Patent Grant
7715868
The present invention relates generally to managing connections to wireless networks. More particularly, the present invention relates to initiating and maintaining a connection to a wireless data network.
Wireless data networks allow mobile devices to be remotely connected to services such as email distribution and internet browsing without connection to a conventional computer interface. Many publicly accessible data networks that can function over a wide area rely upon a cellular infrastructure and are tied to cellular protocols such as IS-95 which describes Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular communications, and the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). Each cellular protocol has a companion data protocol. For GSM communications General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the packet data companion protocol, for IS-95 networks the “One Times Radio Transmission Technology” standard (1×RTT) defined in the CDMA2000 specification is the companion data protocol.
1×RTT provides CDMA2000 air interface devices with a packet based radio service that is capable of high data transmission rates, and supports both simple IP and mobile IP data connections. One disadvantage of the 1×RTT system is that network resources such as IP address are consumed simply maintaining a series of otherwise inactive connections. This is problematic for many carriers as resources such as the IP address space are finite and cannot be extended. As a result, carriers commonly drop inactive data connections when networks become congested to release occupied resources. Additionally, carriers often drop connections that have not been active for a fixed period of time regardless of network usage levels, so that resources are not allocated to inactive connections. A device that has been disconnected from the network due to inactivity typically releases its assigned network resources and only reconnects when the user of the mobile device attempts to access data services.
If a connection is terminated, the resources allocated to the mobile device are released. Thus upon reconnecting to the network, the mobile device is reassigned resources, which it typically then registers with a number of services. However, between the time the resources are released and the time at which the reacquired resources are registered, the device is not available for service. This is problematic for push enabled “always-on” devices since connections are important for bi-directional communications, which involve data transfers that are not initiated by the mobile device. If the wireless data connection is being used to push data from a remote server to a mobile device, the mobile device must remain connected, as a remote server cannot connect to a mobile device that the network has disconnected. Such a device requires an “always-on” 1×RTT data connection that is capable of automatically recovering from a disconnection.
Another problem presented by present 1×RTT devices occurs when a data connection cannot be immediately obtained. This can occur both at the time at which the device is initialized, and at the time that the device attempts to reacquire a connection. Typically the device will either continuously poll the network for a connection, or it will make a fixed number of connection attempts before it determines that a connection cannot be obtained at which time it will seek user interaction. The first method is counterproductive as it increases network traffic, which reduces the capacity for data channels. As a result, many networks prohibit continuous polling. If the device experiences difficulty connecting to the wireless data network, seeking user interaction merely notifies the user of the lack of connection, and does not assist in reacquiring the connection.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide a mobile device for connecting to a 1×RTT data network that is capable of maintaining an “always-on” data connection with automatic disconnect recovery to minimise the amount of time that a data connection is not available.
It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one disadvantage of previous methods of establishing and maintaining data connections in wireless networks.
In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of establishing a data connection on a wireless data network. The method comprises the steps of determining that no data connection to the wireless data network is established; initializing a back off timer based on a previous number of connection requests; automatically transmitting a connection request to the wireless data network upon expiry of the back off timer; and establishing a data connection if the transmitted connection request is accepted by the wireless data network. In an embodiment of the present invention, the wireless data network is a CDMA2000 network, and the step of determining that no data connection is established includes receiving a refusal of service message from the wireless data network, where the refusal of service message is selected from a list including Retry Order, Release Order, Reorder Order and Intercept Order messages or other failure events. In embodiments where the refusal of service message is an Intercept message, the connection request can be automatically transmitted upon detection of a new wireless data network. In another embodiment of the present invention, the back off timer is initialized to a value based on a random seed, and is optionally restricted to a value greater than or equal to any back off timer time calculated after a last established data connection. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, initializing the back of timer is based on a retry delay specified by the retry order, where the back off timer is optionally initialized to a time greater than or equal to the retry delay. In another embodiment, the connection request is an Origination Message in CDMA 2000 and Activate PDP Context Request in GPRS.
In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of automatically re-establishing a data connection on a wireless data network. The method comprises the steps of determining a data connection status upon the expiry of a service check timer; automatically transmitting a connection request if the data connection is determined to be lost; and re-establishing the data connection if the transmitted connection request is accepted by the wireless data network. In an embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the step of determining the data connection status is preceded by initializing the service check timer. In another embodiment, the step of automatically transmitting the connection request is performed upon expiry of a back off timer, where the back off timer is optionally initialized to a value based on a retry delay specified by a received Retry Order. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the step of determining the data connection status includes comparing assigned network resources to default values, where the step of comparing optionally includes determining that no data connection is established when an assigned Internet Protocol address is set to 0.0.0.0. In a further embodiment, the method includes a step of forcing premature expiry of the service check timer upon receipt of a Release Order. In other embodiments of the invention, the Release Order is a Point-to-Point-Protocol termination request and the connection request is an Origination Message in CDMA2000 and Activate PDP Context Request in GPRS.
