The present invention relates to providing relevant information to users, and in particular to using metadata for content to provide relevant information to users.
Television (TV) is one of the primary means of entertainment, and provides a widespread medium for entertainment in homes. With the rise in the amount of information available on the Internet and on other devices in home networks, there has been a need to bring relevant information from the Internet and other sources to a user's TV. The relevant information includes that which is related to content being accessed by the user on the TV. Such information is of potential interest to the user.
However, TV signals do not provide much metadata associated with content, to help in finding information related to such content. Though in many countries TV content providers are required to send closed captions embedded in the TV signals, there are numerous TV channels and each carries various kinds of content including programs such as sports games, soap operas, movies, sitcoms, news, documentaries, infomercials, reality TV, etc. Each has a different amount and type content in its closed captions that may be useful.
There are existing approaches in which a user can obtain information in a network of resources. In one approach, the user requests the information. In another approach, the user specifies information by providing keywords and then browses the information to find the piece of information that satisfies the user's needs. However, specifying keywords using devices without keyboards, such as consumer electronics (CE) devices, can be a tedious task.
Such conventional approaches do not analyze and obtain information of interest to the user, and without limiting specific sources of information. Further, such approaches do not adapt to the type of program being watched for obtaining relevant information. There is, therefore, a need for a method and a system for analyzing and obtaining information of interest to the user, without limiting specific sources of information. There is, also a need for a method and system of providing relevant information to users, which is adaptive to the type of content accessed.
The present invention provides a method and system for extracting relevant information from content metadata. In one embodiment, this involves analyzing closed caption information and obtaining information of interest to a user, without limiting the specific sources of information. Such an approach is useful in providing access to information of potential interest to a user of an electronic device, by monitoring the user's interaction with the device to identify information accessed by the user, determining key information based on the identified information, wherein the identified information includes closed-caption information and searching available sources for information of potential interest to the user based on said key information. Searching available sources includes forming a query based on the key information and searching an external network such as the Internet using the query.
One implementation of such an electronic device is a CE device such as a TV that receives TV programming including closed caption information. The closed-caption information of a TV program being accessed/viewed by a user is analyzed and key information (keywords/phrases) is extracted. The key information is used to form queries and conduct searches using search engines such as available Internet search engines. The search results are presented to the user as recommendations, representing information of potential interest to the user. The user can select among the recommendations for further searching to find additional and/or more refined information of interest to the user.
The present invention further provides for extracting information from content metadata based on content type. In one implementation, this involves altering keyword extraction to adapt to different types of content accessed. Extracting keywords relevant to content such as TV programs, from metadata sources such as closed captions, is adapted based on the genre (category) of the content. Keyword extraction from closed captions text for TV programs is altered based on the EPG information for the TV programs. The EPG indicates the genre of the TV programs, wherein keyword extraction from closed captions is parameterized using the EPG genre information. Based on the EPG information, the genre of a TV program is used to determine the kind of keywords to extract from the closed captions of the TV program.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become understood with reference to the following description, appended claims and accompanying figures.
The present invention provides a method and system for extracting information from content metadata. The present invention further allows altering information extraction from metadata sources to adapt to different types (genres or categories) of content. In one embodiment, the present invention provides method and a system for analyzing and obtaining information of interest to a user, without limiting specific sources of information. Potential information that the user may be interested in is determined by monitoring the user's interactions with a device in a local network of devices, connected to an external network. Such a device can be a CE device in a local area network (e.g., a home network) that is connected to the Internet.
In one implementation, this involves receiving closed captioned programming including closed caption information and analyzing the closed caption information for key information indicating user interests. The key information is then used to find related information from sources of information such as the Internet, which the user may potentially be interested in.
On a typical CE device such as a TV, in the absence of a keyboard, it is difficult for a user to search for information on the Internet by entering keywords. If a user is watching a TV program, that is a good indication that the user is interested in the content of the TV program. Therefore, the content of the TV program is analyzed by gathering and analyzing text received as closed caption information for the TV program. Further, contextual information is gathered from the information about the channel being watched. The closed caption information and the contextual information can be combined and used to make recommendations to the user about information the user may potentially be interested in.
