The present invention pertains to recognition systems and particularly to biometric recognition systems; in particular the invention pertains to iris recognition systems.
Related applications may include U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/979,129, filed Nov. 3, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,124, filed Sep. 5, 2003; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,373, filed May 9, 2006, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/778,770, filed Mar. 3, 2006, is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/275,703, filed Jan. 25, 2006, is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/647,270, filed Jan. 26, 2005, is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/043,366, filed Jan. 26, 2005, is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/372,854, filed Mar. 10, 2006, is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/672,108, filed Feb. 7, 2007, is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/675,424, filed Feb. 15, 2007 is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/681,614, filed Mar. 2, 2007 is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/681,662, filed Mar. 2, 2007 is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention is an indexing system to expedite the process of matching a subject to millions (more or less) of templates within a database.
a is a diagram of an overall iris recognition system with database indexing.
b illustrates the progressive matching process;
The present system may relate to biometrics, iris recognition systems, image quality metrics, authentication, access control, monitoring, database retrieval, database query, fast database indexing, fast progressive identification, and security and surveillance systems.
The overall eye detection system is shown in
According to related practices, an information content based retrieval approach while clustering analysis may be conducted on bit codes and not on raw iris images. Further retrieval of an iris template from the database when a query iris is given by processing the raw iris image may be a time consuming task. In this invention, one may present a rapid approach to analyze progressively the bit codes to match against a very large datasets. Furthermore, the iris code may be additionally compressed to fewer bits than previously done before extracting the feature vector for indexing. One may selectively use discriminating information in the iris code as a query to compute the feature vectors for the indexing and querying. This may be regarded as a multi-level of clustering to yield a progressive matching using at least three methods of grouping of bits into subclasses using phase, radial, and angular information and then conducting the matching on only limited subclasses of bits and or using a compact bit format to compute a more compact feature vectors of the barcodes.
The present invention may be an approach and system to classify a given query iris into one of the pre-defined classes. Irises may be retrieved from a large collection of databases using partial information of the iris barcode as a probe and then find the similarity measure for all the features of the iris codes in the database. The information may then be augmented progressively to limited numbers of potential probes of barcode templates in the database. Partial features may be extracted using phase, angular or radial clustering. The resulting bits may be used then for matching or additional cumulative bit analysis on a very compressed version of the resulting iris code bits can be deployed instead. The terms probe and query may be used interchangeably herein.
The bit clustering may involve grouping or classifying of a barcode bits into subsets based upon the phase information, angular location or radial range. This classification of bits into subsets (i.e. subclasses) allows a progressive query and matching starting from fewer bits against all probes in the database (i.e., starting with a single or few classes of bits) and iteratively may include additional classes of bits that would limit the matching process to fewer template queries. When grouping the bits using present clustering methods, it is expected that the number of probes used for matching is inversely dependent on the number of bits being deployed in the matching process. At each step of the progressive matching, only potential matches are kept for next steps of analysis. Hence, the more one progresses in the query by deploying additional bits, the more one eliminates non-potential matchers, leading to fewer templates to match against in next rounds. In other words, the more bits deployed, the less number of templates being used to match against. This may be the main benefit of the present indexing method that is to allow matching the barcode probe against only few of the template queries. In the following, one may present an example to illustrate the progressive matching that reduces the required computational burden of matching large databases.
Assume that one has 10,000 templates of enrolled barcodes as queries within the database. Each template may have 240 bytes of information in bits. If one conducts a one-to-many matching process, this may require 2.4 mega bytes of bit matches. In the present invention, each barcode may be classified based upon the phase, angular, and radial information. One may assume to have a 2 bit representation of each pixel. Thus, one may cluster the bits of the barcode into two subgroups using the phase clustering. One may cluster further the bits into 5 classes based upon the angular segments, and in addition may cluster the bits into 3 groups of radial ranges. This will result into 3×5×2=30 subclasses of the databases. And each barcode may be subdivided into 30 subsets of bits; each of subset has only 8 bytes. Thus, the configuration of the database in
The choice of how one executes bits' grouping into separate subclasses is very crucial to the success of this indexing mechanism. Three methods of bit clustering (phase, angular, and radial) may be used to group the bits into different subclasses. At each clustering stage, one might group bits based upon the types of information and how it pertains to the iris texture representation. For instance, during the progressive matching, one may have to start with the key discriminant bit subclasses at early stage using classes with bits presenting the most significant iris texture information, and end at the least significant classes for last rounds.