In a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a mobile device for establishing and maintaining a data connection to a wireless data network. The mobile device comprises a back off timer, a service check timer and a connection manager. The back off timer is for timing a back off period. The service check timer is for timing a service check period. The connection manager is for determining that a data connection to the wireless network is established at expiry of the service check timer, resetting the service check timer upon its expiry if a connection is established, transmitting connection requests to the wireless network upon initialisation, upon expiry of the back off timer and upon determination that the established data connection has been lost, and for resetting the back off timer in response to receipt of a connection rejection from the wireless network. In an embodiment of the present invention, the wireless data network is a CDMA2000 network. In another embodiment of the present invention, the connection manager includes means to reset the back off timer in response to the receipt of a Retry Order, such that the back off timer is greater than, or equal to, a retry delay specified in the Retry Order. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the connection manager includes both an accumulator for tracking consecutive rejections of service, and means to reset the back off timer in accordance with the number of consecutive rejections and means for causing premature expiry of the service check timer in response to the receipt of a Release Order.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:
Generally, the present invention provides a method and system for establishing and maintaining a data connection between a mobile device and wireless data network. For mobile devices that rely upon being pushed data in real time, maintaining a data connection to the wireless data network is an important design requirement. However, it is generally undesirable for the network operator to allow data connections to be permanently maintained for all devices. Networks lack both a simple method of identifying devices that require always-on connections, and a simple means to prioritize device connections. Thus, networks are designed to indiscriminately disconnect mobile devices under a number of circumstances to prevent or relieve congestion. As a result, even if a mobile device is able to secure an initial data connection the data connection may be severed by the network at a future time. The present invention mitigates the problems of the prior art by providing both a mobile device and method for obtaining a data connection and maintaining the connection once it is in place.
After being powered up, a mobile device of the present invention typically seeks a CDMA2000 data network to connect to and negotiate with. If successful, the negotiation results in the network assigning the mobile device the network resources required for a data connection. Among the resources assigned is an IP address that uniquely identifies the mobile device. Typically, these resources are obtained by the mobile device through the transmission of a data-based Origination Message to the wireless data network. Once the data connection is established, data traffic can be pushed from a server to the mobile device by transmitting data packets to the IP address assigned to the mobile device.
Connection Manager 156 determines the status of the connection, as described in relation to
Wireless networks are designed to handle congestion in a number of ways. Typically, if a network is overly congested when a connection request message is received, the connection is refused, no network resources are assigned, and a Reorder Order or a Release Order is issued to mobile device 100. The Reorder Order serves to notify mobile device 100 that the network is busy and therefore cannot provide service. In its initial implementation a Reorder Order was designed to notify a user of a wireless device that the network was too congested to accept a new voice connection. Use of the Reorder Order has been extended by some network operators to serve as a rejection message for data services in addition to voice services. For voice based connections, the receipt of a Reorder Order typically results in a warning tone. Many devices do not provide this warning tone when a Reorder Order is received as a result of a failed data connection attempt. Even if a device is designed to provide the warning tone to indicate the receipt of a Reorder Order in response to a failed data connection, it is impractical to expect that a user of an always-on device, such as mobile device 100, will manually retry to reconnect until a connection is obtained.
In a voice only implementation, a user typically either attempts to re-initiate the connection by redialling, or the wireless device periodically attempts to reconnect. To maintain an “always-on” connection in a data environment, mobile device 100 must transmit repeated connection request messages until a connection is established and “pushed” data can be received. An “always-on” device that relies upon push technology to receive information from a host on the network must maintain the data connection. Constant polling of the network is discouraged by carriers as it is counter-productive and simply consumes bandwidth that could otherwise be allocated to active data connections. Continuous or periodic polling to determine the availability of a connection increases network congestion, which is counterproductive to establishing a connection, and decreases the effective battery life of the mobile device, which cannot remain in a power saving mode when transmitting the polling packets or receiving the replies to them.
