The present invention relates generally to biomedical techniques. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for performing customized ciliary translocation, such as in the anterior region of the ciliary muscle and outward therefrom.
Presbyopia is a loss or reduction of near focus due to the decreased accommodating power of the eye, which generally takes place as people age. Various presbyopia correction surgical techniques have been proposed/attempted, such as scleral expansion segments (e.g., scleral expansion via bands (SEB)), scleral implants(bulbous), scleral perforations(LaserAce), annular inserts(capsular/zonular), anterior ciliary sclerostomy/limbal relaxing incisions (ACS/LRI) with/without inserts, scleral ablation (SA), intraocular(epithelial, stromal, anterior chamber etc) implant techniques such as accommodative intraocular lens (A-IOL) implants, refractive lens exchange (RLE), scleral muscle band implants for axial length modulation, multi-index liquid filled lenses for near/far multifocality, monovision, presby-LASIK for corneal asphericity, electro-active lenses and capsular replace/refill procedures with customized gels, and the like. Generally, these procedures are directed at producing improved near focus, however, these techniques are invasive and/or are characterized by undesirable side effects. LASIK for example also alters the distance acuity, contrast sensitivity and wavefront, which may or may not be desired. Other common presbyopia therapies/methods include multifocal/diffractive/progressive spectacles and contact lenses, as well as Ortho-K and physiological eye exercise based vision improvements.
Generally, scleral mechanism claims are based on non-Helmholtzian theories (and thus are contrary to the overwhelming scientific body of evidence). SEBs have rarely shown objective and stable gains in accommodative amplitude measurements. Additionally, the SEB surgery itself is typically a highly invasive complicated and lengthy process with some reported implant slippage. LaserAce/VisioDynamic surgery involves multiple deep scleral perforations and a biological patch per quadrant for improved wound healing, again making for greater lengthier and costlier steps. ACS/LRI works by post-equatorial scleral weakening, which presents stability concerns, and the effectiveness of these treatments is not well established. Intraocular optics implants(IOLs/Inlays/Onlays etc) operate statically and so do not necessarily improve accommodative amplitude(AA) but improve depth of focus or trade off contrast if Multi Focal or Diffractive. Also, A-IOLs/RLEs are invasive procedures (typically useful at the cataractous stage), primarily assuming normal geometric movement/alignment of the ciliary/equatorial complex, but not corrective of it and are sometimes known to result in visual contrast loss. If the patient is not nearing the cataracterous age, the patient may well consider delaying treatment due to these concerns. Customized gel capsular refilling has shown initial progress, but is currently still very much a lab procedure. MV is generally a compromise treatment (near vs far focus tradeoff) requiring lengthy adaptation, thereby producing suboptimal results and no real AA gains. Scleral muscle prosthesis/implants/bands/rings, while dynamic in modulating axial length, are controlled manually and require external power and are not able to restore natural physiological accommodation, and furthermore, successful clinical results have not been confirmed. Multi-refractive index/weight liquid lenses offer implants another unique approach with potentially even bi-focality, but are very much at an early stage of prototyping.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method and apparatus for treating presbyopia using a noninvasive or minimally invasive treatment process addressing the previously described limitations of other presbyopia treatment methods.
According to the present invention, excitation and radiation techniques and apparatus for performing customized modulation, particularly elasto-modulation, of ocular tissue in an annular region around the cornea, such as for the purpose of ciliary translocation (ACT) or promotion of aqueous outflow to relieve intra-ocular pressure are provided utilizing a trans-conjunctival incision-less scleral treatment. Laser radiation is for example applied to scleral tissue to decrease local rigidity, acqueous outflow blockage, zonular slack, and/or alter equatorial offsets between lens and ciliary muscles as a treatment for presbyopia by way of example.
According to an embodiment of the invention, a method of producing anterior and radial ciliary translocation in a living eye is provided wherein the eye is irradiated at a plurality of predetermined locations (serially or simultaneously) posterior to the limbus of the eye such that the limbus is not significantly heated or damaged, also determining a radial endpoint associated with the intended ciliary translocation and bounding the region of irradiation near the endpoint, and then terminating the irradiating process within the boundaries of the endpoint after an effective level of radiation has been absorbed in the target region between the limbus and the endpoint. The length of time and intensity of irradiation of the target region is chosen to attempt to optimize the shrink rate and the post-shrink stability of the scleral region.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus for producing ciliary translocation in an eye is provided. The apparatus includes a radiation source adapted to irradiate the eye at a plurality of predetermined locations posterior to the limbus of the eye. The apparatus also includes a processor adapted to determine an endpoint associated with ciliary translocation and terminate the irradiating process.
