommendation module 100 is triggered when user 105 engages with system 10 through applications 130. Applications 130 may receive information in the form of a user id, cookies, log in information from user 105 via some form of computing device. User 105 may access system 10 via a wired or wireless device and may be stationary or mobile. User 105 may interface with the applications 130 on a tablet, a Smartphone, a laptop, a desktop or any other computing device which may be embedded in devices such as watches, eyeglasses, or vehicles. In addition to receiving insights from the user 105 about what information the user 105 might be interested, applications 130 provides information to user 105 in the form of personalized content stream. User insights might be user search terms entered to the system, declared interests, user clicks on a particular article or subject, user dwell time or scroll over of particular content, user skips with respect to some content, etc. User insights may be a user indication of a like, a share, or a forward action on a social networking site, such as Facebook, or even peripheral activities such as print or scan of certain content. All of these user insights or events are utilized by the personalized content recommendation module 100 to locate and customize content to be presented to user 105. User insights received via applications 130 are used to update personalized profiles for users which may be stored in user profiles 160. User profiles 160 may be database or a series of databases used to store personalized user information on all the users of system 10. User profiles 160 may be a flat or relational database and may be stored in one or more locations. Such user insights may also be used to determine how to dynamically update the content in the content pool 135.
A specific user event received via applications 130 is passed along to user event analyzer 175, which analyzes the user event information and feeds the analysis result with event data to the user understanding unit 155 and/or the content pool generation/update unit 140. Based on such user event information, the user understanding unit 155 estimates short term interests of the user and/or infer user's long term interests based on behaviors exhibited by user 105 over long or repetitive periods. For example, a long term interest may be a general interest in sports, where as a short term interest may be related to a unique sports event, such as the Super Bowl at a particular time. Over time, a user's long term interest may be estimated by analyzing repeated user events. A user who, during every engagement with system 10, regularly selects content related to the stock market may be considered as having a long term interest in finances. In this case, system 10 accordingly, may determine that personalized content for user 105 should contain content related to finance. Contrastingly, short term interest may be determined based on user events which may occur frequently over a short period, but which is not something the user 105 is interested in the long term. For example, a short term interest may reflect the momentary interest of a user which may be triggered by something the user saw in the content but such an interest may not persist over time. Both short and long term interest are important in terms of identifying content that meets the desire of the user 105, but need to be managed separately because of the difference in their nature as well as how they influence the user.
In some embodiments, short term interests of a user may be analyzed to predict the user's long term interests. To retain a user, it is important to understand the user's persistent or long term interests. By identifying user 105's short term interest and providing him/her with a quality personalized experience, system 10 may convert an occasional user into a long term user. Additionally, short term interest may trend into long term interest and vice versa. The user understanding unit 155 provides the capability of estimating both short and long term interests.
The user understanding unit 155 gathers user information from multiple sources, including all the user's events, and creates one or more multidimensional personalization vectors. In some embodiments, the user understanding unit 155 receives inferred characteristics about the user 105 based on the user events, such as the content he/she views, self declared interests, attributes or characteristics, user activities, and/or events from third party platforms. In an embodiment, the user understanding unit 155 receives inputs from social media content source identifier 195. Social media content source identifier 195 relies on user 105's social media content to personalize the user's profile. By analyzing the user's social media pages, likes, shares, etc, social media content source identifier 195 provides information for user understanding unit 155. The social media content source identifier 195 is capable of recognizing new content sources by identifying, e.g., quality curators on social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, or blogs, and enables the personalized content recommendation module 100 to discover new content sources from where quality content can be added to the content pool 135. The information generated by social media content source identifier 195 may be sent to a content/concept analyzer 145 and then mapped to specific category or classification based on content taxonomy 165 as well as a knowledge archives 115 classification system.
The third party interest analyzer 190 leverages information from other third party platforms about users active on such third party platforms, their interests, as well as content these third party users to enhance the performance of the user understanding unit 155. For example, when information about a large user population can be accessed from one or more third party platforms, the user understanding unit 155 can rely on data about a large population to establish a baseline interest profile to make the estimation of the interests of individual users more precise and reliable, e.g., by comparing interest data with respect to a particular user with the baseline interest profile which will capture the user's interests with a high level of certainty.
