Patent Application
20220154647
The application relates generally to glow plugs and, more particularly, to temperature management of a glow plug in operation.
Glow plugs are commonly used to ignite a mixture of air and fuel in a combustor of gas turbine engines. However, glow plugs have drawbacks. For instance, the glow plugs have been known to achieve less than full reliability in conditions such as when the fuel and the engine are very cold or when the environment gets too hot. Cost is also a factor. There is always room for improvement.
In one aspect, there is provided a method for operating a glow plug. The method comprises monitoring a glow plug current; applying a nominal voltage VN to the glow plug when the glow plug current is between an upper threshold I1 and a lower threshold I2<I1; applying a voltage VH>VN to the glow plug when the glow plug current exceeds the upper threshold I1; and applying substantially no voltage to the glow plug when the glow plug current falls below the lower threshold I2.
In another aspect, there is provided a glow plug system comprising a glow plug having a body, a glowing end extending from the body, and a connecting end opposite to the glowing end; at least one glow plug power source operatively connected to the connecting end of the glow plug for applying a voltage thereto; and a glow plug controller coupled to the glow plug and the at least one glow plug power source. The glow plug controller is configured for monitoring a glow plug current; applying a nominal voltage VN to the glow plug when the glow plug current is between an upper threshold I1 and a lower threshold I2<I1; applying a voltage VH>VN to the glow plug when the glow plug current exceeds the upper threshold I1; and applying substantially no voltage to the glow plug when the glow plug current falls below the lower threshold 12.
In yet another aspect, there is provided a glow plug control system comprising a processing unit and a one non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon program instructions. The program instructions are executable by the processing unit for monitoring a glow plug current; applying a nominal voltage VN to the glow plug when the glow plug current is between an upper threshold I1 and a lower threshold I2<I1; applying a voltage VH>VN to the glow plug when the glow plug current exceeds the upper threshold I1; and applying substantially no voltage to the glow plug when the glow plug current falls below the lower threshold 12.
Reference is now made to the accompanying figures in which:
There is described herein a glow plug system and a method for operating a glow plug. In some embodiments, the glow plug is used to ignite an engine, such as a gas turbine engine. Alternatively, the glow plug may be used for any type of application requiring such a heating element.
Control of the operation of the engine 100 can be effected by one or more control systems, for example an engine controller 102, which is communicatively coupled to the engine 100. The engine controller 102 can modulate a fuel flow provided to the engine 100, the position and orientation of variable geometry mechanisms within the engine 100, a bleed level of the engine 100, and the like, based on predetermined schedules or algorithms. In some embodiments, the engine controller 102 includes one or more FADEC(s), electronic engine controller(s) (EEC(s)), or the like, that are programmed to control the operation of the engine 100. The operation of the engine 100 can be controlled by way of one or more actuators, mechanical linkages, hydraulic systems, and the like. The engine controller 102 can be coupled to the actuators, mechanical linkages, hydraulic systems, and the like, in any suitable fashion for effecting control of the engine 100.
Although illustrated as a turbofan engine, the gas turbine engine 100 may alternatively be any other type of engine for which a glow plug may be used for ignition, for example a turboshaft engine or a turboprop engine. Other types of engines, such as a diesel engine or a Wankel rotary combustion engine, may also apply. The engine 100 may be for flight applications, industrial applications, or the like.
Referring to
The body 202 and glowing end 204 together form an electric heat generating member 210 having a resistance R. In some embodiments, the resistance R has a constant resistance component Rc that is temperature independent, and a varying resistance component Rv that is temperature dependent. The two components are connected in series such that:
R=R
c
+R
v (1)
The constant resistance component Rc is generally very low. The varying resistance component Rv varies with a resistor temperature coefficient α and a temperature T of the glow plug, such that equation (1) becomes:
R=R
c
+αT (2)
The resistor temperature coefficient α is constant from one glow plug to another having been made with a same manufacturing process and materials, and differs from one glow plug to another having been made from different manufacturing processes and/or different materials. The constant resistance component Rc may vary between acceptable limits from one glow plug to another having been made with a same manufacturing process and materials.
