Patent Application
20090302012
The present invention relates to a tube body residual stress improving method and a system to improve residual stress in a tube body such as a pipe.
In the case of laying tube bodies such as large pipes in nuclear power plants, large plants, and the like, removal of stress remaining in pipes at welding becomes an issue. Welding causes residual stress in a pipe, and the residual stress may shorten the life of the pipe. Accordingly, it is desirable to remove such residual stress caused by welding.
As a method of removing residual stress in a pipe, the induction heating stress improvement process (hereinafter, referred to as the IHSI process) has been proposed. According to the IHSI process, outer surface part of a pipe is increased in temperature by induction heating using a high frequency induction heating coil while the inner surface thereof is forcedly cooled by running water so that the pipe has a temperature gradient in a thickness direction near a part satisfying stress corrosion cracking (hereinafter, referred to as SCC) conditions. Thereafter, the heating is stopped while the cooling is maintained by flowing water on the inner surface until the pipe has a substantially uniform temperature in the thickness direction. As a result, residual tensile stress around the welded part is reduced or changed to compressive stress (Patent Documents 1 to 3).
As another method of removing residual stress in a pipe, a method is proposed in which the front surface of the pipe such as a stainless steel pipe is heated to the solution temperature or is melted by laser irradiation in order to reduce the residual stress in a rear surface (Patent Documents 4 to 7).
In the IHSI process, there needs to be a difference in temperature of a certain value or more between the outer and inner surfaces of the pipe at the end of heating. Accordingly, the IHSI process is easily performed for a pipe which is already installed and whose inner surface can be cooled by running water but is hardly performed for a pipe which cannot hold running water inside. Moreover, the IHSI process performs high frequency induction heating to produce a temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the pipe. However, in the case of heating by the high frequency induction coil, the depth and range to which heat is transmitted depend on the material (dielectric constant) of the tube body, and the heated range is difficult to limit. Moreover, equipment for the IHSI is large and consumes a large amount of energy. Furthermore, it is difficult to provide a constant temperature gradient in the thickness direction, in the case of a dissimilar metal joint or the like, in which the pipe is composed of members having different dielectric constants.
In the aforementioned method in which the front surface of a pipe such as a stainless steel pipe is heated to the solution temperature or is melted by laser irradiation in order to reduce the residual stress in a rear surface, the pipe could be heated insufficiently or excessively. In the case of insufficient heating, the residual stress cannot be sufficiently improved, and the SCC cannot be reliably prevented. In the case of excessive heating, an area around the heated part is exposed to a sensitization temperature, adversely affecting the material itself. In such a case, oxidation scale is formed in the heated surface and needs to be removed. This may increase radiation exposure in the case of performance in a nuclear power plant. Especially in the case of welding pipes to each other, laser irradiation is performed in a linear form for the outer surface of the welded part with circumferential movement to reduce the residual stress. However, at start and end angles of laser irradiation, areas heated by the laser irradiation overlap on each other to excessively heat the pipe, and the pipe is thus exposed to the sensitization temperature, adversely affecting the material itself.
For example, when the start and end angles of laser irradiation are set to 0 and 360° as circumferential positions, respectively, and when the intensity of laser irradiation is constant (herein, the intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at a predetermined rotational speed is set to 1.0), as shown in
The present invention has been made in the light of the aforementioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide tube body residual stress improving method and system capable of reliably improving residual stress without excessively heating the tube body.
A tube-body residual stress improving method described in a first invention to solve the aforementioned problems is a tube-body residual stress improving method of locally irradiating an outer surface of a welded part with a laser beam while rotating an area irradiated with the laser beam at a predetermined rotational speed around an outer circumference of the tube body in order to heat the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part, the tube-body residual stress improving method comprising: an output increasing step of gradually increasing an intensity of the laser beam to a steady intensity from any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from an irradiation start angle to a first predetermined angle on the tube body, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; a steady output step of keeping the intensity of the laser beam at the steady intensity during rotation from the first predetermined angle to a second predetermined angle short of an irradiation end angle which is the same as the irradiation start angle; an output decreasing step of gradually decreasing the intensity of the laser beam from the steady intensity to any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from the second predetermined angle to the irradiation end angle; and an output stop step of causing the intensity of the laser beam to reach 0 at the irradiation end angle, wherein all of the steps are performed at one turn of rotation.