When new content is identified from content source 110 or third party platforms 120, it is processed and its concepts are analyzed. The concepts can be mapped to one or more categories in the content taxonomy 165 and the knowledge archives 115. The content taxonomy 165 is an organized structure of concepts or categories of concepts and it may contain a few hundred classifications of a few thousand. The knowledge archives 115 may provide millions of concepts, which may or may not be structures in a similar manner as the content taxonomy 165. Such content taxonomy and knowledge archives may serve as a universal interest space. Concepts estimated from the content can be mapped to a universal interest space and a high dimensional vector can be constructed for each piece of content and used to characterize the content. Similarly, for each user, a personal interest profile may also be constructed, mapping the user's interests, characterized as concepts, to the universal interest space so that a high dimensional vector can be constructed with the user's interests levels populated in the vector.
Content pool 135 may be a general content pool with content to be used to serve all users. The content pool 135 may also be structured so that it may have personalized content pool for each user. In this case, content in the content pool is generated and retained with respect to each individual user. The content pool may also be organized as a tiered system with both the general content pool and personalized individual content pools for different users. For example, in each content pool for a user, the content itself may not be physically present but is operational via links, pointers, or indices which provide references to where the actual content is stored in the general content pool.
Content pool 135 is dynamically updated by content pool generation/update module 140. Content in the content pool comes and go and decisions are made based on the dynamic information of the users, the content itself, as well as other types of information. For example, when the performance of content deteriorates, e.g., low level of interests exhibited from users, the content pool generation/update unit 140 may decide to purge it from the content pool. When content becomes stale or outdated, it may also be removed from the content pool. When there is a newly detected interest from a user, the content pool generation/update unit 140 may fetch new content aligning with the newly discovered interests. User events may be an important source of making observations as to content performance and user interest dynamics. User activities are analyzed by the user event analyzer 175 and such Information is sent to the content pool generation/update unit 140. When fetching new content, the content pool generation/update unit 140 invokes the content crawler 150 to gather new content, which is then analyzed by the content/concept analyzer 145, then evaluated by the content pool generation/update unit 140 as to its quality and performance before it is decided whether it will be included in the content pool or not. Content may be removed from content pool 135 because it is no longer relevant, because other users are not considering it to be of high quality or because it is no longer timely. As content is constantly changing and updating content pool 135 is constantly changing and updating providing user 105 with a potential source for high quality, timely personalized content.
In addition to content, personalized content recommendation module 100 provides for targeted or personalized advertisement content from advertisers 125. Advertisement database 126 houses advertising content to be inserted into a user's content stream. Advertising content from ad database 126 is inserted into the content stream via Content ranking unit 210. The personalized selection of advertising content can be based on the user's profile. Content/advertisement/user taxonomy correlator 205 may re-project or map a separate advertisement taxonomy 127 to the taxonomy associated with the user profiles 160. Content/advertisement/user taxonomy correlator 205 may apply a straight mapping or may apply some intelligent algorithm to the re-projection to determine which of the users may have a similar or related interest based on similar or overlapping taxonomy categories.
Content ranking unit 210 generates the content stream to be recommended to user 105 based on content, selected from content pool 135 based on the user's profile, as well as advertisement, selected by the advertisement insertion unit 200. The content to be recommended to the user 105 may also be determined, by the content ranking unit 210, based on information from the context information analyzer 170. For example, if a user is currently located in a beach town which differs from the zip code in the user's profile, it can be inferred that the user may be on vacation. In this case, information related to the locale where the user is currently in may be forwarded from the context information analyzer to the Content ranking unit 210 so that it can select content that not only fit the user's interests but also is customized to the locale. Other context information include day, time, and device type. The context information can also include an event detected on the device that the user is currently using such as a browsing event of a website devoted to fishing. Based on such a detected event, the momentary interest of the user may be estimated by the context information analyzer 170, which may then direct the Content ranking unit 210 to gather content related to fishing amenities in the locale the user is in for recommendation.
