Patent Grant
7809172
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a method and system of providing personalization information on goods, and in one embodiment to a method and system for personalizing tickets and the like with an image of the customer who is intended to present himself/herself for use of the ticket.
2. Discussion of the Background
Numerous electronic transactions occur daily where consumers purchase goods and services in advance of when the good or service is intended to be used. For example, various travel agencies and event promoters sell tickets, in person, on-line or over the phone, prior to the ticket actually being used. Examples of such tickets include airline tickets, bus tickets, train tickets, concert/show tickets, and sporting event tickets (including tickets for the Olympics).
In addition, people have become increasingly interested in security after the attacks of 9/11. Additional screening at airports is not uncommon, and sometimes even at other locations, e.g., train stations, bus depots, and entertainment venues such as sporting events and concerts. At such screenings, security personnel often examine a person's identification (e.g., driver's license or passport) and verify that they are holding a ticket for the current day and location or event. However, tickets are not overtly connected to their intended users.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for linking visibly identifiable customer information to purchased goods prior to the utilization of those goods, thereby creating personalized goods.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a consumer purchases goods or services, and, at the time the purchase is made, the goods or services are personalized by imprinting thereon a picture of the consumer that is intended to utilize the goods or services.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, when a consumer purchases goods or services, the goods or services are personalized by imprinting thereon (1) a picture of the consumer and (2) a machine-readable marking (e.g., a bar code such as an RSS bar code) that can re-generate the picture of the consumer for verification purposes.
In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, when a consumer purchases goods or services, the goods or services are personalized by imprinting thereon a machine-readable marking (e.g., a bar code such as an RSS bar code) that can be used to re-generate (e.g., on a computer monitor or handheld device) the picture of the consumer for verification purposes, without the need for printing the picture of the consumer on the personalized goods.
The following description, given with respect to the attached drawings, may be better understood with reference to the non-limiting examples of the drawings, wherein:
The present invention provides a method and system for personalizing goods or services by including thereon a visible indication of the person or persons that are intended to utilize the goods and services. For example, a picture of an exemplary consumer is illustrated in
In an alternate embodiment, rather than printing the composite drawing itself, the personalized good is imprinted with a bar code that contains sufficient information for a verifier to generate or obtain the composite drawing such that the verifier can view the generated or obtained composite drawing (e.g., on a display monitor) and have greater confidence that the person utilizing the personalized good is really the intended user. After viewing the generated or obtained composite drawing (e.g., on a display monitor), the verifier may allow the bearer of the personalized good the permissions associated with the good, e.g., entrance into a building, event or vehicle.
Similarly, rather than imprinting the information, the personalized good can be encoded with the information using an alternate information carrier, e.g., an RFID chip.
In a further embodiment, the personalized good is imprinted with (or encoded with) both the composite drawing and the bar code that contains sufficient information for a verifier to generate or obtain the composite drawing.
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the personalized good may be supplemented with an additional source of information (e.g., a bar code (such as a RSS bar code), a magnetic strip, an RFID chip and a watermark). This additional source of information preferably encodes the series of parameters so that the visible personalization can be verified in real-time. (As used herein, “information carrier” shall be understood to include any machine readable mechanism for providing information to a machine that can be imprinted on or embedded into a personalized good, including, but not limited to, bar codes, magnetic strips, RFID chips and watermarks.)
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the series of parameters may not be sent directly to the generator directly but may instead be sent indirectly. For example, the credit card company may send (over a first communications channel, e.g., via modem over telephone) a customer-specific identifier (e.g., a 5-byte identifier) with the transaction (especially if it is shorter than the series of parameters), and the generator of the personalized good can then download (potentially over a second communications channel, e.g., via a network adapter across the world wide web), from a known location, the series of parameters using the customer-specific identifier as an index. With the downloaded series of parameters, the generator can then add the line drawing to the personalized goods, as described above.
In one exemplary embodiment, both the customer-specific identifier and the series of parameters for generating the composite image are included on the same personalized good in two different formats. For example, as shown in
The customer-specific identifier can be either time-independent (i.e., is always the same for the customer) or time-dependent (i.e., changes over time) such that the same series of parameters may be referenced by different customer-specific identifiers at different times. In such a time-dependent implementation, the generator could print the personalized information with a series of parameters that is specific to the day that the personalized good is intended to be used. (A personalized good may even be encoded with multiple series of parameters, each of which is intended to generate the same image, but on a different day, for use in a multi-day activity, e.g., a multi-day sporting event such as with an Olympics ticket or ski lift or a multi-day amusement park ticket).