A tube-body residual stress improving method described in a second invention to solve the aforementioned problems is a tube-body residual stress improving method of locally irradiating an outer surface of a welded part with a laser beam while rotating an area irradiated with the laser beam at a predetermined rotational speed around an outer circumference of the tube body in order to heat the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part, the tube-body residual stress improving method comprising: an output increasing step of gradually increasing an intensity of the laser beam to a steady intensity from any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from an irradiation start angle to a first predetermined angle on the tube body, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; a steady output step of keeping the intensity of the laser beam at the steady intensity during rotation from the first predetermined angle to an irradiation end angle which is the same as the irradiation start angle; and an output stop step of causing the intensity of the laser beam to reach 0 at the irradiation end angle, wherein all of the steps are performed at one turn of rotation.
A tube-body residual stress improving method described in a third invention to solve the aforementioned problems is a tube-body residual stress improving method of locally irradiating an outer surface of a welded part with a laser beam while rotating an area irradiated with the laser beam at a predetermined rotational speed around an outer circumference of the tube body in order to heat the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part, the tube-body residual stress improving method comprising: a steady output step of setting an intensity of the laser beam to a steady intensity at an irradiation start angle on the tube body and keeping the intensity of the laser beam at the steady intensity during rotation from the irradiation start angle to a second predetermined angle short of an irradiation end angle which is the same as the irradiation start angle, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; an output decreasing step of gradually decreasing the intensity of the laser beam from the steady intensity to any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from the second predetermined angle to the irradiation end angle; and an output stop step of causing the intensity of the laser beam to reach 0 at the irradiation end angle, wherein all of the steps are performed at one turn of rotation.
A tube-body residual stress improving method described in a fourth invention to solve the aforementioned problems is a tube-body residual stress improving method of locally irradiating an outer surface of a welded part with a laser beam while rotating an area irradiated with the laser beam at a predetermined rotational speed around an outer circumference of the tube body in order to heat the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part, the tube-body residual stress improving method comprising: an output increasing step of gradually increasing an intensity of the laser beam from 0 to a steady intensity during rotation from an irradiation start angle to a first predetermined angle on the tube body, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; a steady output step of keeping the intensity of the laser beam at the steady intensity during rotation from the first predetermined angle to a second predetermined angle which is short of the start angle; and an output decreasing step of gradually decreasing the intensity of the laser beam from the steady intensity to 0 during rotation from the second predetermined angle to an irradiation end angle which is beyond the start angle, wherein all of the steps are performed at more than one and less than two turns, while angular ranges, of the tube body, respectively of the output increasing step and the output decreasing step partially overlap each other, and also a sum of the intensities of the laser beam of the intensity increasing and decreasing steps is set to a ratio of 0.8 to 0.9 to the steady intensity in the overlapped angular range.
A tube-body residual stress improving method described in a fifth invention to solve the aforementioned problems is the tube-body residual stress improving method according to any one of first to fourth inventions, wherein the cycle of all the steps is performed twice or more, and the heated tube body is cooled down to ambient temperature after each cycle, and the irradiation start and end angles on the tube body are shifted for each cycle.
A tube-body residual stress improving method described in a sixth invention to solve the aforementioned problems is the tube-body residual stress improving method according to the fifth invention, wherein a temperature sensor measuring the temperature of the tube body is provided only at an angular position of an edge of an angular range which is subjected to the steady output step in every cycle, and the maximum temperature of the tube body is monitored by using the temperature sensor at each cycle.
A tube-body residual stress improving system described in a seventh invention to solve the aforementioned problems comprises: rotary moving means capable of rotationally moving around an outer circumference of a cylindrical tube body at a predetermined rotational speed; laser beam irradiating means which is supported by the rotary moving means and which locally irradiates a laser beam onto an outer circumferential surface of a welded part of the tube body; and control means which controls an intensity of the laser beam from the laser beam irradiating means and which also controls circumferential angular position and the rotational speed of the laser beam irradiating means rotated by the rotary moving means, wherein the control means includes: an output increasing step of gradually increasing an intensity of the laser beam to a steady intensity from any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from an irradiation start angle to a first predetermined angle on the tube body, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; a steady output step of setting the intensity of the laser beam to the steady intensity during rotation from the first predetermined angle to a second predetermined angle short of an irradiation end angle which is the same as the irradiation start angle; an output decreasing step of gradually decreasing the intensity of the laser beam from the steady intensity to any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from the second predetermined angle to the irradiation end angle; and an output stop step of causing the intensity of the laser beam to reach 0 at the irradiation end angle, and the control means performs all of the steps at one turn to rotate an area irradiated with the laser beam on the outer circumference of the tube body, thereby heating the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part.