The personalized content recommendation module 100 can also be configured to allow probing content to be included in the content to be recommended to the user 105, even though the probing content does not represent subject matter that matches the current known interests of the user. Such probing content is selected by the unknown interest explorer 215. Once the probing content is incorporated in the content to be recommended to the user, information related to user activities directed to the probing content (including no action) is collected and analyzed by the user event analyzer 175, which subsequently forwards the analysis result to long/short term interest identifiers 180 and 185. If an analysis of user activities directed to the probing content reveals that the user is or is not interested in the probing content, the user understanding unit 155 may then update the user profile associated with the probed user accordingly. This is how unknown interests may be discovered. In some embodiments, the probing content is generated based on the current focus of user interest (e.g., short term) by extrapolating the current focus of interests. In some embodiments, the probing content can be identified via a random selection from the general content, either from the content pool 135 or from the content sources 110, so that an additional probing can be performed to discover unknown interests.
To identify personalized content for recommendation to a user, the content ranking unit 210 takes all these inputs and identify content based on a comparison between the user profile vector and the content vector in a multiphase ranking approach. The selection may also be filtered using context information. Advertisement to be inserted as well as possibly probing content can then be merged with the selected personalized content.
Once the user profiles and the content pool are created, when the system 10 detects the presence of a user, at 220, the context information, such as locale, day, time, may be obtained and analyzed, at 225.
User reactions or activities with respect to the recommended content are monitored, at 235, and analyzed at 240. Such events or activities include clicks, skips, dwell time measured, scroll location and speed, position, time, sharing, forwarding, hovering, motions such as shaking, etc. It is understood that any other events or activities may be monitored and analyzed. For example, when the user moves the mouse cursor over the content, the title or summary of the content may be highlighted or slightly expanded. In anther example, when a user interacts with a touch screen by her/his finger[s], any known touch screen user gestures may be detected. In still another example, eye tracking on the user device may be another user activity that is pertinent to user behaviors and can be detected. The analysis of such user events includes assessment of long term interests of the user and how such exhibited short term interests may influence the system's understanding of the user's long term interests. Information related to such assessment is then forwarded to the user understanding unit 155 to guide how to update, at 255, the user's profile. At the same time, based on the user's activities, the portion of the recommended content that the user showed interests are assessed, at 245, and the result of the assessment is then used to update, at 250, the content pool. For example, if the user shows interests on the probing content recommended, it may be appropriate to update the content pool to ensure that content related to the newly discovered interest of the user will be included in the content pool.
The content/concept analyzing control unit 410 interfaces with the content crawler 150 (
To dynamically update the content pool 135, the content pool generation/update unit 140 may keep a content log 460 with respect to all content presently in the content pool and dynamically update the log when more information related to the performance of the content is received. When the user activity analyzer 440 receives information related to user events, it may log such events in the content log 460 and perform analysis to estimate, e.g., any change to the performance or popularity of the relevant content over time. The result from the user activity analyzer 440 may also be utilized to update the content profiles, e.g., when there is a change in performance. The content status evaluation unit 450 monitors the content log and the content profile 470 to dynamically determine how each piece of content in the content pool 135 is to be updated. Depending on the status with respect to a piece of content, the content status evaluation unit 450 may decide to purge the content if its performance degrades below a certain level. It may also decide to purge a piece of content when the overall interest level of users of the system drops below a certain level. For content that requires update, e.g., news or journals, the content status evaluation unit 450 may also control the frequency 455 of the updates based on the dynamic information it receives. The content update control unit 490 carries out the update jobs based on decisions from the content status evaluation unit 450 and the frequency at which certain content needs to be updated. The content update control unit 490 may also determine to add new content whenever there is peripheral information indicating the needs, e.g., there is an explosive event and the content in the content pool on that subject matter is not adequate. In this case, the content update control unit 490 analyzes the peripheral information and if new content is needed, it then sends a control signal to the content/concept analyzing control unit 410 so that it can interface with the content crawler 150 to obtain new content.
In operation, the baseline interest profile generator 710 access information about a large user population including users' interests and content they are interested in from one or more third party sources (e.g., Facebook). Content from such sources is analyzed by the content/concept analyzer 145 (
Once the baseline interest profile is established, when the user profile generator receives user information or information related to estimated short term and long term interests of the same user, it may then map the user's interests to the concepts defined by, e.g., the knowledge archives or content taxonomy, so that the user's interests are now mapped to the same space as the space in which the baseline interest profile is constructed. The user profile generator 720 then compares the user's interest level with respect to each concept with that of a larger user population represented by the baseline interest profile 730 to determine the level of interest of the user with respect to each concept in the universal interest space. This yields a high dimensional vector for each user. In combination with other additional information, such as user demographics, etc., a user profile can be generated and stored in 160.