Additionally, the time-dependent identifier can be utilized when the permission to perform an activity may change from one person to another during a particular interval. For example, when a child is checked in and out of daycare, the child's bar code may be scanned. However, since the mother drops off the child and the father picks up the child, the time-dependent identifier would cause the mother's picture to be recalled by the computer in response to the child's bar code being read in the morning and it would cause the father's picture to be recalled in response to the bar code being read in the evening.
In the case of a bank customer (e.g., an elderly person) having given a power of attorney to someone, the holder of the power of attorney may be identified by a time-dependent identifier such that if the holder of the power of attorney were changed, the bank would see the picture of the new holder of the power of attorney when a document (e.g., a check) was scanned and know that the old holder was no longer the correct representative of the bank customer.
In yet another embodiment, a ticket for passenger may be encoded with the permission to have an escort (e.g., for a minor traveling by himself/herself) and optionally the photo of the escort, in addition to or in place of the photo of the minor. The escort may also have an “escort pass” that is a duplicate of the ticket of the minor but with a notice stating “ESCORT” thereon and which is not valid for travel.
Moreover, time-dependent customer-specific entries may expire such that they cannot be retrieved after a certain period of time. Likewise, the customer-specific identifiers may be encrypted for additional protection such that the generator must decrypt the identifier before using it.
The time-dependent information may also be utilized for other reasons. For example, it is possible to send the person's image wrapped in different clothing (with uniform or without) or, send the person's image without glasses or facial hair (software generated), or aged differently (ten years later aged by computer) or with other images (parents of a small child or relatives of an elderly person).
In a further embodiment, in response to sending the customer-specific identifier rather than the series of parameters, the generator may request and receive, in addition to or instead of the series of parameters, a more detailed picture of the customer than is utilized in
Alternatively, the generator may receive a picture of a specified type and the series of parameters such that the picture and the information necessary to regenerate the composite image can both be printed or encoded onto the personalized goods (e.g., by storing the series of parameters in a bar code on the personalized good). Thus, the person verifying the personalized good could both look at the printed picture and scan the personalized good as part of the verification. The person verifying would use either a computer with a database of the series of parameters such that he/she could verify that the printed picture and picture generated from the database were the same, or he/she could utilize a handheld scanner with a display that has the same functionality. When this embodiment is used in conjunction with a time-dependent series of parameters, then copying the bar code from an earlier or later date would not be helpful to a forger since the forger would not know how the series of parameters were mapped to the values of the bar code for the day for which the forger does not actually have a personalized good. In such a case, the generator would only need to send out to the scanners the mapping of parameters to their particular elements on the day that the personalized goods were validated. Alternatively, the changing of the parameter mapping could follow a specified function (e.g., a hash function) utilizing the day or time that the personalized good was valid on as at least part of an index of the specified function. The function may also be based on a type of personalized good such that a concert ticket bought for the same day as a train ticket for the same person need not, and preferably would not, produce the same set of parameters. Thus, the scanners could be made less reliant on receiving updates from the generator.
In the event that the personalized good is being purchased for a customer other than the credit card holder, than the generator would receive an identifier as part of the transaction which can be used in conjunction with the level of detail required and the name of the intended consumer. For example, upon receiving the identifier “123456789” as part of the credit card transaction, the generator would send the request (“123456789”, “composite”, “John Doe”) or (“123456789”, “composite”, “Jane Doe”), depending on whether the ticket agency was issuing a ticket for Mr. or Mrs. Doe. (If Mr. Doe was the named person on the credit card, his request could have just been shortened to (“123456789”, “composite”).
As discussed above, minors sometimes travel alone as “unaccompanied minors.” However, an escort may want to accompany the minor to the plane. Thus, the generator may, for a single ticket, make two requests, one for the minor (“123456789”, “composite”, “Jimmy Doe”, “minor”) and one for the escort (“123456789”, “composite”, “John Doe”). For the first received image, the generator may include a first specialized label, e.g., “Unaccompanied Minor” on the ticket and, for the second received image, the generator may include a second specialized label (e.g., “Escort”) on the escort pass.
According to the present invention, a computer system will contain at least one picture that can be either (1) sent directly between (a) an information clearinghouse (e.g., a credit card company (or consumer)) and (b) an information requester (e.g., a generator of the goods) or (2) sent indirectly by sending an identifier to the information requester which the requester (e.g., generator of the goods) utilizes to request the at least one picture. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a credit card company acts as an information clearinghouse and records pictures associated with each of its credit cards. For example, where a family has two adults, each with their own credit card with a separate number, and two children, a credit card company may associate four pictures with each of the two cards. (The picture of the named holder of the card would be the default picture corresponding to the card number where their name appears.)