The gathered information is used to determine one or more keywords of potential interest to the user. The keywords are then used to search for related information on the Internet. For example, if the user is watching a news coverage involving Baltimore, the word “Baltimore” is extracted as a keyword. That keyword is used to form a query to search the Internet by using a search engine to find information, such as websites that include information about Baltimore city or Baltimore Ravens, etc.
The search results are presented to the user as recommendations, comprising potential search queries which may be selected by the user and executed to find further information on the Internet that may be of interest to the user. For example, while the user is watching a documentary on Antarctica on a TV, the keyword “Antarctica” is selected as a keyword and a search on the Internet returns “polar bears” as a recommendation of potential interest to the user. The user can then choose that recommendation to find more information about polar bears. If so, a query for “polar bears” is sent to a search engine and the results are displayed for the user.
Searching is not limited to a predetermined or fixed number of categories or queries or information sources. In one example, keywords are identified based on the closed caption information for searching. The keywords may be suggested to the user, wherein upon user selection, additional information is obtained using search engines that search available sources on the Internet (different websites available to the search engines), rather than a predetermined and/or a fixed number of sources such as one or more particular websites.
As described further below, in one example, a process for analyzing TV closed caption information and suggesting information of interest to the user, according to the present invention can be implemented in a device 30 in
The monitor 201 monitors the TV/cable signal and determines channel information that is accessed/viewed by the user. That information includes closed caption information which is analyzed to extract words that capture the context, by utilizing the example process 300 in
Steps 316 and 318 allow the user to find more information about a program that the user recently viewed on the TV, and can be repeated as the user desires to provide the user with additional and/or further refined information of interest to the user.
Using the EPG information, which includes information about TV programs on cable TV, satellite TV, etc., the name of the channel being viewed, is used to frame the queries in steps 316, 318, along with the channel and program information. For example, when the user is viewing the “Panorama” program on BBC America, the words “Panorama” and “BBC America” are appended to the extracted keywords to provide related information in the context of the channel and program for searching.
Further, the extracted keywords can be converted into different languages and used for searching to find additional information on the Internet 50. Further, converting keywords, as opposed to sentences, from one language to the other is simple and can be done using a language-to-language dictionary. This is beneficial to users who may understand only a minor portion of the language in the TV program being watched.
In this embodiment, the keyword extractor 212 not only relies on information from the proper noun detector 206 and the indexer 208, but also uses information from the phrase extractor 214 to obtain keywords. The phrase extractor 214 includes a phrase identifier function that identifies important phrases using frequency and co-occurrence information recorded by the indexer 208, along with a set of rules. This is important in identifying multi-word phrases such as “United Nations”, “Al Qaeda”, etc.
In operation, the gathered closed caption text is first passed through the phrase identifier to capture phrases, and then the captured phrases are indexed. The phrase identifier internally maintains three lists: a list of proper nouns, a dictionary, and a list of stop-words. The phrase identifier uses an N-gram based approach to phrase extraction, in which conceptually, to capture a phrase of length ‘N’ words, a window of size ‘N’ words is slid across the text and all possible phrases (of length ‘N’ words) are collected. Then they are passed through the following set of three rules to filter out meaningless phrases:
In one example, in
The phrase extractor 214 includes a term extractor function which extracts the highest score terms and phrases from the index. The terms and phrases are presented to the user and can be used for further searching to provide additional information of interest to the user. Alternatively, the phrase extractor 214 includes a natural language processing (NLP) tagger and a set of extraction rules to extract important phrases. In operation, the NLP tagger tags each word in the closed caption text with its part-of-speech (i.e. whether the word is a “noun”, “adjective”, “proper noun”, etc.). The extraction rules define the kinds of sequences of such tags that are important. For example, a rule can be to extract phrases which are “a sequence of more than one ‘proper nouns’ ” and another rule can be to extract “a sequence of one or more ‘adjectives’ followed by one or more ‘nouns’.” The phrase extractor applies these rules to the text tagged by the part-of-speech tagger and extracts phrases that follow these sequences. It can also be used to extract single word keywords by using appropriate rules. Further, the keyword extractor 212 and/or the phrase extractor 214 can use a set of rules for adaptive keyword/phrase extraction.