Numerous benefits are achieved using the present invention over conventional techniques. Some embodiments provide treatment for conditions of the eye, including presbyopia, lenticular aberrations, and glaucoma utilizing a noninvasive procedure. Additionally, embodiments of the present invention provide for non-invasive or minimally invasive treatments with reduced side effects compared to conventional techniques. Treatments provided according to embodiments of the present invention described herein may result in patients not needing prosthetic devices, such as spectacles. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may exist. These and other benefits have been described throughout the present specification and more particularly below.
Various additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention can be more fully appreciated with reference to the detailed description and accompanying drawings that follow.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
According to the present invention, biomedical techniques are provided for modulation of tissue, that is manipulation of the tissue. More particularly, the invention includes a method and apparatus for performing customized anterior ciliary translocation. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to using the delivery of laser radiation to scleral tissue to decrease local rigidity, acqueous outflow blockage, zonular slack, and/or alter equatorial offsets between lens and ciliary muscles as a treatment for presbyopia by way of example. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.
As illustrated in
Measurement of the mechanical properties of the sclera are made in some embodiments using segmented linear arrays of ultrasound transducers. Accordingly, positional location of the ciliary body with respect to the cornea are provided herein. The transducers are arranged in arcs centered on the center of the eye. Merely by way of example, the transducers may be arranged to overlap the angular placement of spots illustrated in
The angular placement of the spots in an embodiment similar to that illustrated in
As will be evident to one of skill in the art, the selection of the number of spots and the angular placement of the spots may be selected to optimize delivery of laser power. As a result, in some embodiments, the number of spots per quadrant will be greater than or less than equal to five; the angular placement of the spots will be centered at angles other than 45°; and the radial distance from the center of the eye to the spots will vary. In the embodiment illustrated in
In a specific embodiment of the present invention, a Ho:YAG laser operating at 2.1 μm is utilized to deliver five sequential spots per quadrant, wherein each spot comprises 15 pulses having 184 mJ/pulse. For a laser system operating at 5 Hz, a treatment time of 15 seconds per quadrant (3 seconds per spot) will provide the desired 15 pulses per spot. For a single arc of 20 spots as illustrated in
Moreover, in some embodiments, the number of arcs at which laser spots are delivered is increased to increase the laser fluence. In a particular embodiment, two or more arcs are provided at similar or differing angles, differing from the spots illustrated in
Some estimates of lens growth place lens growth at 20 μm/year, which means to reverse 10 years of zonular slack lenticular growth, about 200 μm of actual shrinkage (equivalent to 600 μm for volume shrinkage at a 1/3 ratio) is an appropriate treatment for most patients. Ray tracing depicts approximately 100 μm of anterior movement of the natural lens to be correlated with about one diopter of accommodative amplitude for a normal eye. MRI studies that have been reported show normal ciliary function and lenticular elasticity especially in early presbyopes but a lens-ciliary complex crowding, scieral rigidity and anterior growth of the lens along with the ciliary muscle apex.
As illustrated in
According to embodiments of the present invention, heat shrinkage of transconjunctival tissue near the scleral spur is induced. In a particular embodiment, a temperature of approximately 75° C. is created in regions of the eye associated with the laser radiation for approximately 4 seconds. The associated heat shrinkage of the ocular tissues provides anterior translocation of the scleral spur and a net accommodative amplitude increase of between one and three diopters for every hundred microns of decrease in zonular slack in some embodiments. Embodiments of the present invention reduce the slack present in the ciliary structures, tightening the capsular coupling and increasing the effectiveness of lenticular reshaping. As described throughout the specification, some embodiments of the present invention utilize a noninvasive (no cutting of the ocular tissue) technique employing topical anesthetic that is corneal and limbal. Some embodiments of the present invention are titrated to anterior chamber depth (ACD) or reduce or customize optical aberrations during the treatment process.
Embodiments of the present invention violate neither the Helmholtz nor Schachar conceptual theories, but provide treatment options consistent with both theories. Ray tracing has shown that dynamic anterior motion of the lens during accommodative effort serves to provide improvements in vision. In addition to presbyopia, embodiments of the present invention provide methods and apparatus adapted to treat lenticular aberrations as well as glaucoma, discussed in more detail below.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is generally not increased by treatments performed utilizing embodiments of the present invention. In fact, as described below, the IOP may be reduced in glaucoma patients. Additionally, based on our experiments, the manifest refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) is unaffected, scleral shrinkage is under 1 mm of depth and about 1 mm of width per spot utilizing the four arcs illustrated in
In some embodiments of the present invention, a scleral stiffening of certain regions adjacent to the treated area using the heat shrinkage techniques provided herein is performed postoperatively to the ensure longevity of the treatment. For example, scleral stiffening via UVA/riboflavin may be performed. Additional details regarding scleral stiffening via UVA/riboflavin treatment are provided in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/958,711, filed Oct. 4, 2004 and incorporated by reference for all purposes. Scleral hardening around the treatment region will serve to increase the useful lifetime of the treatment provided by embodiments of the present invention for some patients.
