The present invention relates to medical methods and systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and system for monitoring breathing activity.
A serious concern for parents of a newborn is the possibility of death by Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). SIDS is commonly known as the sudden death of an infant under one year of age which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history. A SIDS death occurs quickly and is often associated with sleep, with no signs of suffering,
Although exact causes of SIDS are still unknown, mounting evidence suggests that some SIDS babies are born with brain abnormalities that make them vulnerable to sudden death during infancy. Studies of SIDS victims reveal that some SIDS infants have abnormalities in the “arcuate nucleus,” a portion of the brain that is likely to be involved in controlling breathing during sleep. However, scientists believe that the abnormalities that are present at birth may not be sufficient to cause death. Other factors, such as lack of oxygen and excessive carbon dioxide intake, may also contribute to the occurrence of SIDS. During sleep, a baby can experience a lack of oxygen and excessive carbon dioxide levels when they re-inhale the exhaled air. Normally, an infant can sense such inadequate air intake, and his breathing movement can change accordingly to compensate for the insufficient oxygen and excess carbon dioxide. As such, certain types of irregularity in an infant's breathing activity can be an indicator of SIDS or the likelihood of SIDS.
Therefore, monitoring of an infant's breathing activity for breathing irregularities could help prevent or detect the possibility of SIDS. One approach to monitor the breathing activity is to attach to the body of the infant a battery-powered electronic device that can mechanically detect the breathing movement. Although such device can monitor the infant's breathing directly, the battery can render the device large and heavy, which encumbers the tiny infant. Additionally, difficulty of attachment can be expected under this approach.
Another approach to monitor an infant's breathing activity is to install a pressure sensitive pad underneath the mattress where the infant is sleeping. The pad monitors the baby's breathing activity by measuring body movement. However, because the pad is unable to directly monitor the breathing movement, accuracy of the generated breathing data can be affected.
In contrast to the above approaches, the present invention provides an improved system and method that can monitor breathing activity without creating encumbrances. With respect to infants, by continuously monitoring breathing movement during sleep and reporting detected irregularity, the present system and method can reduce the occurrence of SIDS.
In an embodiment, an optical-based system, comprising at least one camera, a marker, a computing device to compute the position of the marker, and a reporting device to transmit an alert signal, is employed to measure and record an infant's breathing movement and report detected irregularity. The system can produce breathing pattern by tracking the movement of the marker, which is placed in a particular location such that motion of the marker relates to the breathing movement of the infant. In one embodiment, the movement of multiple markers are tracked.
According to an embodiment, a method for identifying breathing pattern of an infant comprises the steps of first co-locating the marker with the infant, viewing the marker with at least one camera, producing image coordinates for the identified marker viewed by the camera, comparing the image coordinates with reference coordinates for the marker, and thereafter determining breathing motion of the infant. The computing device can analyze the breathing pattern and actuate the reporting device if irregularity is detected. Irregularity includes, but not limited to, lack of periodicity in the breathing pattern and cease of the breathing motion. Multiple markers associated with multiple infants or patients may be simultaneously monitored using the present system and method. In addition, the present approaches can be used to monitor any object, including adult patients and non-human creatures.
These and other aspects, objects, and advantages of the invention are described below in the detailed description, drawings, and claims.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and, together with the Detailed Description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
a shows a flowchart of a process for detecting periodicity or lack of periodicity according to an embodiment of the invention.
b illustrates sample trains according to an embodiment of the invention.
c is an example chart of showing phase and amplitude for a periodic signal.
d shows an example of a periodic signal amplitude-phase histogram chart.
a depicts a side view an embodiment of a camera and illuminator that can be utilized in the invention.
b depicts a front view of the camera of
a depicts a retro-reflective marker according to an embodiment of the invention.
b depicts a cross-sectional view of the retro-reflective marker of
a,
8
b, and 8c depict embodiments of a marker block.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for detecting periodicity and irregularity in the respiration activity of an infant. Also disclosed are embodiments of systems and devices for detecting and reporting irregularity in the respiration activity of an infant.