User profiles 160 are updated continuously based on newly received dynamic information. For example, a user may declare additional interests and such information, when received by the user profile generator 720, may be used to update the corresponding user profile. In addition, the user may be active in different applications and such activities may be observed and information related to them may be gathered to determine how they impact the existing user profile and when needed, the user profile can be updated based on such new information. For instance, events related to each user may be collected and received by the user intent/interest estimator 740. Such events include that the user dwelled on some content of certain topic frequently, that the user recently went to a beach town for surfing competition, or that the user recently participated in discussions on gun control, etc. Such information can be analyzed to infer the user intent/interests. When the user activities relate to reaction to content when the user is online, such information may be used by the short term interest identifier 750 to determine the user's short term interests. Similarly, some information may be relevant to the user's long term interests. For example, the number of requests from the user to search for content related to diet information may provide the basis to infer that the user is interested in content related to diet. In some situations, estimating long term interest may be done by observing the frequency and regularity at which the user accesses certain type of information. For instance, if the user repeatedly and regularly accesses content related to certain topic, e.g., stocks, such repetitive and regular activities of the user may be used to infer his/her long term interests. The short term interest identifier 750 may work in connection with the long term interest identifier 760 to use observed short term interests to infer long term interests. Such estimated short/long term interests are also sent to the user profile generator 720 so that the personalization can be adapted to the changing dynamics.
More detailed disclosures of various aspects of the system 10, particularly the personalized content recommendation module 100, are covered in different U.S. patent applications as well as PCT applications, entitled “Method and System For User Profiling Via Mapping Third Party Interests To A Universal Interest Space”, “Method and System for Multi-Phase Ranking For Content Personalization”, “Method and System for Measuring User Engagement Using Click/Skip In Content Stream”, “Method and System for Dynamic Discovery And Adaptive Crawling of Content From the Internet”, “Method and System For Dynamic Discovery of Interesting URLs From Social Media Data Stream”, “Method and System for Discovery of User Unknown Interests”, “Method and System for Efficient Matching of User Profiles with Audience Segments”, “Method and System For Mapping Short Term Ranking Optimization Objective to Long Term Engagement”, “Social Media Based Content Selection System”, “Method and System For Measuring User Engagement From Stream Depth”, “Method and System For Measuring User Engagement Using Scroll Dwell Time”, “Almost Online Large Scale Collaborative Based Recommendation System”, and “Efficient and Fault-Tolerant Distributed Algorithm for Learning Latent Factor Models through Matrix Factorization”. The present teaching is particularly directed to systems and methods for identifying personalized user interests from unknown interests. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to identifying user interests in content beyond the currently known user interests by inserting probe content into the personalized user stream.
Recommendation systems strive to present items that are highly personalized for a user. As a result the user interaction will be more and more limited to the list of interests that the recommendation system currently known for the user. In the long term this can lead to a personalization filter bubble where the user is recommended only items that represent a very narrow subset of the user interests. This bubble or bottleneck may be alleviated by presenting random items from the corpus of items every so often in order to discover new interests for the user, however such an approach is very haphazard.
Personalized content or recommendation systems have always strived to find a balance between exploiting the current known information about a user to present an optimal list versus exploring the space of possible unknown interests by presenting a sub-optimal list of content to a user and monitor the reaction. In systems where the corpus of articles is very large and the set of interests is also very large then a random exploration is very in-efficient at discovering new positive interests for a user. Many articles with interests of little or negative value will be presented to the user before an article with interest of positive value will be discovered.
In systems using collaborative filtering for example a list of recommended content may be a mixture of both strategies, i.e., content based on user preferences and random content, but the balance of exploration and exploitation is un-controlled. These filtering systems may work well if a large number user interactions can be represented by a relatively small latent subspace, however, such systems do not allow for fine control between exploration and exploitation. Some systems may use a multi-arm bandit or Thomspon sampling approach, which simultaneously attempt to acquire new knowledge and to optimize its decisions based on existing knowledge where the amount of exploration versus exploitation can be more carefully controlled. Multi-arm bandit and Thompson sampling however, are inefficient given that most articles will have few if any user interactions.