Referring to
Since the constant resistance component Rc and the resistor temperature coefficient α are constant, the total glow plug resistance R will be constant for a given temperature T. If the glow plug 200 is powered with a first, nominal constant voltage VN, then the glow plug current I(GPL) at the minimum threshold temperature T1, will be a first value Ix. Threshold I1 should be set at a value that corresponds to Ix, to account for effects that might decrease the resistance and thereby increase current, such as plug to plug variation and external cooling effects. Similarly, if the glow plug 200 is powered with VN at a maximum threshold temperature T2 (which can be higher than T1 or it can be the same as T1), will be a second value Iy. Threshold I2 should be set at a value that corresponds to Iy, to account for effects that might increase the resistance and thereby decrease current, such as plug to plug variation and external heating effects. As long as the glow plug current I(GPL) is kept within I1 and I2, the glow plug temperature T will be protected from overheating.
Generally, the glow plug controller 304 is configured to monitor the glow plug current I(GPL) and to make a control decision based on the glow plug current I(GPL). There are three possible actions, depending on the value of the glow plug current I(GPL). When the glow plug current is between an upper threshold I1 and a lower threshold I2, a nominal voltage VN is applied to the glow plug 200 by the glow plug power source 302. If the nominal voltage VN is already applied to the glow plug 200, then VN is maintained.
When the glow plug current exceeds the upper threshold I1, a voltage VH>VN is applied to the glow plug 200. Indeed, when I(GPL) exceeds 11, this is indicative that the glow plug temperature T is low (for a constant voltage) and the temperature should be increased. The higher voltage VH causes the temperature T of the glow plug to increase, based on:
V=I*R (3)
where R can be replaced with equation (2) to get:
V=I*(Rc+αT) (4)
Therefore, if V increases, T will also increase. When the glow plug current falls below the lower threshold I2, substantially no voltage is applied to the glow plug 200. Indeed, the low I(GPL) is indicative that the glow plug temperature T is high (for a constant voltage) and the temperature should be decreased. Applying substantially zero volts (or removing any voltage application) causes the temperature T of the glow plug to decrease, based on equations (3) and (4) above. It will be understood that the expression “substantially no voltage” encompasses applying a very low voltage, such as 0.1 V or another low value having a substantially same effect as applying zero volts.
In some embodiments, the difference between the upper threshold I1 and the lower threshold I2 is less than or equal to a given percentage of the current I1, such as 50%. For example, the upper threshold I1 is set to 4 A and the lower threshold I2 is set to 2 A, such that the difference is 2 A, which is 50% of I1. In some embodiments, the upper and lower thresholds are set so as to have a given difference, such as 3 A, 2 A, 1 A, 0.5 A, 0.25 A, 0.1 A, or 0.05 A. Other embodiments may also apply depending on practical implementations.
In some embodiments, the upper and lower current thresholds I1, I2 are selected based on a predicted resistance of the glow plug 200 at a desired threshold temperature T1, T2, respectively. In some other embodiments, the upper and lower current thresholds I1, I2 are selected based on a predicted current at target temperatures (which may differ from the threshold temperatures T1, T2), for example this might be used if some margin relative to the maximum and minimum temperature limits is desired.
In some embodiments, all voltage levels, i.e. VN, VH and substantially zero volts are applied through the glow plug power source 302. For example, the glow plug controller 304 may instruct the glow plug power source 302 to apply VN, VH or 0 volts (i.e. no voltage) as a function of the monitored glow plug current I(GPL).
In some embodiments, and as illustrated in
In some embodiments, the glow plug power source 302 remains on even when the glow plug power source 306 is turned on, such that toggling the glow plug power source 306 on/off causes the glow plug voltage V(GPL) to toggle between VH and VN.