A tube-body residual stress improving system described in an eighth invention to solve the aforementioned problems comprises: rotary moving means capable of rotationally moving around an outer circumference of a cylindrical tube body at a predetermined rotational speed; laser beam irradiating means which is supported by the rotary moving means and which locally irradiates a laser beam onto an outer circumferential surface of a welded part of the tube body; and control means which controls an intensity of the laser beam from the laser beam irradiating means and which also controls circumferential angular position and the rotational speed of the laser beam irradiating means rotated by the rotary moving means, wherein the control means includes: an output increasing step of gradually increasing an intensity of the laser beam to a steady intensity from any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from an irradiation start angle to a first predetermined angle on the tube body, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; a steady output step of keeping the intensity of the laser beam at the steady intensity during rotation from the first predetermined angle to an irradiation end angle which is the same as the irradiation start angle; and an output stop step of causing the intensity of the laser beam to reach 0 at the irradiation end angle, and the control means performs all of the steps at one turn to rotate an area irradiated with the laser beam on the outer circumference of the tube body, thereby heating the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part.
A tube-body residual stress improving system described in a ninth invention to solve the aforementioned problems comprises: rotary moving means capable of rotationally moving around an outer circumference of a cylindrical tube body at a predetermined rotational speed; laser beam irradiating means which is supported by the rotary moving means and which locally irradiates a laser beam onto an outer circumferential surface of a welded part of the tube body; and control means which controls an intensity of the laser beam from the laser beam irradiating means and which also controls circumferential angular position and the rotational speed of the laser beam irradiating means rotated by the rotary moving means, wherein the control means includes: a steady output step of setting an intensity of the laser beam to a steady intensity at an irradiation start angle on the tube body and keeping the intensity of the laser beam at the steady intensity during rotation from the irradiation start angle to a second predetermined angle short of an irradiation end angle which is the same as the irradiation start angle, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; an output decreasing step of gradually decreasing the intensity of the laser beam from the steady intensity to any one of 0 and an intensity smaller than the steady intensity during rotation from the second predetermined angle to the irradiation end angle; and an output stop step of causing the intensity of the laser beam to reach 0 at the irradiation end angle, and the control means performs all of the steps at one turn to rotate an area irradiated with the laser beam on the outer circumference of the tube body, thereby heating the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part.
A tube-body residual stress improving system described in a tenth invention to solve the aforementioned problems comprises: rotary moving means capable of rotationally moving around an outer circumference of a cylindrical tube body at a predetermined rotational speed; laser beam irradiating means which is supported by the rotary moving means and which locally irradiates a laser beam onto an outer circumferential surface of a welded part of the tube body; and control means which controls an intensity of the laser beam from the laser beam irradiating means and which also controls circumferential angular position and the rotational speed of the laser beam irradiating means rotated by the rotary moving means, wherein the control means includes: an output increasing step of gradually increasing an intensity of the laser beam from 0 to a steady intensity during rotation from an irradiation start angle to a first predetermined angle on the tube body, the steady intensity allowing a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed; a steady output step of keeping the intensity of the laser beam at the steady intensity during rotation from the first predetermined angle to a second predetermined angle which is short of the irradiation start angle; and an output decreasing step of gradually decreasing the intensity of the laser beam from the steady intensity to 0 during rotation from the second predetermined angle to an irradiation end angle which is beyond the start angle, and the control means performs all of the steps at more than one and less than two turns to rotate an area irradiated with the laser beam on the outer circumference of the tube body, thereby heating the entire circumference of the welded part for an improvement of residual stress around the entire circumference of the welded part, while angular ranges, of the tube body, respectively of the output increasing step and the output decreasing step overlap each other, and also a sum of the intensities of the laser beam of the intensity increasing and decreasing steps is set to a ratio of 0.8 to 0.9 to the steady intensity in the overlapped angular range.