System for Infant Breathing Monitoring
In an embodiment, one illumination source per camera (which is an infrared source in the preferred embodiment) projects light at the infant 106 on bed 104. The generated light is reflected from one or more landmarks on the infant's body. The camera 108, which is directed at infant 106, captures and detects the reflected light from the one or more landmarks, which are preferably located on one or more locations on the infant's chest and can be viewed by camera 108.
The output signals of camera 108 are sent to a computer 110 or other type of processing unit having the capability to receive video images. According to a particular embodiment, computer 110 includes a video frame grabber card having a separate channel for each video source utilized in the system. The images recorded by camera 108 are sent to computer 110 for processing. If camera 108 produces an analog output, the frame grabber converts the camera signals to a digital signal prior to processing by computer 110. Based upon the video signals received and analyzed by computer 110, computer 110 can send control signals to operate an alarm device 116.
Alarm device 116 can be built into or separated from computer 110. In one embodiment, upon receiving a control signal from computer 110, alarm device 116 can transmit an alarm signal, either audible, visible or both, to warn the infant's caregiver or parents of a likelihood of SIDS. Note that an alarm signal can also be transmitted to awaken infant 106 to further reduce the occurrence of SIDS. For the purpose of illustration only,
According to one embodiment, one or more passive markers 114 are located on the infant in the area to be detected for breathing movement. Each marker 114 preferably comprises a reflective or retro-reflective material that can reflect light, whether in the visible or invisible wavelengths. If the illumination source is co-located with camera 108, then marker 114 preferably comprises a retro-reflective material that reflects light mostly in the direction of the illumination source. Alternatively, each marker 114 comprises its own light source. The marker 114 is used in place of or in conjunction with physical landmarks on the infant's body that is imaged by the camera 108 to detect breathing movement of the infant. Markers 114 are preferably used instead of body landmarks because such markers 114 can be detected and tracked more accurately via the video image generated by camera 108. Because of the reflective or retro-reflective qualities of the preferred markers 114, the markers 114 inherently provide greater contrast in a video image to a light detecting apparatus such as camera 108, particularly when the camera 108 and illumination source are co-located. Markers 114 can be placed on clothing, outer coverings or blankets, or directly upon the infant 106.
Utilizing a video or optical based system to track the breathing movement provides several advantages. For example, a video or optical based system provides a reliable mechanism for repeating measurement results between uses on a given infant. In addition, the method of the invention is noninvasive, and even if markers are used, no cables or connections must be made to the infant. Moreover, if the use of markers is impractical, the system can still be utilized without markers by performing measurements of respiration activity keyed to selected body landmarks. The method of the invention is also more accurate because it is based upon direct and absolute measurement of external anatomical physical movement. Therefore, the present optical-based system is particularly suitable for monitoring the breathing movement and position of infants, for which intrusive/cumbersome equipment should not be used.
A possible inefficiency in tracking the markers 114 is that the marker may appear anywhere on the video frame, and all of the image elements of the video frame may have to be examined to determine the location of the marker 114. Thus, in an embodiment, the initial determination of locations for the marker 114 involves an examination of all of the image elements in the video frame. If the video frame comprises 640 by 480 image elements, then all 307200 (640*480) image elements are initially examined to find the location of the markers 114.
For real-time tracking of the marker 114, examining every image element for every video frame to determine the location of the marker 114 in real-time could consume a significant amount of system resources. Thus, in an embodiment, the real-time tracking of marker 114 can be facilitated by processing a small region of the video frame, referred to herein as a “tracking gate,” that is placed based on estimation of the location of the already-identified marker 114 in a previous video frame. The previously determined location of a marker 114 defined in the previous video frame is used to define an initial search range (i.e., the tracking gate) for that same marker in real-time. The tracking gate is a relatively small portion of the video frame that, in one embodiment, is centered at the previous location of the marker 114. The tracking gate is expanded only if the tracking algorithm can not locate the marker 114 within the gate. As an example, consider the situation when the previously determined location of the center or a portion of a particular marker is image element (50,50) in a video frame. If the tracking gate is limited to a 50 by 50 area of the video frame, then the tracking gate for this example would comprise the image elements bound within the area defined by the coordinates (25,25), (25,75), (75,25), and (75,75). The other portions of the video frame are searched only if the marker 114 is not found within this tracking gate.