In the above examples, information from content metadata is extracted from metadata sources. The extracted information (e.g., meaningful keywords from closed captions of TV programs) are used as search queries for obtaining further information related to the content (e.g., TV programs), from sources such as the Internet.
In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method and system for extracting key information (phrases/keywords) from content metadata, based on content type (genre or category).
In one implementation, this involves altering key information extraction to adapt to different types of content accessed. For example, extracting keywords relevant to content such as TV programs from metadata sources such as closed captions, is adapted based on the genre of the content. Keyword extraction from closed captions text for TV programs is altered based on the EPG information for the TV programs.
The EPG indicates the genre of TV programs, wherein keyword extraction from closed captions is parameterized using the EPG genre information. Based on the EPG information, the genre (category) of a TV program is used to determine the kind of keywords to extract from the closed captions of the TV program. As such, the genre of a program currently being watched on a TV is obtained from the EPG information, and used to determine the kinds of keywords to extract from the closed captions of the program, which are considered useful in obtaining information of potential interest to the user (viewer).
In one example, if the TV program is a high content, factual program such as news, keywords are selected more aggressively, essentially extracting more keywords. On the other hand, if the TV program is a soap opera, then keywords are extracted very selectively, only extracting keywords that are believed to have a higher probability of being useful in obtaining information on potential interest to the user (viewer). As such keyword extraction rules are adapted (altered) depending upon the genre of the TV program.
The key information extractor 500 includes a tokenizer 508, a tagger 510, a rule engine 512, a genre extractor 506 and a rule selector 514. The tokenizer 508 tokenizes the metadata 504 (e.g., text) for content being accessed into sentences. The tagger 510 then tags the sentences by determining the context of each word in the sentence (i.e., determines if a given word is a noun, verb, preposition, etc.). The tagged sentences (tagged text) are then passed on to the rule engine 512.
The genre extractor 506 extracts the genre of content being accessed, from a genre source. A rule library 516 stores a list of different rules. This is an exhaustive list of rules that can be used to extract all kinds of different key information. For example, the rule library 516 may include a rule to extract consecutive proper nouns, another rule to extract an adjective followed by a list of nouns, etc. The rules from the rule library 516, and the extracted genre from the genre extractor 506, are provided to the rule selector 514. The rule selector 514 contains a mapping from a genre to a set of rules from the library 516. This mapping can either be preset, or it can be learned.
Based on the extracted genre, the rule selector 514 selects a set of rules to be used by the rule engine 512 for extracting key information from the tagged sentences. The rule engine 512 receives a set of rules from the rule selector 514 and a sentence of tagged text from the tagger 510. The rule engine 512 applies the set rules to the tagged text and extracts key information from the tagged text. The key information is considered useful in obtaining information (e.g., from the Internet) that is related to the content being accessed, as described above. The obtained related information is of potential interest to the viewer (user) of the content being accessed.
If the process does not yield many keywords (e.g., due to a conservative extraction scheme), key information can be extracted from other sources of information about the content being accessed (such as the EPG for a TV program being watched).
The keyword extractor 600 includes a CC tokenizer 608, a part-of-speech tagger 610, a rule engine 612, a genre extractor 606 and a rule selector 614. The tokenizer 608 tokenizes the CC text 604 of the TV program into sentences. The part-of-speech tagger 610 then tags the sentences by determining the context of each word in the sentence (i.e., determines if a given word is a noun, verb, preposition, etc.). The tagged sentences (tagged text) are then passed on to the rule engine 612. The genre extractor 606 extracts the genre of content being accessed from the EPG information feed 605. A rule library 616 stores a list of different rules that can be used to extract all kinds of different keywords. The rules from the rule library 616 and the extracted genre from the genre extractor 606 are provided to the rule selector 614. The rule selector 614 contains a mapping from genre to a set of rules from the library 616. This mapping can either be preset, or it can be learned.
Based on the extracted genre, the rule selector 614 selects a set of rules to be used by the rule engine 612 for extracting keywords from the tagged sentences. The rule engine 612 receives a set of rules from the rule selector 614, and a sentence of tagged text from the tagger 610. The rule engine 612 applies the set rules to the tagged text and extracts keywords from the tagged text. The keywords are considered useful in obtaining information (e.g., from the Internet) that is related to the TV program being accessed, as described above. The obtained related information is of potential interest to the viewer of the TV program being accessed.