A tube body residual stress improving system described in an eleventh invention to solve the aforementioned problems is the tube-body residual stress improving system according to any one of the seventh to tenth inventions, wherein the control means performs the cycle of all of the steps twice or more and cools the heated tube body down to ambient temperature after each cycle while changing the start and end angles of irradiation to the tube body for each cycle.
A tube body residual stress improving system described in a twelfth invention to solve the aforementioned problems is a tube-body residual stress improving system according to the eleventh invention, wherein a temperature sensor measuring the temperature of the tube body is provided at an angular position at an edge of an angular range which is subjected to the steady output step in every cycle, and the control means monitors the maximum temperature of the tube body by using the temperature sensor at each cycle.
According to the present invention, the intensity of laser irradiation is properly increased or decreased at the start and end angles of the laser irradiation at one turn of rotation. Accordingly, the tube body can be prevented from being excessively heated, and laser heating can reliably improve the residual stress (tensile stress) in the inner surface of the tube body due to welding. Moreover, the intensity of laser irradiation is properly increased and decreased at the start and end angles of laser irradiation at a plurality of cycles with the start and end angles being shifted for each cycle. It is therefore possible to obtain the uniform maximum temperature around the entire circumference of the tube body. Accordingly, SCC occurring in pipes laid at a nuclear plant and the like can be reliably prevented.
Furthermore, the temperature sensors are provided at only angular positions of the tube body which are subjected at every cycle to the steady output step of irradiating a laser beam with the steady intensity, which allows a desired heated temperature to be achieved at the predetermined rotational speed. Accordingly, overheating can be reliably monitored with a small number of temperature sensors.
A description is given of tube body residual stress improving method and system according to the present invention in detail using
As shown in
The optical head 5, optical fiber 6, and laser oscillator 7 constitute laser beam irradiating means and form a heating optical system serving as a linear heat source of a laser beam. In the laser beam irradiating means, an irradiated area can be moved in the axial direction of the pipe 2 by moving, in the axial direction L, the position of the optical head 5 along the support section 4. By rotating the optical head 5 together with the support section 4 in a circumferential direction R of the pipe 2, the laser beam from the optical head 5 is rotated and irradiated around the outer circumferential surface of the welded part of the pipe 2 so that a predetermined area of the outer surface of the pipe 2 is equally heated in the circumferential direction. In the optical head 5, the position of the optical head 5 itself or positions of a lens, a mirror, and the like constituting the optical head 5 are shifted to adjust circumferential and axial irradiation widths for adjusting the heated area. Depending on the size of the irradiated area, a plurality of optical heads may be provided for the support section 4.
The support section 4 and rotary moving device constitute rotary moving means. The specific constitution of the rotary moving means may be any constitution which allows, for example, the support section 4 to be rotated with its inner circumferential surface holding the pipe 2 and its outer circumferential surface supporting the support section 4.
To improve residual stress, in the residual stress improving system 1 according to the present invention, the optical head 5 is adjusted for adjusting the heated area in advance. The rotary moving device is rotated while the controller 8 controls the output power of the laser oscillator 7 and moving speed of the rotary moving device at a predetermined moving speed. The laser beam emitted from the optical head 5 is thus rotated along the outer circumference of the pipe 2 while being irradiated onto a predetermined area of the outer circumferential surface of the pipe 2. The predetermined area of the outer circumferential surface of the pipe 2 is thus heated. At this time, using with the difference in temperature between the inner and outer surfaces of the pipe 2 which is produced during heating, the inner surface is caused to tensile yield, thus reducing the residual stress or improving the residual stress into compressive stress in the inner surface after cooling. Preferably, the heated temperature is less than the solid solution temperature. In the case of the present invention, the inner surface of the pipe 2 does not need to be forcibly cooled.
With reference to
When the inner and outer surfaces of the predetermined area are cooled after heating, the temperature between the outer and inner surfaces becomes constant (see (3)). At this time, the outer surface is in a tensile stress state, and the inner surface is in a compressive stress state, thus allowing an improvement in residual stress of the inner surface from tensile stress to compressive stress (see (4)). In such a manner, by producing stress (strain) equal to or more than yield stress through heating by laser irradiation, the residual stress produced in the inner surface of the tube body is improved from the tensile state to the compressive state, thus preventing stress corrosion cracking in the inner surface of the tube body. Accordingly, in the case of heating the outer circumferential surface of the pipe 2 using the residual stress improving system 1 according to the present invention, it is only necessary to set laser irradiation conditions so that stress generated during heating produces strain not less than that corresponding to the yield stress.