Accordingly, a need exists where a user's profile over a space of interests is created and generates distance metrics over that space so that they may be used in intelligently selecting the items used for exploration. The distance measured can be included on top of a user's actions in order to balance exploration with exploitation. Further, a need exists for a method and system to explore the list of user interests beyond the current known list by defining distance metrics in the interest space and by carefully leveraging observed user interactions to intelligently select likely content the user may be interested in. The present disclosure targets for exploration items with interests which are nearby the current set of user interests, such targeted interests greatly improve the chance that one of the exploration items will be liked by the user.
Such detected user activities directed to the probing content are sent from the user event analyzer 175 to the user understanding unit 155, which may collect information related to the probing content and correlate with the user activities directed to the probing content to determine whether the user is interested in the concept or subject matter present in the probing content. If new user interest is discovered through the analysis, the user understanding unit 155 will update the user profile in 160 so that the newly discovered interest can be reflected in the user profile. In this way, the personalized content recommendation module 100 can continuously discover users' unknown interests in order to enhance the understanding of users' overall interests.
a depicts an exemplary scheme to identify currently unknown interests of a user in order to generate probing content. In this example, some known interests of the user may be identified from the high dimensional vector 1600 associated with the user. Such known interests have been mapped to a content taxonomy. Unknown interest of the same user can be identified, in accordance with the present disclosure, by extrapolating the user's current known interests based on content taxonomy tree. For example, in an embodiment, the system may explore the taxonomy tree to identify supplemental interest by traversing a taxonomy tree within a certain distance from the each node in the taxonomy where the user's known interest is mapped to. For example, in
In searching for unknown interests, there may be some limitations such as a distance may be provided to limit the scope of the search. The content taxonomy can be a very big tree and when the distance is set small, only nearby similar interests/topics can be explored. If the distance limitation is set large, the unknown interests that are allowed to be explored can be quite different from the user's current known interests. The actual distance between the user's known interest and an unknown interest to be explored may be measured in different ways. For example, each hop along the content taxonomy tree may be defined as a unit of distance. The number of hops between a known interest and the identified unknown interest may readily lead to a calculation of the actual distance between the two. When the limitation set via a distance is infinity, any unknown interests can be used to explore user's interests. There may be other limitations put in place to limit how to identify unknown interests. For example, the manner by which the taxonomy tree is traversed may be limited to going only certain directions, e.g., going up first before going horizontal, etc.
In the example illustrated in
Unknown interest explorer 215 may have preset limitations as to how far the exploration can go. For example, the threshold could be set to 10 to allow for very unrelated topics to be used to probe a user or contrastingly it could be set to 3 to keep topics more closely related. Furthermore, unknown interest explorer 215 may occasionally randomly set the distance threshold to allow random topics to be injected in the hopes of identifying a completely unrelated unknown interest.
In an embodiment, other distances metrics may be used to identify unknown interests as well. Examples of such distances metrics include, but are not limited to: the co-occurrence of two interests in a corpus of articles, the co-occurrence of two interests in a large set of user profiles, and the co-occurrence of two interests in a large set of user sessions.
For the co-occurrence of two interests in a corpus of articles, the distance metric can be computed as follows:
For each pair of interests (labeled as X and Y), the system may compute a contingency table,
[Table 01]
Y=1 Y=0 X=1 r1 ii nio x=o
Where X=1 denotes when an interest is present in the article and X=0 denote s when an interest is not present in the article. Similarly for Y=1 and Y=0, the number count η10 represent the number of articles where X=1 and Y=0. Similarly for η11, η01 and η00. Once the matrix is compiled, a distance metric can be defined as the log odd ratio of 1/(1+(η11*η)/(η01*η01)) where η=η00+η01+η10+η11.
In another embodiment, a similarity co-occurrence can also be computed from looking at the interest profiles of a large set of users. For each pair of interests (X and Y), the system can compute a contingency table as before, except that η10 now represents represent the number of users having interest X (X=1) in his/her profile and not having Y (Y=0) in his/her profile at the same time. Similarly, η11, η01 and η00 may be computed. Once all four are computed, the log-odd ratio is computed as in the distance metric.