Congestion in a wireless network can also result in the termination of already established data connections. If the mobile device is connected, but not actively using its channel, the network can reduce congestion by issuing a Release Order, which causes the mobile device to release the resources allocated to it. Typically, upon receiving a Release Order, mobile device 100 resets its assigned network resources to a default value. In a presently preferred embodiment, mobile device 100 resets its IP address to “0.0.0.0”. These congestion management features, along with events such as the mobile device entering a region of poor coverage and service option rejections due to incompatibility between the mobile device settings and the network, can cause mobile device 100 to lose the data connection to the network.
Retry Orders are known in the art and are a data based analog to a Reorder Order. Typically a Retry Order is provided in response to an Origination Message if the network cannot provide a connection. Typically, Retry Orders specify a retry time that mobile device 100 must wait before retrying to establish the connection. Retry Orders can also be transmitted to mobile device 100 to either clear or increase a previously provided retry time. If a number of mobile devices are all provided Retry Orders that expire simultaneously there will be increased contention for the connections at the time of the retry timer expiry.
Several options exist for either establishing a data connection after being initially refused a connection, or re-establishing a released data connection. Transmitting a series of spaced apart connection request messages, and allowing mobile device 100 to go into a power saving mode in the time between connection request message transmissions provides a reasonable chance of connection establishment, and prevents excess battery consumption.
Mobile device 100 preferably generates a connection request message data call when it detects CDMA2000 services.
If in step 122 it is determined from the network response received in 120 that the issued connection request message did not establish a connection, a back off timer is initialized in 128. It is preferable that this step only occurs if the failure to connect is not due to the receipt of an intercept order. A presently preferred method of handling an intercept order is described below. In a presently preferred embodiment, the back off timer is started by calculating a back off time. If the back off timer is determined to have expired in step 130, the process returns to step 118.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the connection timer is set in 128 using a back off algorithm provided by a timer initializer, preferably one seeded with a random value. Randomly seeded back off times allow a plurality of mobile devices, that have all simultaneously been disconnected, to provide the network with spread out requests, to prevent congestion due to an influx of connection request messages. In a further embodiment, the back off algorithm periodically increases the amount of time between retries. Thus, mobile device 100 retries for a connection at fixed intervals that increase at a predetermined rate. This is implemented to provide battery life savings. Battery life is extended in most cases because when mobile device 100 cannot establish a connection after a series of rapid requests, it is likely that either there is a network problem or mobile device 100 has left an area with proper service. In either case, sending connection requests spaced evenly apart does not statistically increase the chances of establishing a connection quickly. By increasing the time intervals between attempts, mobile device 100 is able to wait in a power saving mode, which will extend battery life.
In a further embodiment, after being initialized in step 128, the backoff timer is compared to the information provided in a Retry Order. If the Retry Order specifies a minimum retry period, the back off timer is adjusted so that it is not less than the retry period. This ensures that mobile device 100 does not attempt to re-establish a connection until after the retry period has expired. Alternately, the timer is always set to the time value specified in the Retry Order, if one is provided, and set to the calculated value only if there is no time value specified in the Retry Order.
Mobile device 100 is typically controlled by an operating system that provides the user with an interface to the functionality, such as email distribution, of mobile device 100. In a presently preferred embodiment, received Reorder Orders result in an “event” that is passed to the application layer of mobile device 100. The application layer is designed to implement the above method to establish a connection, and applies the appropriate back off re-connect algorithm to set the back off timer. When the back off timer expires, the application layer issues another connection request message. If re-connection fails, and another Reorder Order is received, another random back off period is applied. In a presently preferred embodiment, a back off period is equal to or greater than the previous back off period, so that the length of time between retries is non-decreasing. Preferably, until the connection is established a “No Data Service” indication is displayed on the user interface of mobile device 100 so that the user knows that data service is not available. When a connection is established, mobile device 100 preferably indicates the availability of data service to the user on the user interface.
When a Retry Order is received in response to an connection request message, the BSC 104 typically specifies a retry delay inside the Retry Order. In this case, the application layer of mobile device 100 calculates a back off timer as before, but requires that the timer not be shorter than the retry delay. Retry orders in the CDMA2000 specification can also include information about other service options that are available. If these alternative service options are supported, mobile device 100 can send a connection request message with alternative service options during the retry delay. If any of the connection request messages transmitted with alternate service options is successful, the back off timer is preferably cancelled by the application layer. Otherwise mobile device 100 waits until the back off timer expires, and then transmits another Origination Message with the original service option.
The network can also send a Retry Order with retry delay set to zero. This is to indicate to a wireless data device that there is no retry delay. Such a Retry Order is commonly used by carriers to clear previously set retry delays. When a Retry Order with retry delay set to zero is received by a mobile device, the application layer will preferably cancel any pending retry delay timer and immediately retransmit an Origination Message.