Many other organizations can act as an information clearinghouse. For example, the host of a meeting can act as a clearinghouse of the pictures and information of the attendees of a meeting. Similarly, a daycare center would act as a clearinghouse for information on children and the parents or guardians that are supposed to pick-up and drop off the children. Moreover, while the above has been discussed in terms of a credit card company acting as a clearinghouse for multiple other travel companies, it is also possible for a travel company to act as its own clearinghouse. For example, the personalized tickets may be encoded with a customer identifier or a series of parameters that are internal to the company. It is possible for the company (e.g., airline, train, bus, hotel) to obtain an image of the customer, e.g., when the customer enrolled in the frequent traveler program. The company could then print its own personalized goods (e.g., tickets) with the customer's image thereon, or with the customer's frequent traveler number thereon (in machine-readable form) or with the series of parameters encoded thereon (in machine-readable form). In the case of an airline, at the gate, the gate attendant could then perform the same verification described above and determine from an image on the ticket or an image on a display that the passenger appears to be the intended person.
In the above-described embodiment where only a non-composite picture (e.g., a captured image of the customer) can be requested, the information clearinghouse (e.g., credit card company) would have sufficient information to then begin sending personalization information to generators immediately after associating the pictures with account numbers (and optionally with the names on the account(s) if there is more than one person per account number). The information clearinghouse could then, in response to requests (e.g., charge requests), immediately begin sending identifiers to ticket generators (e.g., merchants) that would enable the ticket generators to request (1) the non-composite picture and optionally (2) the identifier that a scanner (or person) can read for verification on the day that the personalized good is to be used.
In addition to situations where the goods or services are to be utilized in the future, it is also possible to utilize the teachings of the present invention to print an image directly on the receipt that a customer is about to sign (or prior to authorization). For example, as an added measure of security, the credit card company can send the unique identifier or the series of parameters to a merchant so that the customer's picture can be verified by the merchant. In one such case, when a merchant prints out a receipt, the image of the customer is printed out either on the receipt or on another document such that the merchant can see if this really is the customer. In this way, the merchant can see if the person who is purporting to be “Mr. John Doe” looks anything like the image received from the credit card company (or using the series of parameters received from the credit card company). Similarly, in the case of an electronic cash register (e.g., a register with a touch screen) with a screen or monitor, the face of the intended customer could be displayed on the screen of the register.
In order to address privacy concerns, a customer may need to “turn on” this functionality, either globally or on a merchant-by-merchant basis. The credit card company, however, may provide incentives (e.g., lower annual fees or interest rates) for the customer to turn on this additional verification measure in order to reduce fraud. Alternatively, the credit card merchant may send a string of characters (e.g., an encrypted string) which is only usable by another entity who as been given permission by the customer by virtue of the fact that the customer agrees to have this system implemented and the recipient of the information agrees to handle the information discreetly.
There also exist many scenarios under which a composite image and/or the series of parameters that generate the composite image are preferable. One such embodiment is where the verifier does not have access to a high bandwidth connection for verifying a high resolution picture. In such an embodiment, the verifier may wish to use a low-memory (or small database) device that is capable of autonomously regenerating a composite version of a likeness of the intended customer. To do so, the present invention utilizes facial characteristic matching (described in greater detail below), as opposed to facial recognition where the person's face is actually identified as belonging to a particular person.
According to a facial characteristic matching system, a person's picture is taken, preferably under conditions similar to an idealized set of conditions, e.g., under specific lighting at a specific focal distance, at a specific angle, etc., or at least under conditions which enable accurate matching. Having used those conditions, the face in the picture is then received by a processor (using an information receiver such as (1) a communications adapter as described herein or (2) a computer storage interface e.g., for interfacing to a volatile or non-volatile storage medium such as a digital camera memory card) and broken down into several sub-components (or regions) so that various portions of the face can be matched with various candidate likenesses (e.g., stored in an image repository such as a database or file server) for that sub-component or region. Candidate likenesses can be stored in any image format (e.g., JPEG, GIF, TIFF, bitmap, PNG, etc.), and the sizes of the images may vary based on the region to be encoded.