The video image signals sent from camera 108 to computer 110 are used to generate and track motion signals representative of the movement of marker 114 and/or landmark structures on the infant's body.
a and 6b depict an embodiment of a camera 108 that can be used in the present invention to optically or visually collect data representative of breathing movement. Camera 108 is a charge-coupled device (“CCD”) camera having one or more photoelectric cathodes and one or more CCD devices. A CCD device is a semiconductor device that can store charge in local areas, and upon appropriate control signals, transfers that charge to a readout point. When light photons from the scene to be imaged are focused on the photoelectric cathodes, electrons are liberated in proportion to light intensity received at the camera. The electrons are captured in charge buckets located within the CCD device. The distribution of captured electrons in the charge buckets represents the image received at the camera. The CCD transfers these electrons to an analog-to-digital converter. The output of the analog-to-digital converter is sent to computer 110 to process the video image and to calculate the positions of the retro-reflective markers 114. According to an embodiment of the invention, camera 108 is a monochrome CCD camera having RS-170 output and 640×480 pixel resolution. In an alternate embodiment, camera 108 comprises a CCD camera having CCIR output and 756×567 pixel resolution.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, an infra-red illuminator 602 (“IR illuminator”) is co-located with camera 108. If the IR illuminator 602 is located physically close to the camera 108, then camera 108 is positioned to capture strong reflections of IR reflected from retroreflective markers on the infant. IR illuminator 602 comprises a surface that is ringed around the lens 606 of camera body 608. The surface of IR illuminator 602 contains a plurality of individual infrared LED elements 604 for producing infrared light. The LED elements 604 are organized as one or more circular or spiral patterns on the IR illuminator 602 surrounding the camera lens 606. Infrared filters that may be part of the camera 108 are removed or disabled to increase the camera's sensitivity to infrared light.
According to an embodiment, digital video recordings of the infant can be recorded via camera 108. The same camera 108 used for tracking the infant's breathing movement can be used to record video images of the infant for future reference. A normal ambient light image sequence of the infant can be obtained in synchronization with the measured movement signals of markers 114.
a and 7b depict an embodiment of a retro-reflective marker 700 that can be employed within the present invention. Retro-reflective marker 700 comprises a raised reflective surface 702 for reflecting light. Raised reflective surface 702 comprises a semi-spherical shape such that light can be reflected regardless of the input angle of the light source. A flat surface 704 surrounds the raised reflective surface 702. The underside of flat surface 704 provides a mounting area to attach retro-reflective marker 700 to particular locations on an infant's body. According to an embodiment, retro-reflective marker 700 is comprised of a retro-reflective material 3M™ High-Gain Sheeting 7610WS available from 3M Corporation. In an embodiment, marker 700 has a diameter of approximately 0.5 cm and a height of the highest point of raised reflective surface 702 of approximately 0.1 cm. Alternatively, a marker can comprise a circular, spherical, or cylindrical shape.
In an alternate embodiment, marker 114 comprises a rigid marker block having one or more reference locations on its surface. The marker block is used in place of, or in addition to, the individual retro-reflective markers 114 to detect particular locations on an infant's body with an optical imaging apparatus. Each reference location on the marker block preferably comprises a retro-reflective or reflective material that is detectable by an optical imaging apparatus, such as camera 108. The retro-reflective elements can be formed from the same material used to construct retro-reflective markers 114 of
A marker block can be formed into any shape or size, as long as the size, spacing, and positioning of the reference locations are configured such that a camera or other optical imaging apparatus can view and generate an image that accurately shows the positioning of the marker block. The marker block can be formed with shapes to fit particular body parts. For example, molds or casts that match to specific locations on the body can be employed as marker blocks. Marker blocks shaped to fit certain areas of the body facilitate the repeatable placement of the marker blocks at particular locations on the infant. Alternatively, the marker blocks can be formed to fit certain fixtures that are attached to an infant's body. In yet another embodiment, the fixtures are formed with integral marker block(s) having reflective or retro-reflective markers on them. An alternate embodiment of the marker block comprises only a single reference location/reflective element on its surface.
