Patent Application
20070118273
The present invention relates to traffic management and, in particular, to a method and system for obtaining traffic information using transponders.
Electronic toll collection systems conduct toll transactions electronically using RF communications between a vehicle-mounted transponder (a “tag”) and a stationary toll plaza transceiver (a “reader”). An example of an electronic toll collection system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,661,352 issued Dec. 9, 2003 to Tiernay et al., and owned in common with the present application. The contents of U.S. Pat. No. 6,661,352 are hereby incorporated by reference.
In a typical electronic toll collection (ETC) system, the reader broadcasts a wakeup or trigger RF signal. A tag on a vehicle passing through the broadcast area or zone detects the wakeup or trigger signal and responds with its own RF signal. The tag responds by sending a response signal containing information stored in memory in the transponder, such as the transponder ID number. The reader receives the response signal and may conduct an electronic toll transaction, such as by debiting a user account associated with the transponder ID number. The reader may then broadcast a programming RF signal to the tag. The programming signal provides the tag with updated information for storage in its memory. It may, for example, provide the tag with a new account balance.
Traffic management and transportation authorities currently attempt to alert vehicle occupants to upcoming traffic conditions using overhead or roadside display signs. For example, a display sign may indicate the traffic conditions in the road ahead. By way of example, a display sign may indicate the travel time between the current location and a location some distance down the road, such as the next exit, the next toll plaza, the next town, etc. Vehicle occupants may then use this information about travel conditions to determine whether or not to travel on the roadway.
Unfortunately, the information given is sometimes inaccurate. The displayed information may come from human estimations based on observed travel conditions, although this is labour intensive. In some cases, measurements are made of traffic conditions to determine the approximate travel time.
Some traffic information systems attempt to capitalize on the presence of ETC transponders in the roadway in order to measure the traffic conditions. For example, a system may (a) read a vehicle transponder at an upstream reader and send time and transponder ID information to a back office location, (b) read the vehicle transponder at a downstream reader and send time and transponder ID information to the back office location. The back office location then attempts to match transponder IDs and determine the travel time based upon the time stamps from the upstream and downstream locations. After processing information from a sufficient number of transponders, an average travel time is calculated and displayed on a display sign by the roadway.
A problem associated with existing systems that rely on ETC transponders is a privacy concern with the communication of transponder IDs. The traffic information system is often implemented and/or managed by a different entity than the ETC system. In the existing systems, the transponder IDs are sent wirelessly over a unsecured cellular network or other wireless network from the readers to the back office location.
Another problem associated with the existing systems is the high cost and overhead associated with communicating from both readers to a back office for every transponder. These communications are often made using the cellular telephone network, which can be expensive.
It would be advantageous to have an improved method and system for obtaining traffic information using transponders.
The present invention provides a method and system for obtaining traffic information regarding the travel time between two points using vehicle-mounted transponders. The system includes an upstream reader and a downstream reader. The upstream reader inserts a time stamp into the memory of a passing transponder. The downstream reader reads the time stamp and determines the travel time between the two readers. The downstream reader may accumulate a number of travel times and calculate an average travel time. The downstream reader may then send the calculated travel time to a display sign for display to motorists, or may send information based upon the calculated travel time. The displayed travel time may include a quantitative value or a qualitative assessment of the travel conditions.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of obtaining traffic information regarding a roadway using a vehicle equipped with a transponder having a memory. The roadway includes a downstream reader having a downstream communications zone over a first portion of the roadway and an upstream reader having an upstream communication zone over a second portion of the roadway. The upstream communication zone is separated from the downstream communication zone by a distance of the roadway. The roadway includes a display sign. The method includes the steps of sending a time stamp to the transponder for storage in the memory of the transponder while the vehicle traverses the upstream communication zone and reading the time stamp from the memory of the transponder when the vehicle is in the downstream communication zone. It further includes steps of determining a travel time from the upstream communication zone to the downstream communication zone based upon the time stamp, and determining travel time information based upon the travel time.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a system for obtaining traffic information regarding a roadway upon which vehicles equipped with transponders travel. The transponders each have a memory. The system includes a downstream reader having a downstream communications zone over a first portion of the roadway and an upstream reader having an upstream communication zone over a second portion of the roadway. The upstream communication zone is separated from the downstream communication zone by a distance of the roadway. The upstream reader has a time stamp transceiver for sending a time stamp to the transponder for storage in the memory of the transponder while one of the vehicles traverses the upstream communication zone. The downstream reader includes an interrogation transceiver for reading the time stamp from the memory of the transponder when the vehicle is in the downstream communication zone. It also includes a travel time module for determining a travel time from the upstream communication zone to the downstream communication zone based upon the time stamp and determining travel time information based upon the travel time.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a downstream reader for use in a system for obtaining traffic information regarding a roadway upon which vehicles equipped with transponders travel. The transponders each have a memory. The system includes an upstream reader having an upstream communication zone. The upstream reader stores a time stamp in the memory of a transponder while a vehicle traverses the upstream communication zone. The downstream reader includes a downstream antenna having a downstream communication zone over a portion of the roadway and an interrogation transceiver connected to the downstream antenna for sending an interrogation signal to the transponder and receiving a response signal. The response signal includes the time stamp. The downstream reader includes a travel time module for determining a travel time from the upstream communication zone to the downstream communication zone based upon the time stamp and determining travel time information based upon the travel time.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show an embodiment of the present invention, and in which:
Similar reference numerals are used in different figures to denote similar components.