In some embodiments, applying the higher voltage VH to increase the glow plug temperature T comprises toggling between the voltage VH and the voltage VN in order to ensure that the current observed at VN can be periodically compared to thresholds I1 and I2 and the glow plug temperature T increases in a controlled manner and remains under control. Toggling may be done pseudo-randomly or at a given rate with a fixed pulse duration until the monitored glow plug current I(GPL) measured at VN falls below the upper threshold I1. Using the embodiment of
In some embodiments, substantially zero volts (or no voltage) is applied to the glow plug 200 for a pre-determined or estimated amount of time in order to cause the temperature T to decrease. However, when there is no voltage applied to the glow plug 200 there is also no current to monitor. Therefore, applying substantially no voltage to the glow plug 200 may, in some embodiments, comprise toggling between substantially no voltage and VN in order to periodically compare the current at VN with thresholds I1 and I2, to ensure that the glow plug temperature decreases in a controlled manner and does not get too hot. This helps to ensure that the glow plug life exceeds an expected minimum number of cycles and expected minimum total duration of operation. This also helps to ensure that the glow plug does not get too cold before VN is once again applied, which can improve the ability of the system to successfully ignite the engine. Toggling may be performed pseudo-randomly or using a given rate with a fixed pulse duration until the monitored glow plug current I(GPL) exceeds the lower threshold I2 when VN is applied. Using the embodiment of
Referring to
As shown in the
A current sensor 404 monitors the glow plug current I(GPL) flowing into the glow plug 400. In an example embodiment, the current sensor 404 is a resistor, but any device that detects electric current in a wire and generates a signal proportional to that current may be used. The generated signal may be analog or digital. If the sensed current is greater than the upper threshold I1, switch 414 is closed (i.e. turned on) via switch controller 410 so that V(GPL)=Vout=VH in order to cause the temperature T of the glow plug 400 to increase. If, when VN is applied, the sensed current is not greater than the upper threshold I1 and is not lower than the lower threshold I2, switch 414 is held open via switch controller 412 so that V(GPL)=Vout=VN. If the sensed current is not greater than the upper threshold I1 and is lower than the lower threshold I2, switch 408 is opened (i.e. turned off) via switch controller 406 such that V(GPL)=0.
It will be understood that the glow plug assembly 300 may be implemented in various ways and that the example of
The computing device 500 comprises a processing unit 502 and a memory 504 which has stored therein computer-executable instructions 506. The processing unit 502 may comprise any suitable devices configured to implement the method XX such that instructions 506, when executed by the computing device 500 or other programmable apparatus, may cause the functions/acts/steps performed as part of a method 600 as described in
The memory 504 may comprise any suitable known or other machine-readable storage medium. The memory 504 may comprise non-transitory computer readable storage medium, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The memory 504 may include a suitable combination of any type of computer memory that is located either internally or externally to device, for example random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), electro-optical memory, magneto-optical memory, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) or the like. Memory 504 may comprise any storage means (e.g., devices) suitable for retrievably storing machine-readable instructions 506 executable by processing unit 502.
Referring to
In some embodiments, applying the voltage VH>VN to the glow plug at step 606 comprises toggling between the voltage VH and the voltage VN until the monitored glow plug current at VN falls below the upper threshold 11. In some embodiments, applying substantially no voltage to the glow plug at step 608 comprises toggling between substantially no voltage and the voltage VN until the monitored glow plug current at VN rises above the lower threshold I2. In some embodiments, monitoring of the glow plug current I(GPL) at step 602 is only done while VN is applied.