According to one embodiment of the invention, an infant's breathing movement can be detected by tracking retro-reflective markers attached to the marker block. As shown in
According to one embodiment, the pixel coordinates of each marker in the video frame are tracked. The distance in the pixel domain between the two markers for each video frame is thereafter measured. The known physical distance of the two markers is divided by the measured distance to provide the scale factor for transforming the incremental motion of the block in the direction of the line connecting the two markers. This scale factor is updated for each new video frame and transforms the incremental motion of each marker from pixel domain to the physical domain. The transformation accounts for changes in the camera viewing angle, marker block orientation, and its distance to the camera during motion tracking.
a and 8b depict other embodiments of marker blocks 802 and 806 usable in the invention. Marker block 802 includes a rectangular shape having multiple reflective or retro-reflective marker elements 804 located on it. Marker block 802 supports a rigidly mounted set of markers 804 spread over an approximate volume of 1.5″×3″×4″. The markers should appear as high contrast features in a real-time imaging device such as a video camera whose images are digitized and processed by a computer system. This realization of the marker block employs retro-reflective material covering a set of 0.25-inch diameter spheres glued or otherwise attached to a rigid plastic box or platform. Marker block 806 includes a non-rectangular structure having multiple reflective or retro-reflective marker elements 808 located on it. In an embodiment, the marker block is attached to an infant using adhesive tape.
An infant's respiration motion can be monitored by optical tracking of a marker block, such as a marker block 802 or 806, attached to an infant's chest, clothes, blanket, or other suitable locations that can reflect the infant's breathing motion. In operation, a camera or video view of the marker block produces a set of image coordinates for the marker elements on the marker block. The position and distance of any marker element located on the marker block is known relative to other marker elements on the same marker block. By comparing the position and distance between the marker elements on a recorded image frame with the reference position and image stored for the monitoring system, the absolute position and orientation of the marker block can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy. This, in turn, provides an accurate position and orientation estimation for the infant or infant body position upon which the marker block is attached. Note that estimation of infant position and orientation can be performed in the invention using only a single marker block, rather requiring the placement of multiple markers on different locations. Moreover, a single camera can be used to track the position of the marker block, rather than requiring triangulation using multiple cameras from different positions. A single-camera process for determining the precise position and orientation of the marker block with six degrees of freedom (6 DOF), i.e., x-coordinate, y-coordinate, z-coordinate, pitch, yaw, and roll is disclosed in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/234,658, filed Sep. 3, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A single camera approach to track an object is also disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/893,122 filed Jun. 26, 2001, which is also incorporated by reference in its entirety.
A sleeping infant can move or roll into another position such that one or more markers attached to the infant (or attached to a marker block) fall outside the field of view of camera 108. Consequently, the infant's breathing movement may no longer be detected, and reporting irregularity in breathing activity that occurs thereafter becomes impossible. Thus, in an embodiment, failing to locate one or more markers in the image frame, system 100 will transmit an alarm signal to indicate a need to reposition the infant. This alarm signal is preferably distinguishable from an alarm that indicates a detected irregularity in the breathing activity. In an alternative embodiment, system 100 will transmit an alarm signal after being unable to locate one or more markers in two or more consecutive image frames. This can reduce the number of false alarms due to the sudden movement or coughing of the infant, who nonetheless returns back to a normal position thereafter.
At step 902, a FAILURE value, which counts the number of consecutive failures to appropriately locate the markers in image frames, is set to zero. As previously stated, in one embodiment, this failure is identified by not being able to acquire three or more markers in an image frame. At step 904, an image frame is digitized from the camera video stream.