However, the laser irradiation cannot take any form even if the laser irradiation satisfies the aforementioned conditions. When the pipe 2 is excessively heated, there is an area exposed to the sensitization temperature around the heated area, which adversely affects the material itself. In the case of welding pipes to each other, especially when the outer surface of the welded part is irradiated with laser irradiation in a linear form by rotation of the laser beam in the circumferential direction, areas heated by the laser irradiation overlap each other at the start and end angles of the laser irradiation to excessively heat the pipes, and the pipes are therefore exposed to the sensitization temperature. The material of the pipe itself could be therefore adversely affected.
In the present invention, therefore, the intensity of laser irradiation (the output power of the laser oscillator 7) is controlled at the start and end angles of laser irradiation to prevent overheating of the heated areas at the start and end angles of laser irradiation so that the heated temperature of the outer surface of the pipe 2 is uniform in the circumferential direction.
Specifically, as shown in
In this embodiment, the intensity ratios at the start and end angles θs and θe are set to 0.5. However, if the tube body is not excessively heated, or if the intensity is smaller than the steady intensity, the intensity ratios may be set as follows, for example. The intensity ratios at the start and end angles θs and θe are set to 0; and the intensity of the laser beam is increased from an intensity ratio of 0 to 1.0 and then decreased from an intensity ratio of 1.0 to 0.
In the present invention, this embodiment and other later-described embodiments are described with the steady intensity being defined as an intensity of a laser beam which increases the temperature of the outer surface of the pipe 2 to a predetermined temperature (for example, about 600° C.) at a predetermined constant rotational speed. Changes in intensity of a laser beam are shown with the steady intensity being set to an intensity ratio of 1.0. For example, in
As described above, in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs and θe of laser irradiation, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually increased and then gradually decreased. The temperature at the start and end angles θs and θe can be therefore substantially equal to the temperature of an area irradiated with laser irradiation with the steady intensity, and the heated temperature of the pipe 2 can be substantially uniform around the entire circumference, as shown in
The first and second predetermined angles θs and θe and changes in intensity of the laser beam are properly set depending on the shape, size, and material of the pipe 2, rotational speed of laser irradiation, and the like.
This embodiment is described based on the residual stress improving system 1 shown in Embodiment 1. Description of the constitution of the residual stress improving system 1 itself is therefore omitted. Embodiments 3 to 5 shown below are described based on the residual stress improving system 1 shown in Embodiment 1, as well, and therefore description of the constitution of the residual stress improving system 1 itself is omitted.
As shown in
In this embodiment, the intensity ratio is 0 at the start angle θs. However, if the tube body is not excessively heated, or if the intensity is smaller than the steady intensity, the start angle θs may be set, for example, at an intensity ratio of 0.5, and the intensity of the laser beam may be increased from the intensity ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 as in the case shown in Embodiment 1.
As described above, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually increased in the vicinity of the start angle θs of laser irradiation and then decreased to reach 0 at the end angle θe. The temperature near the start and end angles θs and θe can be therefore substantially equal to that of an area irradiated with laser irradiation with the steady intensity, and the heated temperature of the pipe 2 can be thus substantially uniform around the entire circumference. Accordingly, even if there is an area irradiated with the laser beam more than once in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs and θe of laser irradiation, it is possible to prevent occurrence of an overheated area and to improve the residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself.
As shown in
In this embodiment, the intensity ratio is 0 at the end angle θe. However, if the tube body is not excessively heated, or if the intensity is smaller than the steady intensity, the intensity of the laser beam may be decreased, for example, from an intensity ratio of 1.0 to reach 0.5 at the end angle θe and then decreased to 0, as the case shown in Embodiment 1.
As described above, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually decreased in the vicinity of the end angle θe of laser irradiation, so that the temperature around the start and end angles θs and θe can be substantially equal to that of an area irradiated with laser irradiation with the steady intensity. The heated temperature of the pipe 2 can be thus substantially uniform around the entire circumference. Accordingly, even if there is an area irradiated with the laser beam more than once in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs and θe of laser irradiation, it is possible to prevent formation of an overheated area and to improve the residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself.