Although the method 600 refers to “applying a voltage” to the glow plug, it will be understood that this expression includes applying the voltage via one or more power source as well as causing one or more power source to apply the voltage. The expression also includes causing one or more switches, such as the one illustrated in
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the method 600 allows the temperature of the glow plug to be managed without any independent temperature feedback and without complex micro-processors to measure glow plug voltage. The glow plug assembly 300 may thus have lower costs, lower weight, and be more reliable due to lower component count and higher power supply efficiency. As stated above, glow plug management may also be integrated into an engine controller 102 of an engine 100, for example via a solenoid driver interface. In some embodiments, an internal processor of the engine controller 102 may also be used to provide gradually varying glow plug voltages to the glow plug. The method 600 does not require any calculations, such as resistance calculations or others, to manage the glow plug temperature. The method 600 does not require any feedback or input related to environmental and engine operating conditions to manage the glow plug temperature. The method 600 does not rely on any data to be provided by the engine controller 102 or any other device to manage the glow plug temperature.
In some embodiments, the upper threshold I1 is associated with a maximum value for the resistance of the glow plug that limits the temperature T of the glow plug to a maximum temperature for the nominal voltage VN, and the lower threshold I2 is associated with a minimum value for the resistance of the glow plug that limits the temperature T of the glow plug to a minimum temperature for the nominal voltage VN. As such, the upper and lower current thresholds may be set as a function of the value of the resistance of the glow plug.
For example, the glow plug temperature T may be centered at 1150° C., with the upper and lower temperature limits set above and below this value to 1200° C. and 1100° C., respectively. In some embodiments the maximum temperature is less than 1400° C. and the minimum temperature is greater than 1000° C. In some embodiments, the maximum temperature corresponds to a temperature that permits a cycle life of at least 200 cycles for the glow plug. Upper and lower glow plug current values may be associated with the upper and lower temperature values, for example 3.5 amps and 2.5 amps, respectively. These values are exemplary only and may differ, depending on practical implementations. In some embodiments, the lower temperature threshold is set to be high enough to initiate fuel air mixture ignition in the engine 100.
The method 600 for operating a glow plug and glow plug system 300 described herein may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming or scripting language, or a combination thereof, to communicate with or assist in the operation of a computer system, for example the computing device 500. Alternatively, the method 600 and system 300 may be implemented in assembly or machine language. The language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Program code for implementing the method 600 and system 300 may be stored on a storage media or a device, for example a ROM, a magnetic disk, an optical disc, a flash drive, or any other suitable storage media or device. The program code may be readable by a general or special-purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein. Embodiments of the method 600 and system 300 may also be considered to be implemented by way of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon. The computer program may comprise computer-readable instructions which cause a computer, or more specifically the processing unit 502 of the computing device 500, to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform the functions described herein, for example those described in the method 600.
Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, including program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
The embodiments described herein provide useful physical machines and particularly configured computer hardware arrangements. The embodiments described herein are directed to electronic machines and methods implemented by electronic machines adapted for processing and transforming electromagnetic signals which represent various types of information. The embodiments described herein pervasively and integrally relate to machines, and their uses; and the embodiments described herein have no meaning or practical applicability outside their use with computer hardware, machines, and various hardware components. Substituting the physical hardware particularly configured to implement various acts for non-physical hardware, using mental steps for example, may substantially affect the way the embodiments work. Such computer hardware limitations are clearly essential elements of the embodiments described herein, and they cannot be omitted or substituted for mental means without having a material effect on the operation and structure of the embodiments described herein. The computer hardware is essential to implement the various embodiments described herein and is not merely used to perform steps expeditiously and in an efficient manner.
The term “connected” or “coupled to” may include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements).
The technical solution of embodiments may be in the form of a software product. The software product may be stored in a non-volatile or non-transitory storage medium, which can be a compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), a USB flash disk, or a removable hard disk. The software product includes a number of instructions that enable a computer device (personal computer, server, or network device) to execute the methods provided by the embodiments.
The embodiments described in this document provide non-limiting examples of possible implementations of the present technology. Upon review of the present disclosure, a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that changes may be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the scope of the present technology. For example, the glow plug may be used outside of an engine, or have a design that differs from that illustrated in