At step 906, the digitized image frame from step 904 is analyzed to detect and locate the markers in pixel coordinates. If the previous tracking was successful, use the projected centers to limit the search area for each marker to increase the computational efficiency. If processing the first image frame, recovering from lost track, or failing to locate marker(s) in the limited search area, then the whole frame is analyzed to find and locate markers.
At step 908, a determination is made whether sufficient markers were detected at step 906. If the marker block is found by the image analysis process at Step 906, the process next returns to step 902, where the FAILURE value is reset to zero, and then to step 904 is performed to the next image frame in the video stream.
If sufficient markers are not located by the image analysis process at 906, it will be assumed that the infant has moved or rolled to another position, and accordingly, the FAILURE value is incremented (910). In a preferable embodiment, if the FAILURE value has reached or exceeded a threshold value (e.g., a value of two, which indicates that the marker block cannot be located in two consecutive image frames in the video stream), an alarm signal is transmitted (914). The number of consecutive failures in locating the marker block that triggers an alarm signal can vary.
The process of
In one embodiment, a determination of the position and orientation data for the marker block can be correlated to determine the position and orientation of the infant to which it is attached. The measured movement of the marker block can be used as an indicator of the infant's respiration activity. Thus, quantifiable values such as amplitude and/or phase of the marker block movement can be generated to monitor the infant's breathing movement. These values can be displayed and analyzed for breathing patterns using any conventional algorithms. As described in more detail below, the amplitude and/or phase of the marker block and the detection of deviations from periodic breathing movement can be used to trigger an alarm signal.
Detection of Irregularity in Breathing Pattern
To monitor an infant's breathing activity, one or more sets of data representative of the breathing activity of interest are collected for the infant in an embodiment of the invention. An optical-based system, such as system 100 of
One aspect of the present invention provides a method to detect and report cessation of a breathing movement, indicating a likelihood of SIDS.
If the amplitude of the motion signal is below the threshold, the breathing activity will be determined weak, and accordingly, variable WEAK will be increased by one. In a preferable embodiment, if two consecutive weak signals have been measured (i.e., WEAK=2), then the breathing activity is assumed to have ceased, and an alarm signal is thereby transmitted (412). However, the number of consecutive weak signals that triggers an alarm signal can be altered. A higher number renders the assumption of a ceased breath more accurate, but can potentially delay an alarm signal. In contrast, using a lower number tends to be more precautionary, but can be associated with an increased frequency of false alarm, often arising from weak signal that is merely momentary.
An amplitude of the motion signal exceeding the threshold is indicative of a strong breathing activity. As such, the process returns back to step 404 to measure new breathing motion signal, after resetting variable WEAK to zero at step 414.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for detecting a period of the respiration activity and deviation(s) from the periodicity. For example, sudden movement or coughing by an infant can result in deviation from the detected period of the respiration cycle. According to an embodiment, the present invention can “phase lock” to the respiration movement of the infant. Since the monitoring system phase locks to the breathing movement period, deviations from that periodic signal can be identified and appropriately addressed.
At process action 504, pattern matching analysis is performed against the measured data samples. In an embodiment, the most recent set of data samples for the breathing signal is correlated against an immediately preceding set of data samples to determine the period and repetitiveness of the signal. An autocorrelation function can be employed to perform this pattern matching. For each new sample point of the breathing motion, the process computes the autocorrelation function of the last n samples of the signal, where n corresponds to approximately 1.5 to 2 signal breathing periods. The secondary peak of the autocorrelation function is then identified to determine the period and repetitiveness of the signal.
In an alternate embodiment, an absolute difference function is used instead of an autocorrelation function. Instead of secondary peak, a secondary minimum in the absolute difference is searched for. For each new sample point of the breathing motion, the process computes the minimum absolute difference between the two sets of data over a range of overlapping data samples. The secondary minimum corresponds to the data position that best matches the recent set of data samples with the preceding set of data samples.