In another embodiment, a similar co-occurrence may be computed by looking at the interests of a large set of user sessions. For each pair of interests (X and Y), one may compute a contingency table as before, except that η10 now represents the number of user sessions having interest X (X=1) present in the session and not having Y (Y=0) in the same session. In an embodiment, the session can be defined as a series of interactions of the user with the application. Sessions are delimited by long period s of inactivity (e.g. 30 minutes or more). The presence or absence of an interest in a user is computed by looking at the interests of the articles clicked by the user during the session.
Similarly values for η11, η01 and η00 are computed. As with other embodiments, a log-odd ratio is computed as the distance metric.
Regardless of the computation method used, once multiple distance metrics are defined and the contingency table computed—they can be combined to produce a better distance metric.
In an embodiment, a plurality of distance metrics can be combined together to create a more predictive distance metric. The predictive power of a distance metric can be determined by looking at the number of supplemental contents that is clicked by the user in the application.
Unknown interest explorer 215 comprises known interest identifier 1705, content crawler 150, supplemental interest identifier 1715, supplemental content identifier 1720, supplemental interest pool 1725, supplemental content pool 1730, random content selector 1735, local based content filter 1740 and supplemental content selector 1745. Known interest identifier 1705 receives the high dimensional vector 1600 of a user's interest from user profiles 160 and identifies the known interests of the user 105. Those interests are passed to the supplemental interests identifier 1715 which receives the unknown interest search parameters 1750 which will be the distance parameters on the content taxonomy tree, for example, from which supplemental interests will be identified. These may be simple numbers i.e., 1-5 or may be randomly generated numbers that fall below a max distance threshold. They may also be computed based on some other user indicators as described above. Using the input of content taxonomy 165, a set of supplemental interests is identified with respect to each of one or more known interest and such supplemental interests are identified within the search parameters 1750. Each of the identified supplemental interest can be weighed. For example, each unknown interest or supplemental interest can be weighed based on its distance from the known interest based on which the unknown interest is found.
One intuitive way to weigh a supplemental interest is to take the inverse of the distance, i.e., the short the distance between the known interest and the unknown interest, the higher weight is it and the longer the distance, the smaller weight is assigned. For example, a supplemental interest that has a distance 1 from a known interest will be weighed higher then a supplemental interest that has a distance 5 from a known interest. Once the supplemental interests are identified, they are passed along to the supplemental interests pool 1725 along with their weights. Supplemental content identifier 1720 may retrieve that information and gather content related to the supplemental interests identified by invoking content crawler 150 to fetch related content. The sources of the supplemental content may be the content pool or may be other general internet sources.
The supplemental content that is identified may be ranked based on a score such as an affinity score which measures the affinity or match between a supplemental or unknown interest and the content. The more related the content is to the supplemental interest, the higher the affinity score. Each piece of supplemental content may then be weighed with the affinity score or the weigh associated with the supplemental interest or both. The supplemental content may then be placed in supplemental content pool 1730 for introduction to the user 105.
Additionally and/or alternatively, random content may be selected by random content selector 1735 from content pool 135 and added to the supplemental content pool for random presentment too user 105 with the hopes of identifying unknown interests. Supplemental content pool 1730 may rank the supplemental content based on the affinity/weighting and/or confidence score so that the supplemental content with the highest ranking will be presented in a higher priority to user 105.
Supplemental content in content pool 1730 may also be filtered by locale based content filter 1740 for example or other criteria filters such as age, gender, etc., by removing unrelated content, i.e., geographically based content which may be of no interest to user 105 based on current demographics. The ranked supplemental content from content pool 1730 pre and post locale filtering will then be selected by supplemental content selector 1745 based on the ranking as probing content to be added to the content ranking unit 210 for presentment to the user 105 via application 130.
Affinity may be based on the relationship between the identified supplemental interest topic and the content of the document. At step 1825, the identified supplemental content is ranked based on the affinity score and or the weight of the supplemental interests. Each rank may be weighed with the interest weight from the supplemental set and the article interests weight. An uncertainty measure can also be added to each article—and a number of positive/negative interaction can be assigned. The ranked supplemental content is then passed to the supplemental content pool 1730.