As shown in
By the aforementioned output increasing step→the steady output step→the output decreasing step, the angular range of the output increasing step (from the start angle θs to first predetermined angle θ1) and the angular range of the output decreasing step (from the second predetermined angle θ2 to the end angle θe) partially overlap each other. Unlike Embodiments 1 to 3, there is a range irradiated with laser irradiation more than once during rotation from the start angle θs to the end angle θe. These all steps (a cycle of steps) are performed in more than one and less than two turns of rotation for laser irradiation to the tube body 2. In the angular range irradiated with laser irradiation more than once (between the start and end angles θs and θe), the intensity of the laser beam is controlled so that the sum of intensity values of the laser beam in the intensity increasing step and that in the intensity decreasing step has an intensity ratio of 0.8 to 0.9 with respect to an intensity ratio of 1.0 as the steady intensity. This is performed in order that the heated temperature by limited intensity (between the start and end angles θs and θe) is not excessively higher or lower than the heated temperature by the steady intensity (from the first predetermined angle θ1 to the second predetermined angle θ2).
As described above, by providing the angular range irradiated with laser irradiation more than once and by properly limiting laser irradiation intensity in that angular range, the temperature in such an angular range is set substantially equal to the temperature of the area irradiated with laser irradiation with the steady intensity. The heated temperature of the pipe 2 can be therefore substantially uniform around the entire circumference. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent formation of an overheated area in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs and θe of laser irradiation and to improve the residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself. Moreover, by providing the range irradiated with laser irradiation more than once in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs and θe of laser irradiation, the pipe 2 can be heated to have the uniform maximum temperature around the entire circumference, and therefore the residual stress is equally improved around the entire circumference.
In the above Embodiments 1 to 4, the residual stress of the pipe 2 is improved by laser irradiation of one or less than two turns. However, unless the pipe is excessively heated, the number of turns is not necessarily limited to one, and the residual stress of the pipe 2 may be improved by laser irradiation of a plurality of turns (not less than two). Herein, a description is given of a specific example to which the residual stress improving method shown in Embodiment 1 is applied. However the residual stress improving methods shown in Embodiments 2 to 4 can be also applied.
As shown in
Specifically, in a first run, start and end angles θs1 and θe1 of laser irradiation are equally set to 135°. First, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually increased from an intensity ratio of 0 to 1.0 as the steady intensity during rotation from the start angle θs1=135° to a first predetermined angle θ11 (an output increasing step). Next, during rotation from the first predetermined angle θ11 to a second predetermined angle θ21, which is short of the end angle θe1, the intensity of the laser beam keeps an intensity ratio of 1.0 (a steady output step). Next, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually decreased from an intensity ratio of 1.0 to 0 during rotation from the second predetermined angle θ21 to the end angle θe1 (an output decreasing step) and is caused to reach 0 at the end angle θe2=135° (an output stop step).
In a second run after the heated pipe 2 is cooled down to ambient temperature, start and end angles θs2 and θe2 of laser irradiation are equally set to 315°, which are 180° apart from the start and end angles θs1 and θe1 of the first run, respectively. First, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually increased from an intensity ratio of 0 to 1.0 as the steady intensity during rotation from the start angle θs2=315° to a first predetermined angle θ12 (an output increasing step). Next, during rotation from the first predetermined angle θ12 to a second predetermined angle θ22, which is short of an end angle θe2, the intensity of the laser beam keeps an intensity ratio of 1.0 (a steady output step). Next, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually decreased from an intensity ratio of 1.0 to 0 during rotation from the second predetermined angle θ22 to the end angle θe2 (an output decreasing step) and is caused to reach 0 at the end angle θe2=315° (an output stop step).
In other words, a cycle of the output increasing step→the steady output step→the output degreasing step→the output stop step is performed twice (two turns of rotation), and the heated tube body 2 is cooled down to ambient temperature after each cycle. Furthermore, the start and end angles are shifted for each cycle.
As described above, by gradually increasing and decreasing the intensity of laser beam in the vicinities of the start and end angles θs and θe of laser irradiation of each turn, the temperature at the start and end angles θs and θe can be substantially equal to the temperature of an area irradiated with laser irradiation with steady intensity. The heated temperature of the pipe 2 can be thus substantially uniform around the entire circumference. It is therefore possible to prevent formation of an overheated area in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs and θe of laser irradiation and to improve the residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself.