Yet another alternate embodiment performs a pattern matching based upon a model of the breathing activity being measured. The model is a dynamic representation of the breathing motion. The latest set of data samples is matched against the model to estimate parameters of the repetitive process. According to an embodiment, the model can be periodically updated to reflect changes in infant position and orientation as well as other changes that can result in alternation in the infant's breathing pattern. For example, temperature in the infant's bedroom may have impact on the period of the breathing movement.
Pattern matching using the measured breathing signal (504) provides information regarding the degree of match, as well as a location of best match for the repetitive process. If an autocorrelation function is employed in process action 504, then the relative strength of secondary peak provides a measure of how repetitive the signal is. A threshold range value is defined to provide indication of the degree of match between the two sets of data samples. If the strength of the secondary peak is within the defined threshold range (process action 508), then the degree of match indicates that the signal is repetitive, and the secondary peak location provides an estimate of the signal period. If an absolute difference function is used in process action 504, then the relative value of the secondary minimum provides a measure of how repetitive the signal is. If the value of the secondary minimum meets a defined threshold range (508), then the degree of match indicates that the signal is repetitive, and the secondary minimum location provides an estimate of the signal period.
If the correlation value of the secondary peak or secondary minimum does not meet the defined threshold range, then a deviation from the regular breathing activity is detected, thereby indicating possible irregularity in the breathing activity of the infant. This irregularity could result, for example, re-inhaling of the exhaled carbon dioxide. In an embodiment, an alarm signal is transmitted once a deviation is detected. In a preferable embodiment as shown in
If the degree of match indicates repetitiveness, the point of best match is tested to determine if the period is within a reasonable range. The location of the secondary peak or secondary minimum provides an estimate of the period of the breathing activity. In an embodiment, the point of best match is compared to a threshold range (509). If the point of best match does not fall within the threshold range, then a deviation from regular breathing activity is detected and the process proceeds to process action 510. If the point of best match falls within the threshold range, then the signal is accepted as being repetitive (512).
The estimate of the period based on the point of best match can be used to predict the period and waveform parameters of the next set of data samples for the signal (514). Note that process actions 504, 508, and 509 test for repetitiveness based upon a plurality of data samples over a range of such samples. However, in some circumstances, a significant deviation from normal breathing movement may actually occur within the new or most recent data sample(s) being analyzed, but because the overall set of data samples indicates repetitiveness (e.g., because of averaging of absolute differences over the range of data samples being compared), process actions 504, 508, and 509 may not detect the deviation. To perform a test for rapid deviation, the predicted value from process action 514 is compared with the next corresponding data sample (515). If the predicted value does not match the actual data sample value within a defined threshold range, then a deviation is detected and the process proceeds to process action 510. If a comparison of the predicted and actual data sample values fall within the defined threshold range, then repetitiveness is confirmed, and deviation is not detected for that data sample range (516). Accordingly, variable DEVIATION will be set to zero, and the process returns to process action 502 to measure new data signal.
In an embodiment, the first time the process of
a shows a flowchart of an alternative approach for detecting deviation from periodicity of a respiration activity. This process tracks the phase of a periodic signal, and for each breathing signal sample, this approach provides an estimate of phase value indicating the breathing cycle phase for an infant. In the embodiment described here, the phase angles ranges from 0 to 2π (0 to 360 degrees) with 0 and 2π corresponding to the vicinity of inhale extreme of the respiration signal.
The initial step 301 of
At step 306, the process estimates the phase value of the newly acquired respiration signal sample. In an embodiment, this is performed by computing the inner product of a Cosine waveform with period T (estimated at step 304) and the most recent T-seconds-long segment of the signal. This is repeated by computing the inner product with a Sine waveform of period T. These two inner products are called, respectively, the in-phase and quadrature components of the signal. The inverse Tangent of the result of dividing the quadrature value by the in-phase value provides the estimated phase for the current respiration signal sample.
At step 308, the process compares the vector, e.g., (amplitude, phase), of the current respiration sample with previous data sample values to determine periodicity of the signal. One approach to performing this comparison step is to use a two-dimensional histogram array of signal vs. phase value that is accumulated during prior recordings of the respiration signal.