In one example operation, the keyword extractor 600 functions in real-time on real TV signals, wherein there is a steady stream of incoming closed caption text for a TV program. The CC tokenizer 608 breaks down the closed caption text into sentences in order to preserve the grammar of the sentences in the closed caption text, which is important for tagging the sentences. The closed caption characters are buffered in a memory buffer, and the currently received text received is analyzed to detect the end of a sentence (e.g., by monitoring punctuations, spaces, etc.). A token refers to a sentence, wherein the tokenizer 608 breaks the closed caption text into sentences by detecting punctuations and using heuristics. A simple heuristic can be used such as treating the occurrence of a period (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation point (!) followed by a space as the sentence boundary (e.g., end of a sentence). Other models can also be used, as those skilled in the art will recognize. When the CC tokenizer 608 detects the end of the sentence, it clears the buffer and provides the received sentence to the part-of speech tagger 610 as a plain-text sentence.
The part-of speech tagger 610 analyzes the plain-text sentence and assigns tags to each word in the sentence, generating tagged text. Tags refer to part-of-speech tags, wherein each word in a sentence is assigned a tag which describes the sense in which the word is used in that sentence (i.e., the part-of-speech of the word.) Some example tags are:
/NNP i.e., Proper Noun
/MOD i.e., Modal Auxiliary Verbs
/NNS i.e., Plural Noun, etc.
A rule-based part-of-speech tagger can be used, such as a Brill's tagger. (Brill, E. 1992. A simple rule-based part of speech tagger. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, 152-155. Trento, Italy.) Other taggers can also be used which mark each word in a sentence with its part-of-speech. For example if the plain-text sentence input to the tagger 610 is “John Wayne ran home”, then the tagged text output from the tagger 610 is “John<proper noun> Wayne<proper noun> ran<verb-past tense> home<noun>”. This indicates that in the tagged text the words “John” and “Wayne” are tagged as proper nouns, the word “ran” is tagged as a verb in past tense, and the word “home” is tagged a noun. This tagged text is then passed on to the rule engine 612.
Suppose the sentence “John Wayne ran home” occurs in a ‘Documentary’ program. The part-of-speech tagger 610, tags it as: “John/NNP Wayne/NNP ran/VBD home/NN”
Where:
Now suppose the example rule library is as given above, wherein:
Such that according to the rule selector 614, the mapping for ‘Documentary’ genre is:
Documentary→consecutive_proper_noun
Then, when the rule ‘consecutive_proper_noun’ is applied to the tagged sentence, the rule engine 612 extracts the keyword: ‘John Wayne’.
As noted, the rule library 616 maintains a list of rules that can be used to extract different types of keywords. Rules can either be added to the library 616 manually, be pre-learned or learned over time. Each rule is a regular expression that the rule engine 612 understands. For example, the rule to extract phrases containing consecutive occurrences of proper nouns can be:
((\w+)(/NNP))+ (1)
where “+” means one or more occurrences and “\w” means an alphabet.
As such, given the tagged text:
Pablo/NNP Picasso/NNP and/CC Vincent/NNP Van/NNP Gogh/NNP were/VBD artists/NNS (2)
the rule engine 612 applying rule (1) above would extract two keywords “Pablo Picasso” and “Vincent Van Gogh” from the example tagged text (2) above. An example rule library can be as follows:
The mapping in the rule selector 614 includes genre mapping for mapping the genre of a TV program to a subset of the list of rules in the rule library 616. For example, the genre mapping from program genres “News” and “Sitcom” can be as follows:
The genre mapping can be created by conducting a user study and analyzing its results as in the following example steps (a)-(e):
The above process for creating a mapping can be learned over time as well. In step (a) whenever the user is using the extractor 600 and is presented with some keywords, if the user clicks one of them (indicating that the user finds the keyword useful), it is treated as a keyword marked by a user. The rest of the process is same as the steps (b)-(f), above. If the final rule set already contains this newly created rule, it is discarded. The mapping in the rule selector 614 can include other mappings in addition to the genre mapping. Such other mappings can be default mappings that are not based on genre, as described further below.