For example, the photograph of
Using the notation of the divisions as set forth in Table 1, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention divides the face four regions as shown in
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention shown in
A computer or other image analyzer selects each of the possible regions (e.g., the regions defined in (a)
As shown in
The present invention may also utilize heuristics to speed processing. For example, if more than a certain percentage of pixels are matching, then the system may determine that the selected image is “close enough” and utilize the index of that selected image, even though other images in the database have not yet been checked and could be closer.
Each of the images selected from the database likewise corresponds to a unique index such that each image can be selected by querying the database for the image with that index when specifying its corresponding region. The indices corresponding to the illustrated noses of
Also, once a robust database is established, there may be little need to supplement it, even when more people's images are entered into the system. In other words, the database may contain a sufficient number of examples to find close matches for new images without having to expand the database. This means that the distributed ‘decoding’ lookup tables do not need to be updated often. This is a significant advantage over systems that might have full representations of the original images by completely replicating the entire database for lookup at a remote location.
Similarly, when the mouth region of a photo is selected, the mouth image may be (1) pre-processed similarly to the nose region, (2) pre-processed with a technique other than that used on the nose region or (3) not pre-processed at all. After any pre-processing that is to be done, the subject mouth region is compared to all the mouth regions in the database to again find a closest match. In the example of
After the process is repeated for all or most of the entries in the database for each of the selected regions, then the face can be reconstructed using just the indices for the image. In the illustrated embodiment of
The series of parameters may then be converted to an alphanumeric string “%4X6F834GGC939$#4K21” suitable for encoding on a bar code (e.g., an RSS bar code). That alphanumeric string is then stored in a database in a record corresponding to the customer.
When an information clearinghouse is requested to provide a series of parameters corresponding to a person in its database, it may retrieve the record corresponding to the person and send, using a communications adapter such as a modem or network adapter (such as an 10/100/1000 Ethernet adapter, a 802.11 network adapter or a Bluetooth adapter)), the series of parameters to the information requester. In alternate an embodiment (e.g., where the information clearinghouse and the generator are one and the same), the communications adapter includes a connection (e.g., a direct connection) to the printer or “embedder” of the information. The series of parameters may be in either unencrypted or encrypted for (e.g., having been encrypted using symmetric or asymmetric encryption, where exemplary asymmetric encryption includes public key-based encryption).
The generator of the personalized goods then receives, with an information receiver (e.g., a communications adapter such as a modem or network adapter (such as an 10/100/1000 Ethernet adapter, a 802.11 network adapter or a Bluetooth adapter)), the received information.
In the case where the requester generates a printed personalized good (e.g., a ticket), the information requester may convert the received alphanumeric string (e.g., “%4X6F834GGC939$#4K21”) into a bar code (e.g., such as is shown in
Once the personalized good has been imprinted with or embedded with at least the alphanumeric string, the good is provided to the intended customer. For example, the ticket may be shipped to the customer.
It should be noted that the personalized good need not be provided to the customer at the time the transaction is completed. For example, in an embodiment where the personalized good is an electronic ticket, the good is “held” electronically until the customer checks in (e.g., at a kiosk using his/her credit card). At the time of check in, the good is then imprinted and provided to the customer.
When the customer attempts to utilize the personalized good, a machine reader (e.g., such as a bar code scanner, magnetic strip reader, watermark reader or an RFID reader) acting as an information carrier reader reads the information imprinted on or embedded in the personalized good. In the case of the example above, the reader reads back the alphanumeric string (e.g., “%4X6F834GGC939$#4K21”) in either unencrypted or encrypted form. In the case of information representing the series of parameters, the reader then decodes the information into its various parts representing the various regions. For example, the reader converts “%4X6F834GGC939$#4K21” into “xxxx001107yyyy” and then reads out the indices for the various regions (including 0011 (hex)=17 (decimal) for the nose and 07 (decimal) for the mouth).
Having determined the indices from the read information, the reader retrieves the images corresponding to the determined indices. These images may be read from a database having image region specific tables (e.g., a nose table, a mouth table, a hair table, etc.) or may be read from a persistent storage device or file server using a known naming convention based on the indices (e.g., “\noses\0017” using a decimal notation or “\noses\0011” using a hexadecimal notation). The reader then reconstructs an image having the likeness of the intended customer by placing each corresponding image in its corresponding location (either defined automatically or as part of the read information).
In the case where the read information includes more than just the series of parameters, the display also provides the verifying personnel with the additional information (e.g., height, age, race, etc.). The reader can then display the image (and additional information) to the verifying personnel (e.g., ticketing agent or security guard) such that the verifying personnel have an increased confidence that the bearer of the personalized good is the intended user thereof.