In an embodiment, a clustering factor determines how close the current respiration data sample vector is to the cluster of values observed so far: By comparing the amplitude-phase vector of each signal sample with the cluster of prior values in its neighborhood at step 310, the process provides a measure of periodicity for the signal. The signal is considered non-periodic for the current sample time when the clustering factor is below a defined threshold or tolerance level (312). Otherwise the signal is declared periodic (314). One approach is to calculate the sum of the bin populations for the 8-amplitude×5-phase surrounding bins for the current data sample. This population, as a percentage of the total population of all histogram bins accumulated so far, determines the degree to which the new sample belongs to a periodic signal. By applying a threshold to this percentage value, the signal sample is declared as periodic or non-periodic. This threshold value can be set by the user as the sensitivity of the algorithm for detecting deviations from periodicity. In the example of
According to one embodiment, once the signal is determined as being non-periodic (i.e. deviation from periodicity), irregularity in the breathing pattern is detected and an alarm signal is transmitted. To improve the reliability of the results, in a preferable embodiment as shown in
If the signal is considered periodic for the current sample time, the process will return to the step 302 to receive new data sample, after resetting variable DEVIATION to zero.
According to an embodiment, estimation of the inhale and exhale periods pursuant to step 304 of
Abs(Y(0)−Y(6))<0.2*Abs(Y(0)+Y(6)−2*Y(3))
to determine whether the sample train includes a minimum or a maximum. In this example the train of seven samples, Y(0), Y(1), Y(2), Y(3), Y(4), Y(5), Y(6), are sub-sampled at 1/20th of the of the number of samples constituting the current estimate of one period. If the result of this test is positive, curve fitting to the samples is performed. One embodiment fits a quadratic curve to the middle five points of the seven-point sample train. The location and value of the minimum or maximum value of this curve is computed using interpolation. Also at this point, it is determined whether the estimated point is a minimum or a maximum by comparing the end samples of the train with the middle sample. The estimated location of the minimum or maximum points are added to their respective accumulator variables for later averaging.
The above process is repeated with the next sensed signal sample until the procedure encounters the first sample for which the above test result is negative. This is an indication that the run of points for which a minimum or maximum can be estimated has ended. At this point the accumulator variables are divided by the number of points in the run to obtain the average location and value from the run.
The process continues by repeating the above test on the sample-train preceding every new sensed signal sample. Once the test result is positive the averaging process described above will start again.
This method estimates the local minimum or maximum location at a point in time that is later than the actual position of the extremum by the length of the sample train. The current estimate of the inhale or exhale period is updated at this point in time. For inhale period, for example, this is performed by subtracting the latest maximum position from the latest minimum position in time. These estimates are used to update the current value of the total period.
The embodiments described herein provides a tool for measuring the periodicity of the respiration signal, thus allowing detection of deviation from normal breathing. This can be used to trigger the alarm during monitoring of breathing movement of an infant.
Monitoring Multiple Subjects
Referring to
The system 1200 is set up such that the field of view for camera 1206 is appropriately configured to view the markers or marker blocks for all of the subjects for which monitoring is desired. If a single camera approach is being used to determine the position and orientation of a subject, then the configuration can be established such that at least three markers should be visible for each subject being monitored. If the field of view for camera 1200 is insufficiently large to view all the subjects, then additional cameras can be used to increase the view of view. In one approach, the subjects are divided into sub-groups of subjects, with a camera associated with each sub-group. Each camera is configured to monitor the subjects in a particular location/area in the monitoring location. The sub-groups are established based upon the specific location of its subjects relative to the cameras.
In operation, camera 1206 would capture image frames containing images of the visible markers for subjects being monitored. For example, if four subjects are being monitored, then the four sets of markers (e.g., corresponding to markers blocks 1204a-d) are captured in the image frames.
One action that is performed when performing concurrent monitoring of multiple subjects is to associated the sets of markers identified in the image frame to the appropriate subjects. In one embodiment, the identification of each marker with a subject is performed by a user of the system 1200. This can be accomplished by implementing a GUI in which the user could link a particular marker or set of markers to a subject. This approach is useful, for example, when using isolated markers not located on a marker block.