The most significant classes are those bits associated with key features of the iris textures. In particular, at the radial axis, one has affirmed that most information of the iris textures is likely to be at the vicinity of the inner border of the iris. At the angular axis, one may realize that the bits representing the pixels of the sclera/iris segment are more reliable than the bits representing the eyelid/iris segments due to high noise-to-signal ratio at the eyelid angular ranges.
An unsupervised iris classification approach may automatically cluster iris codes into a set of prototype classes where the number of desired categories is merely specified a priori. The present iris classification may be based on the most discriminating information content present in an iris pattern and deal with classifying all bits in an iris barcode into one of several classes or themes. To retrieve irises from a large collection of databases, a selective subsection of iris code may be used as a query and one may compute a compact form of the this selective subsection of iris code represented by two feature vectors for the query iris.
Organization of feature data to group the bits of an iris code may be completed in a hierarchical form to compare one subset of bits at a time starting at the extracted feature elements that are closest to the inner iris boundary (row cumulative analysis). If the cumulative feature vector is conducted on the columns, the features that correspond to the middle sclera may be treated first. A simple tree classifier using hamming distance or any other information measure may be utilized as a measure to find similarity for all the features of the irises in the database. The feature vector may be computed using a four stage clustering process to compress the iris barcode to tens of feature elements (i.e., fewer bits of information) used in the class bits.
The present system and approach may provide a fast search and indexing of irises based on four stage selective clustering procedure as shown in
The present multiple-stage clustering approach and system may begin with a phase clustering stage 11 where the initial size of a code 21 and mask 22 may be 2×Nr×Nθ. The phase clustering 11 may reduce the size of code 21 and mask 22 down to a size of Nr×Nθ, as shown by code 23 and mask 24. A corrupt bits index may be indicated by nk. The stage, radial clustering 12, may reduce code 23 and mask 24 to a size of code 25 and mask 26, which is nk×Nθ. Code 25 may be sclera based. An angular clustering stage 13 may reduce code 25 and mask 26 down to a size of nk×Nθ×Δθs/π, as shown by code 27 and mask 28. In turn, a bit clustering stage 14 may reduce the code 27 and mask 28 size down to a code 29 and mask 30 having a size equal 12nk (if summation of bits is conducted on the horizontal axis) or 12Nθ×Δθs/π if summation is done on the vertical axis.
The sclera portions 41 and 42 of the iris are indicated by boundaries 43 and 44 having sector angles Δθ{tilde over (s)} and Δθs, respectively. The code 45 may have a dimension 2N×Nθ. It may be noted that,
Δθ{tilde over (s)}=[θ−→θ+]+φh,
Δθ{tilde over (s)}=Δθs+π,
θ+=[π/4→3π/8], and
θ−=θ+,
where φh is the expected head orientation. The decomposition of the iris code 45 based on the boundary 43 and 44 limits may lead to a sclera based code 46 and a lid based code 47. The lid portions may have masking 48 and 49 for the sclera based code 46. The sclera portions may have masking 51 and 52 for the lid based code 47. The dimension of the sclera based code may be
2Nr×Nθ×Δθs/π.
The dimension of the lid based code may be
2Nr×Nθ×(π−Δθs)/π.
One may have {tilde over (F)}={right arrow over (F)}+Δ{right arrow over (F)}. {tilde over (F)}, the resultant 24Nθ bit feature vector 58, is shown in the Figure. The present approach may expedite the process by at least the number of shifts times over the related art techniques given that summation over the angular range does not require shifting for actual matching. Summing over the radial may still dictate the use of shifting of these feature vectors to account for head orientation changes.
In the present specification, some of the matter may be of a hypothetical or prophetic nature although stated in another manner or tense.
Although the invention has been described with respect to at least one illustrative example, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the present specification. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/778,770, filed Mar. 3, 2006. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/275,703, filed Jan. 25, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/647,270, filed Jan. 26, 2005. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/043,366, filed Jan. 26, 2005. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/372,854, filed Mar. 10, 2006; This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/672,108, filed Feb. 7, 2007. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/675,424, filed Feb. 15, 2007. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/681,614, filed Mar. 2, 2007. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/681,662, filed Mar. 2, 2007.
The government may have rights in the present invention.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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