Furthermore, in the above Embodiments 1 to 4 or in the only first run of this embodiment, it is sometimes difficult to achieve the uniform maximum heated temperature around the entire circumference of the pipe 2 depending on the conditions of laser irradiation and the state of the pipe 2 as a laser irradiation object. However, in this embodiment, by shifting the start and end angles of the first run and those of the second run by 180° each other, the area in the vicinity of the start and end angles of the first run is irradiated with laser irradiation with steady intensity at the second run. It is therefore possible to achieve the uniform maximum temperature in the temperature history around the entire circumference of the pipe 2 and to uniformly improve the residual stress around the circumference of the pipe 2. Moreover, the temperature of the pipe 2 is cooled down to ambient temperature after the first run, and then the second run is performed. This prevents formation of an overheated area and can therefore improve the residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself.
The number of turns of laser irradiation is not limited two and may be, for example, a plural number such as three or four. For example, in the case of three turns, the start and end angles are shifted by 120° at each of the first to third runs. In the case of four turns, the start and end angles are shifted by 90° at each of first to fourth runs. These cases can provide an effect similar to the above, and the pipe 2 can be heated to have the uniform maximum temperature around the entire circumference of the pipe 2 and uniformly improves residual stress around the entire circumference of the pipe 2. Moreover, the pipe 2 is cooled down to ambient temperature after each turn, and then the next turn is performed. This prevents formation of an overheated area and improves the residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself.
To confirm the effect of this embodiment,
As shown in
Such laser irradiation with the start and end angles shifted by 180° at the second run allows heating to the uniform maximum temperature around the entire circumference. In other words, even if there is an area which maximum temperature is low in the first run, laser irradiation of the second run can increase the maximum temperature of such an area to a temperature equal to the maximum temperature by laser irradiation with the steady intensity. As shown in
In this embodiment, the intensity of the laser beam is set to 0 at the start angle θs1=the end angle θe1 and at the start angle θs2=the end angle θe2. However, with reference to measurement results of the maximum temperature of
Moreover, in this embodiment, even when predetermined laser irradiation is not completed because of any trouble during the laser irradiation, the residual stress can be improved without any problem by checking the history of irradiation (for example, the start and end angles and intensity of the laser beam) and performing the aforementioned laser irradiation at the next turn starting from an angle different from the start and end angles of the laser irradiation of the previous turn.
In this embodiment, as shown in
Specifically, at the first run, a start angle θs1 of laser irradiation is 340°, and an end angle θe1 thereof is 20° which is beyond the start angle θs1 after one turn of rotation. First, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually increased from an intensity ratio of 0 to an intensity ratio of 1.0 as the steady intensity during rotation from the start angle θs1 to a first predetermined angle θ11 (an output increasing step). Next, the intensity of the laser beam keeps the intensity ratio 1.0 during rotation from the first predetermined angle θ11 to a second predetermined angle θ21, which is short of the start angle θs1 (a steady output step). Next, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually decreased from an intensity ratio of 1.0 to 0 during rotation from the second predetermined angle θ21 to the end angle θe1 (an output decreasing step) and is caused to reach an intensity ratio of 0 at the end angle θe2=20° (an output stop step). Herein, in laser irradiation to the pipe 2, by the output increasing step→the steady output step→the output decreasing step→the output stop step, the angular range of the output increasing step (the start angle θe2 to the first predetermined angle θ11) and the angular range of the output decreasing step (the second predetermined angle θ21 to the end angle θe1) partially overlap each other.
At the second run after the heated pipe 2 is cooled down to ambient temperature, a start angle θs2 of the laser irradiation is set to 160°, and an end angle θe2 is set to 200°, which is beyond the start angle θs2 after one turn of rotation. In other words, the start and end angles θs2 and θe2 are 180° shifted from the start and end angles θs1 and θe1, respectively. First, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually increased from an intensity ratio of 0 to an intensity ratio of 1.0 as the steady intensity during rotation from the start angle θs2=160° to the first predetermined angle θ12 (an output increasing step). Next, the intensity of the laser beam keeps the intensity ratio 1.0 during rotation from the first predetermined angle θ12 to a second predetermined angle θ22, which is short of the start angle θs2 (a steady output step). Next, the intensity of the laser beam is gradually decreased from an intensity ratio of 1.0 to 0 during rotation from the second predetermined angle θ22 to the end angle θe2 (an output decreasing step) and is caused to reach an intensity ratio of 0 at the end angle θe2=200° (an output stop step). In this laser irradiation to the pipe 2, as well, by the output increasing step→the steady output step→the output decreasing step→the output stop step, the angular range of the output increasing step (the start angle θs2 to the first predetermined angle θ12) and the angular range of output decreasing step (the second predetermined angle θ22 to the end angle θe2) partially overlap each other.