The process to associate identified markers in the image frames with their corresponding subjects can be automated. For example, when using marker blocks, to associate a subject with its respective marker block(s), the computing system takes groups of markers, with the number of markers in the group the same as the number of markers on each block, and attempts to estimate a consistent and reasonable position and orientation for the block. Each possible or projected combination can be attempted and checked for a suitable match. A determination can be made of the markers that are associated with specific marker blocks by making an exhaustive attempt for all combinations.
Once each marker or set of markers has been associated with a subject, each set of markers for each subject can be individually processed to perform the monitoring. Thus, the images of the markers for marker block 1204a are processed to monitor the movement of subject 1202a, the images of the markers for marker block 1204b are used to monitor the movement of subject 1202b, and the images of the markers for marker blocks 1204c and 1204d are used to monitor the movement of subjects 1202c and 1202d, respectively. Any or all of the previously described processes can be employed to monitor the subjects. For instance, the processes described with respect to
It is noted a similar approach can be taken to monitor multiple marker blocks on a single subject. Multiple marker blocks can be used to simultaneously monitor the movement of multiple different positions on a single subject.
Referring to
The action described above to associate markers to marker blocks can be used to correspond individual markers to marker blocks, which are associated with respective body locations. Each set of markers is then individually processed to independently monitor the movements and/or location of its associated marker block. One advantage provided by this approach is that different alarm/error threshold levels can be configured for the different marker blocks, while still allowing simultaneous monitoring with a single camera system. This is advantageous since different parts of the subject may be subject to different types and ranges of movements and movement irregularities. Another advantage is that more precise measurements can be made of the location and movement of the subject or specific locations on the subject. Instead of having a single marker block used to determine the location/movement of a relatively large body region, multiple marker blocks are used to define smaller granularity body regions to measure.
In one embodiment, a system is implemented in which multiple subjects are monitored, in which one or more of the monitored subjects are associated with multiple marker blocks. Similar procedures are followed to associate the markers to marker blocks, and the marker blocks to respective body locations. However, multiple marker blocks are associated with the same subject to monitor different body locations on the subjects.
It is noted that while certain embodiments described herein specifically address monitoring of infants, the disclosed invention is applicable to monitor a broad range of possible subjects. For example, the inventive concepts can be applied to monitor the movement of other patients, including adult patients. Moreover, the invention could also be applied to monitor the regular/periodic movements of non-human subjects, such as animals or non-living subjects such as machinery.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the operations performed by computer 110 can be performed by any combination of hardware and software within the scope of the invention, and should not be limited to particular embodiments comprising a particular definition of “computer”. Similarly, the operations performed by alarm device 116 can be performed by any combination of hardware and software within the scope of the invention, and should not be limited to particular embodiments comprising a particular definition of “alarm device”. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/234,658 filed Sep. 3, 2002 and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/893,122 filed Jun. 26, 2001, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Application Ser. No. 09/893,122 claims priority to U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/178,383 filed Oct. 23, 1998, 09/178,385 filed Oct. 23, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,279,579, issued on Aug. 28, 2001, 09/712,724 filed Nov. 14, 2000, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/178,384 filed Oct. 23, 1998, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 10327603 | Dec 2002 | US |
Child | 11580696 | Oct 2006 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 09178384 | Oct 1998 | US |
Child | 09712724 | Nov 2000 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 10305416 | Nov 2002 | US |
Child | 10327603 | Dec 2002 | US |
Parent | 10234658 | Sep 2002 | US |
Child | 10305416 | Nov 2002 | US |
Parent | 09893122 | Jun 2001 | US |
Child | 10305416 | Nov 2002 | US |
Parent | 09178383 | Oct 1998 | US |
Child | 09893122 | Jun 2001 | US |
Parent | 09178385 | Oct 1998 | US |
Child | 09893122 | Jun 2001 | US |
Parent | 09712724 | Nov 2000 | US |
Child | 09893122 | Jun 2001 | US |