The rule engine 612 comprises a conventional pattern matching program, taking in text input and one or more patterns (rules), and extracting all keywords that match one or more of the patterns.
If the process does not yield many keywords (e.g., due to a conservative extraction scheme), key information can be extracted from other sources of information about the content being accessed (such an EPG for a TV program being watched). A determination that insufficient keywords were obtained can be based on a fixed constraint across all genres (e.g., less than X keywords is insufficient), a genre-based fixed constraint (e.g., for a Sitcom, less than X keywords is insufficient; but for News, less than Y is not enough), etc. Extracting keywords from the EPG for a program can be as follows: an EPG entry contains some structured entries (e.g., title, actor) and some semi-structured entries (e.g., description); keywords are extracted from the semi-structured entries in the EPG in the same way as from closed captions; whereas the information in the structured entries could be used “as is”, without any processing.
In one example, the elements of the extractors 500 and 600 can be implemented on TV hardware that includes memory and a microprocessor or as firmware, etc., and thus the communication between elements within each of the extractors 500 and 600 is through function calls. The rule library can be in the form of a database on the TV, which is queried by the rule selector; or it can be on a server in the network wherein the communication with the rule selector would be through HTTP or SOAP or other similar protocols.
The rules from the rule library 716 are provided to the rule selector 714. The rule selector 714 contains a “default” mapping to a set of rules from the library 716, wherein the “default” mapping is used to select rules from the library 716 for the rule engine 712 (e.g., the rule selector 714 uses default mapping rules A, B and C, etc., which do not use a genre for selecting rules). The rule engine 712 receives a set of rules from the rule selector 714, and a sentence of tagged text from the tagger 710. The rule engine 712 applies the set rules to the tagged text and extracts keywords from the tagged text.
In one example, if there is no genre associated with a program, then the system uses a “default” mapping. In that case, very conservative keyword extraction rules should be used to ensure only keywords with a high probability of being important are extracted. For example, the rule selector might have a default mapping entry:
The rule selector 814 contains a genre mapping from a genre to a set of rules from the library 816. This genre mapping can either be preset, or it can be learned. Based on the genre extracted by the genre extractor 806, the rule selector 814 uses the genre mapping to select a set of rules from the library 816 to be used by the rule engine 812 for extracting keywords from the tagged sentences. The rule selector 814 also contains a “default” mapping to a set of rules from the library 816 (e.g., if no genre is known or used, then use the default mapping rules A, B and C). The “default” mapping in the rule selector 814 is similar to that described for the rule selector 714 above.
As such, if the genre of a TV program is not known, or is not used, the rule selector 814 uses the “default” mapping for selecting rules from the rules library 816, without relying on the genre of the TV program. If the genre of the TV program is known, then the rule selector 814 uses the genre mapping to select rules from the rules library 816 based on the genre provided by the genre extractor 806. In one example of the rule selector 814, even if the genre extractor 806 provides a genre for a TV program, the rule selector does not rely on the genre and uses the “default” mapping for rule selection. Optionally, the rule selector 814 can receive a selection signal (CTL) that instructs the rule selector to use the genre mapping or the “default” mapping for rule selection.
The rule engine 712 receives a set of rules from the rule selector 714, and a sentence of tagged text from the tagger 710. The rule engine 712 applies the set rules to the tagged text and extracts keywords from the tagged text.
Either of the extractors 600, 700 or 800 above can be used as an implementation of the extractor 212 and/or the extractor 214 in
Although the above examples are provided in the context of a home network, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention is useful for stand-alone devices that are not necessarily part of a home network such as a LAN. For example, in
As is known to those skilled in the art, the aforementioned example architectures described above, according to the present invention, can be implemented in many ways, such as program instructions for execution by a processor, as logic circuits, as an application specific integrated circuit, as firmware, etc. The present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof; however, other versions are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/789,609, filed Apr. 25, 2007, incorporated herein by reference. This application further claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/903,962 filed Feb. 28, 2007, incorporated herein by reference.
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Child | 11821938 | US |