In the case where the information read by the reader does not contain the series of parameters but only a customer specific identifier, then the reader requests from the information provider a copy of the visual information to be used to verify customers. For example, the reader sends the read information to the information provider and requests the desired level of detail in the picture to be returned. A likeness is returned or the parameters required to generate a likeness are returned and received by an information receiver, and the likeness of the person is then displayed to the verifying personnel for comparison with the person attempting to utilize the personalized good.
While comparing a subject region to entries in the database, it is also possible to utilize small variations on the images in the database (or in the subject image) by altering the location in the image or the rotation of the image. For example, since an image may only be off a few pixels to the left, the present invention may “wiggle” either the subject image or the image in the database a little to the left (and similarly a little to the right or up or down) and repeat the check of how well the images match. (As is described below, the images do not have to be “wiggled” very far since the variations of 15% or more appear to cause visible differences during facial recognition in people.) Similarly, a system according to the present invention may rotate the image slightly clockwise or counter clockwise, and rerun the comparison. In this way, small variations to the eye (which may seem like larger variations to the computer) have a reduced effect. Alternatively, the present invention may utilize shape-based searching such that the shape of a region may be used for matching rather than individual pixels. For example, the present invention may search for a particular shaped-triangular in the upper-lip region when searching for a match. Similarly, the shape of other regions, such as the shape of the head, can be utilized as additional regions to be matched.
In addition the shapes of the regions, the present invention may encode the center of the location of the regions as well. For example, while two people may both have the left and right eyes of indices 11 and 57, respectively, those two people may look very differently if the space between the eyes is very different. Thus, the location (or at least distance between the eyes) is an additional parameter that may need to be encoded in the series of parameters. Empirically, it appears that the same facial part, identical on two separate faces, is recognized as being the same when within 10-15% of the same position, but at greater variances movement the face seems to be no longer considered a likeness. In other words, two identical faces but with one having eyes that are 10% wider apart than the other nonetheless appear to be the same face. If the eyes were 15% wider apart, then they appear to be the faces are of two separate people. Likewise, if a facial part (e.g., a nose or eye) were bigger or smaller by 10%, the faces would still seem to be the same. However, when the size variation is 15% bigger or smaller, then the faces appear different. Thus, with a sufficient number of parameters being examined and encoded, the series of parameters can be treated as a “fingerprint” that uniquely identifies the person.
Moreover, the series of parameters may be supplemented with other parameters other that the indices of the regions such that additional physical information is provided. For example, using only a few bits, the color of the eye can be included along with the index for the eye shape if there are a statistically significant number of different colors for that shape of eye. The color of the eye may either be represented with color using a color printer, with shading/hatching or with text. Similarly, the height of the customer (e.g., in inches) might be represented textually or graphically and can also be sent in a very small number of bits.
The above discussion of division of the face into various parts can be performed either by computer analysis, manually, or by a combination of both. For example, it may be more effective to have a person identify certain locations, such as the x-centerline of the face and the midpoint between the nose and mouth. However, some locations like the center points of eyes may be more amenable to computer identification. Likewise, the identification of the location of the lips may be performed or aided programmatically by examining color variations in the mouth region. It is very common that the region between the nose and lips varies noticeably from the lip region itself.
In addition, while the above discussion has been given with respect to certain segregations of the facial image, other facial segregations may be possible. For example, it may be sufficient to allow the computer to select a fixed distance from the eyes rather than try to find the x-centerline of the face. It may also be possible to reduce the complexity of the calculation by adding additional constraints (e.g., no glasses). Alternatively, the image created by the present invention may optionally have glasses superimposed over the rest of the facial image if desired. However, since the procedure is contemplated to be performed rarely, some level of manual intervention may be deemed acceptable in order to properly divide the face.
As discussed above, some amount of preprocessing may be utilized to reduce the complexity of the comparison between the subject images and the images in the database. As shown in
Because the amount of data needed to generate a composite image is so small, the present invention can be utilized in many applications where the transmission of a full image (e.g., a bitmap or a JPEG image) may be prohibitive. Examples of such environments where a composite image may be beneficial include encoding a picture in a bar code such as on a ticket. Other examples include: (1) the recording of an invoice or purchase order or sales receipt in a small shop where the computer size and capacity is limited; (2) a credit card transaction which involves the transmission of as little as 79 characters of information; (3) the information on a building pass which is held in an RFID chip which might be limited to 1000 characters of information; (4) a bar code on a wristband which might be limited to 80 characters; and (5) the bar code on a prescription bottle which might be 45 characters.