When mobile device 100 powers up, its IP address is typically initialized to “0.0.0.0”. Mobile device 100 may have its IP address reset to this address, or another default value, if BTS 104 transmits a Release Order, with PPP Termination Request. When such a request is received, or when the service check timer expires, as in step 124, mobile device 100 examines its IP address. If the IP address is set to its default value, mobile device 100 starts data connection request and PPP renegotiations, as described in step 118. If along with the PPP termination request, a Reorder Order or Retry Order is transmitted, mobile device 100 will wait until the expiry of the calculated back off timer before returning to step 118.
In a number of circumstances, such as roaming on an unauthorized network, mobile device 100 can fail a network authentication challenge. In the event of a failed network authentication challenge, mobile device 100 receives an Intercept Order. In a presently preferred embodiment, mobile device 100 does not set its back off timer, but waits until it has detected a new network before re-issuing a connection request. During this period of time the user can be notified that there is a lack of service through an indication on the display or through an audio cue. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that a number of techniques known in the art exist for detecting the presence of a new network.
The back off algorithm described above is preferably employed in the following manner. Mobile device 100 determines that it no longer has a data connection, as in step 124. In a presently preferred embodiment this is determined by the verification of an IP address in step 126, where an address of “0.0.0.0” indicates that the connection has not been maintained. If it is determined that a connection is not available, mobile device 100 attempts to connect to the wireless data network in step 118. If the connection is successful, then the process is completed, and the device waits for the expiry of its service check timer in step 124. In a presently preferred embodiment, the service check timer is only set after data activity has stopped, so step 124 is preferably preceded by the cessation of data transmission. after data activity has stopped. If a connection is not established, as determined in steps 120 and 122, the response from the network, received in step 120, is examined. If the response from the network does not prescribe when a reconnection attempt will be allowed, the back off timer is initialized to a value determined based on the number of previous attempts to connect, and the network conditions, as described in conjunction with step 128. When the back off timer expires in step 130, a connection request is reissued and the process returns to step 118. If this reissued connection request results in a connection then the process is completed, and the device returns to step 124. If the connection is unsuccessful, the timer is reinitialized in 128 to either a recalculated value or a value provided by the network. This repetition of setting the back off timer and requesting a connection is continued until the connection is established, or the device is powered down.
It is preferable that the BOT value be no less than the value of a previous timer, and that in the event that a Retry Order specifies a retry period, the longer of the retry period and the randomly generated back off timer is used as the time until the next retry.
In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, the timer values are precalculated to avoid sending requests at intervals so frequent that network congestion arises from the requests and so that battery life is not detrimentally affected. In one embodiment of the present invention, the back off timer is first initialized to a value of 30 seconds, and increases by 30 s intervals at each subsequent attempt. This is done with the assumption that if a connection is repeatedly refused the device is likely in an area without data service, and the interval between checking for data service can be extended without adverse effects. It is fully anticipated that the user can attempt to manually initiate service.
The present invention provides a method and system for both establishing an always-on data connection to a network by a persistent retry method and for maintaining the established data connection by determining the connection status at the expiry of a service check timer. The variable back-off timer used between connection retries provides for increased battery life without significantly delaying connection re-acquisition. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that mobile device 100 will utilise the variable back-off timer, as described above, during its initialization in response to a Release Order, an Intercept Order, a Reorder Order, a Retry Order, or in the event that the network does not respond. In the event of receiving a Release Order with service option rejection where the device does not support other types of data services, the device holds off data origination until a new network is found. In the event of receiving a Release Order with service option rejection, and the device does support other types of data services, mobile device 100 will preferably attempt a connection with different service options, possibly in addition to the standard retry. If the response to the connection request message is an Intercept Order, mobile device 100 preferably checks for a new network at the expiry of the variable back-off timer, and only attempts a reconnection if a new network has been identified. In the event that no response is received from the network, it is likely that mobile device 100 is out of service, and another connection request message is transmitted when a network is detected. Additionally, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the variable back off timer of the present invention provides an improved connection recovery from the receipt of a Release Order with PPP termination request, a network dormancy timer expiry or a Reorder Order. Thus the present invention provides a mechanism to reduce the amount of time spent out of service. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that upon reconnection mobile device 100 preferably checks with the network to determine whether or not any events were missed during the period without service.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/533,960, which is a national entry of PCT Application No. PCT/CA03/00875 filed Jun. 16, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/423,371, filed Nov. 4, 2002, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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