In alternative embodiments, a small region is ablated and sutured anterior to the equator to yield a similar biomechanical effect but with the additional step of a quad arc ablative/femtosecond laser type treatment. Generally, minor postoperative pain usually lasting one to several hours immediately following the procedure is easily managed by physician and/or the patient. Experiments have shown that real time (RT)-intraoperative WF guided ACT has achieved improved outcomes compared to conventional techniques. In some studies, desired results have been achieved immediately following the ACT procedure.
As illustrated by distances 434 in
The mean age of the patients for which experimental results are illustrated in
An alignment step is performed in step 818 to align the eye to the treatment beam. In other embodiments, the treatment beam is aligned to the patient's eye. The treatment is performed in step 820. Generally, the treatment proceeds from one quadrant to the next, sequentially delivering laser pulses to the various marked treatment locations. In alternative embodiments, a portion of the laser pulses for a given quadrant are delivered, pulses are delivered to another quadrant, and the laser pulses are subsequently delivered to the original quadrant. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives.
In step 822, monitoring of the treatment process and measurement of the results are performed, including monitoring/measuring of the laser wavefront, near visual acuity, and AA for ensuring proper progress of the treatment process. In some embodiments, step 822 is performed simultaneously with step 820, whereas in other embodiments, these steps are performed in combinations of sequential and simultaneous manners. In step 824, a determination is made of whether or not the treatment process is completed.
If the process is completed as desired, the speculum is removed in step 826 and the treatment process is stopped. In, on the other hand, additional treatment is warranted, the anesthetic is reapplied in step 828 and the treatment process is reinitiated at step 816.
It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in
Other embodiments of the present invention include the use of high-intensity ultrasound energy as a modality for controlled modification of ocular tissue. A specific application of this technology includes use for precise, localized and symmetric heating of portions of the sclera, ciliary muscle, and/or zonules as a means of improving accommodation, correcting optical aberrations or errors, and generating optical correction. Thus, we have conducted experiments with prototype ultrasound heating applicators on porcine eyes.
The first set of experiments were designed to evaluate Ultrasound-Induced Temperature Distributions (UITD) and the ultrasound penetration characteristics of the eye to determine if ultrasound energy in the 4-10 MHz range could be selectively delivered to the ciliary muscle and surrounding structures without exposing the lens to thermal energy. In an experiment, porcine eyes were placed within a 37° C. water bath and allowed to come to equilibrium. Miniature temperature probes which consisted of multiple thermocouple sensors within an 18 g stainless steel needle were placed adjacent to ciliary muscle beneath the sclera (˜1-3 mm deep). A small ultrasound transducer (2 cm diameter disk) operating at 4 MHz was placed within the immersion bath and directed at the temperature sensor. The porcine eye with the temperature probe inserted is shown in
The ultrasound energy was applied and the temperature distributions were measured, as shown in
In a second set of experiments, a prototype ultrasound applicator was designed specifically for testing the concept of symmetrical heating around, but not including, the lens. Four small rectangular transducer segments (3 mm×4 mm), operating ˜7 MHz, were mounted in a symmetrical circular pattern at 18 mm diameter, separated by 90°. The mounting substrate was a semi-flexible plastic and was designed with a central hole for alignment on the eye and allowing for future optical measurement of changes in lens distortion. A picture of the applicator is shown in
It was determined that the use of before/after images for determining changes to the lens was not as accurate or reliable as desired. Improvements in design and fabrication techniques can easily overcome issues related to power delivery and applicator robustness and achieve selective heating. The use of non-invasive optical measurements of the lens will enable the evaluation of the feasibility of this technology.
The inventors are aware that high-intensity focused ultrasound technology is being utilized to treat ocular cancers in a few institutions, such as Dr. Lizzi's work in Riverside Clinic, NY. These devices use tightly focused beams to direct the heating to the posterior wall of the eye, including the retina and regions around the fovea. The precise positioning of the focus is achieved using A-mode ultrasound scans. Embodiments of the present invention apply heat to small discrete regions in the anterior eye, just below the sclera. From our work and others, we know that ultrasound energy can penetrate the sclera and localize heat to deeper portions of the eye, demonstrating the basic feasibility of localizing heating to discrete portions of the eye. Accordingly, we are developing ultrasound heating technology specific to controlled modification of the ciliary muscles and zonules, along with the implementation of new measurement methods for verification and control of the treatment.
Future experiments will be used to:
It is also understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims in connection with for example a much broader range of applicability related to the anterior ciliary translocation in an eye.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60775650 | Feb 2006 | US |