It is also possible to utilize the teachings of the present invention to provide identification cards, such as might be used by attendees at a conference, athletes at a sporting event (such as the Olympics), and even driver's licenses and the like. In embodiments such as those, it may be preferable to include both a non-composite picture and at least one bar code for verifying the information on the identification card. The information to be verified may be (1) the text of the identification card (e.g., name, identification card number, validity dates, etc.), (2) the photo on the identification, or (3) both (1) and (2). Moreover, the different portions of the information to be verified may be stored in either the same bar code or in different bar codes. When multiple bar codes are utilized, the bar codes may be placed adjacent each other or remotely from each other, and they may be printed in the same direction or in different directions.
In at least one such embodiment, both sides of the identification card may include printing (e.g., a bar code of one format on one side and a bar code of another format on another side). Moreover, it may be preferable to print a portion of at least one bar code over top of the photo to make it more difficult to alter the photo on the card with a new photo. Additional anti-counterfeiting measures may also be placed into the identification cards, such as holograms, watermarks, etc.
While the above has been described primarily in terms of obtaining images from a database, it should be appreciated that images may instead be obtained from multiple databases, either local or remote. Also, the images may simply be stored as separate files referenced by region type and index. For example, “\mouth\0007.jpg” and “\nose\0017.jpg” may correspond to the images of
The number of files in the “database” may vary according to the closeness of the match that is needed for the application. In some cases a high degree of matching may be obtained using a small number of images for each region, and in other applications a larger number may be needed. In order to facilitate matching, category-specific images may also be used if that improves matching. For example, a database for Caucasians versus Hispanics or Asians may improve matching using a small number of bits.
The composite images of the present invention can also be utilized as part of a “police sketch artist” application. In this configuration, a user would select from or scroll through the images of the various regions trying to recreate a likeness of a person that he/she has seen. When the user is satisfied that the resulting composite image is sufficiently close to the person that they are trying to describe or identify, the system can then search a database for people with the series of parameters that encode that image (or at least a series of parameters that have a high number of parameters in common with the “sketched” person).
Utilizing a database of facial regions, such as the database described above, it is possible to create images for other reasons that identification. For example, it would be possible to create characters for games where the characters are specified by reference to the various facial regions of the database. Thus, players could have greater control over the look and feel of characters in games.
Similarly, in any other environment where a computer generates a likeness of a person (e.g., the famous computer-generated “talking heads” like Max Headroom). Such characters (as could also be used for computer “avatars”) could also be personalized to look like a desired person or character. It may even be desirable to include in the database mouth and eye regions in various positions for each of the indices such that the face can be animated.
Because the amount of information to generate a composite picture is so small, the present invention may also be incorporated into various communication devices, e.g., PDA, cell phones and caller-ID boxes. In each of those environments, the receipt of the series of parameters would enable the communicating device to display the picture of the incoming caller or of the intended receiver of the call. Thus, a user of the communication device could be reminded of what a person looks like while communicating with that person.
The series of parameters can also be transmitted in a number of text environments. One such environment is a text messaging environment, like SMS or Instant Messaging, such that the participants can send and receive the series of parameters so that other participants can see with whom they are interacting. In the case of e-mail, the series of parameters could be sent as a VCard, as part of an email address itself, or as part of a known field in a MIME message.
The series of parameters can likewise be embedded into other communication mechanisms, such as business cards. Using watermarks or the like, a business card or letter could be encoded with the series of parameters such that a recipient could be reminded (or informed) of what a person looks like. Moreover, on letterhead, a several series of parameters could be encoded to convey the composite pictures of the principals of the company.
The functions described herein can be implemented on special purposes devices, such as handheld scanners and electronic checkout registers, but they may also be implemented on a general purpose computer (e.g., having a processor (CPU and/or DSP), memory, an information carrier reader, and long-term storage such as disk drives, tape drives and optical storage). When implemented at least partially in computer code, a computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium with instructions embedded therein that enable a computer to perform the functions described herein. However, the functions can also be implemented in hardware (e.g., in an FPGA or ASIC) or in a combination of hardware and software.
While the invention has been described and illustrated in connection with preferred embodiments, many variations and modifications as will be evident to those skilled in this art may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and the invention is thus not to be limited to the precise details of methodology or construction set forth above as such variations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention. Except to the extent necessary or inherent in the processes themselves, no particular order to steps or stages of methods or processes described in this disclosure, including the Figures, is implied. In many cases the order of process steps may be varied without changing the purpose, effect or import of the methods described.
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