Ordering of the supplemental content pool can be any number of way. In an embodiment, it may be ordered by affinity used in constructing the pool of supplemental articles. In another embodiment, popularity of the article may be used to do the ordering. Randomly selected the articles can also be used since the supplemental pool is already pre-selected to contain supplemental interests candidates. At step 1830, the ranked supplemental content is selected from the supplemental content pool 1730 by the supplemental content selector 1745 for placement into the personalized content stream. Once the pool of supplemental articles has been selected, it is then combined with the regular set of articles identified for the user. This combination can be done in many ways. In an embodiment, the supplemental content is selected and it is then inserted into content pool of articles for the user. In another embodiment, the score assigned to each article in the content pool of articles and the supplemental articles are ordered by this score across both set of articles and the top articles are returned to the user as recommended content. The score in an embodiment can be computed by combining popularity and affinity scores. The final score can also include a random factor computed from the distance in order to explore the space of known and unknown interests. Articles with interests with large distances will have larger variation in final score. The user 105 is presented with the recommended list of articles and engages with the articles. Articles with more positive interactions will change the user profile 160 by increasing the weights with those article interests. Articles with more negative interactions will change the user profile 160 by decreasing the weights with those article interests. The more often an interest in the profile is presented in an article to the user, the smaller the uncertainty associated with that supplemental interest will be.
Once identified, at step 2015 the distance for each supplemental interest is computed and at step 2020 the supplemental interest weight unit 1920 computes a weight for each supplemental interest based on the distance. Supplemental interest weights are inversely proportional to their distances, that is the greater the distance, the smaller the weight assigned to each supplemental interest. At step 2025 the weight of each supplemental interest may be outputted to for example, to the supplemental content identifier 1720 of supplemental interest pool 1725 for use in identifying supplemental content.
To implement the present teaching, computer hardware platforms may be used as the hardware platform(s) for one or more of the elements described herein. The hardware elements, operating systems, and programming languages of such computers are conventional in nature, and it is presumed that those skilled in the art are adequately familiar therewith to adapt those technologies to implement the processing essentially as described herein. A computer with user interface elements may be used to implement a personal computer (PC) or other type of work station or terminal device, although a computer may also act as a server if appropriately programmed. It is believed that those skilled in the art are familiar with the structure, programming, and general operation of such computer equipment and as a result the drawings should be self-explanatory.
The computer 2300, for example, includes COM ports 2302 connected to and from a network connected thereto to facilitate data communications. The computer 2300 also includes a central processing unit (CPU) 2304, in the form of one or more processors, for executing program instructions. The exemplary computer platform includes an internal communication bus 2306, program storage and data storage of different forms, e.g., disk 2308, read only memory (ROM) 2310, or random access memory (RAM) 2312, for various data files to be processed and/or communicated by the computer, as well as possibly program instructions to be executed by the CPU. The computer 2300 also includes an I/O component 2314, supporting input/output flows between the computer and other components therein such as user interface elements 2316. The computer 2300 may also receive programming and data via network communications.
Hence, aspects of the method of discovering user unknown interest from known interests, as outlined above, may be embodied in programming. Program aspects of the technology may be thought of as “products” or “articles of manufacture” typically in the form of executable code and/or associated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of machine readable medium. Tangible non-transitory “storage” type media include any or all of the memory or other storage for the computers, processors or the like, or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives and the like, which may provide storage at any time for the software programming.
All or portions of the software may at times be communicated through a network such as the Internet or various other telecommunication networks. Such communications, for example, may enable loading of the software from one computer or processor into another. Thus, another type of media that may bear the software elements includes optical, electrical, and electromagnetic waves, such as used across physical interfaces between local devices, through wired and optical landline networks and over various air-links. The physical elements that carry such waves, such as wired or wireless links, optical links or the like, also may be considered as media bearing the software. As used herein, unless restricted to tangible “storage” media, terms such as computer or machine “readable medium” refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution.
Hence, a machine readable medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, a tangible storage medium, a carrier wave medium or physical transmission medium. Non-volatile storage media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, which may be used to implement the system or any of its components as shown in the drawings. Volatile storage media include dynamic memory, such as a main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that form a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media can take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read programming code and/or data. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present teachings are amenable to a variety of modifications and/or enhancements. For example, although the implementation of various components described above may be embodied in a hardware device, it can also be implemented as a software only solution. In addition, the components of the system as disclosed herein can be implemented as a firmware, firmware/software combination, firmware/hardware combination, or a hardware/firmware/software combination.
While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and/or other examples, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that the teachings may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and all applications, modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the present teachings.