In other words, a cycle composed of the output increasing step→the steady output step→the output decreasing step→the output stop step is performed twice (not less than two turns of rotation), and the heated pipe 2 is cooled down to ambient temperature after each cycle. Furthermore, the start and end angles are shifted at each cycle, and in addition, ranges irradiated with laser irradiation more than once are provided in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs1 and θe1 of laser irradiation of the first run (between the start angle θs1 and the end angle θe1) and in the vicinity of the start and end angles θs2 and θe2 of laser irradiation of the second run (between the start angle θs2 and the end angle θe2).
In the angular range irradiated with laser irradiation more than once (from the start angle θs2 to the first predetermined angle θ12, from the second predetermined angle θ22 to the end angle θe2), the intensity of the laser beam is controlled so that the sum of intensity values of the laser beam in the intensity increasing step and the intensity decreasing step has an intensity ratio of 0.8 to 0.9 with respect to an intensity ratio of 1.0 as the steady intensity. This is carried out so that the heated temperature with the limited intensity (between the start angle θs2 and the first predetermined angle θ12, between the second predetermined angle θ22 and the end angle θe2) is not excessively higher or lower than that with the steady intensity (between the first predetermined angle θ11 and the second predetermined angle θ21, between the first predetermined angle θ12 and the second predetermined angle θ22).
As described above, by providing the angular ranges irradiated with laser irradiation more than once and by limiting the intensity of the laser irradiation in such angular ranges, the temperature in those angular ranges can be substantially equal to or not more than the temperature of an area irradiated with laser irradiation with the steady intensity. It is therefore possible to prevent formation of an overheated area in the vicinity of the start angles (θs1, θs2) and end angles (θe1, θe2) of laser irradiation and therefore to improve the residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself. Moreover, by providing the angular ranges irradiated with laser irradiation more than once and by properly limiting the intensity of the laser irradiation in the vicinity of the start angles (θs1, θs2) and end angles (θe1, θe2) of laser irradiation, the pipe 2 can be heated to the uniform maximum temperature around the entire circumference. It is therefore possible to provide an equal improvement in residual stress around the circumference of the pipe 2.
In this embodiment, the start and end angles of the first and second runs are set 180° apart from each other. The area in the vicinity of the start and end angles of the first run is irradiated with laser irradiation with the steady intensity at the second run. Accordingly, the maximum temperature can be uniform around the entire circumference of the pipe 2 in the temperature history, thus making it possible to provide an equal improvement in residual stress around the entire circumference of the pipe 2. Moreover, the temperature of the pipe 2 is cooled down to room temperature in the first run, and then the second run is performed. This can prevent formation of an overheated area, thus improving residual stress without adversely affecting the material itself.
In this embodiment, as in the case of Embodiment 5, the number of cycles of laser irradiation is not necessarily limited to two and may be a plural number such as three or four, for example. Such cases can also provide the same effect as described above.
To confirm the effect of this embodiment,
As shown in
Such laser irradiation with the start and end angles shifted by 180° at the second run allows heating to the uniform maximum temperature around the entire circumference. Specifically, even if there is an area which maximum temperature is low in the first run, laser irradiation of the second run can increase the maximum temperature of the area to a temperature equal to the maximum temperature by laser irradiation with the steady intensity. As shown in
This embodiment is an application of the residual stress improving method shown in Embodiment 4 based on the residual stress improving system 1 shown in Embodiment 1. This embodiment is described with reference to
In this embodiment, the temperature sensor 9 shown in
Specifically, as shown in
The tube-body residual stress improving method and system according to the present invention are suitable for improving stress remaining after welding of large pipes and the like in, for example, nuclear power plants, large plants and the like.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-103755 | Apr 2006 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2007/056904 | 3/29/2007 | WO | 00 | 2/13/2009 |