The present application describes a system and method for obtaining traffic information that relies upon existing transponders to carry time stamp information from an upstream reader to a downstream reader. The upstream reader may provide the transponder with a time stamp and a location ID, which the transponder stores in its memory. The downstream reader extracts this information from the transponder memory and uses it to determine a travel time between the two locations. By averaging the travel times of a number of transponders, the downstream reader can determine an average travel time between the two points, which may then be displayed for motorists on a display sign near or over the roadway.
Some of the embodiments described below suggest the use of electronic toll collection (ETC) transponders. The systems and methods described below may be incorporated into an ETC system; however, they may be implemented separately even when using ETC-enabled transponders. In other words, the readers used for obtaining traffic information may or may not be involved in conducting ETC transactions. In some embodiments, non-ETC transponders may be used. The transponders may be related to commercial vehicle operations (CVO) systems, for example, or may have other primary uses. In some embodiments, the transponders may be related to manufacturer-installed on-board-diagnostics systems. In another example, the transponders may be dedicated to the traffic management systems and methods described herein.
It will also be appreciated that the described methods and systems may be implemented on toll roads or on non-toll roads. A non-toll road may carry a sufficient number of vehicles equipped with transponders to support the system and methods described below. It will be understood that the described system obtains an average or approximate travel time between two points in a roadway and, as such, it does not need to determine the travel time of every vehicle in the roadway; only a representative sample of the traffic is needed. Accordingly, not all vehicles programmed at the upstream reader need to be read at the downstream reader.
Reference is first made to
The traffic information system 10 includes a display sign 26, an upstream reader 12, and a downstream reader 16, wherein “upstream” and “downstream” refer to the direction of vehicular travel in the roadway 24. The upstream reader 12 is located in the general vicinity of the display sign 26. In the embodiment illustrated in
The display sign 26 is positioned over or next to the roadway 24 such that drivers of vehicles 20 coming towards the display sign 26 may read the information shown on the display sign 26. The display sign 26 may be an electronic message board that is controlled by a display processor 28 to display a selected message. The message may be varied by the display processor 28 from time-to-time. By way of example only, the displayed message may be used to warn of congestion in the roadway 24, advise of upcoming construction or lane-closures, suggest good driving habits, and/or display time or temperature information, among other things. In particular, the display sign 26 may indicate the travel time from the location of the display sign 26 to a location further down the roadway 24. For example, it may indicate the travel time to reach the next exit, next toll plaza, next highway interchange, next municipality, etc.
The upstream reader 12 includes an upstream antenna 14 having a coverage zone that includes at least a portion of the roadway 24. The upstream reader 12 and antenna 14 may communicate with transponders 22 that enter the coverage zone. In particular, the upstream reader 12 may excite the upstream antenna 14 so as to propagate a trigger or wake-up signal within the coverage zone. If a transponder 22 is located within the coverage zone, it responds by sending a response signal, which is received by the upstream antenna 14 and processed by the upstream reader 12. The upstream reader 12 then provides the transponder 22 with a time stamp. The upstream reader 12 may also provide the transponder 22 with a location ID. The time stamp and location ID may be contained in a programming signal broadcast by the upstream antenna 14 to the transponder 22. The time stamp and location ID are stored in memory by the transponder 22.
The downstream reader 16 includes a downstream antenna 18. The downstream antenna 18 has a coverage area over at least a portion of the roadway 24, such that it is capable of communicating with transponders 22 that pass through the coverage area. The downstream reader 16 causes the downstream antenna 18 to broadcast an interrogation signal and process any response signals. A transponder 22 in the coverage area responds to the interrogation signal by sending a response signal containing transponder information, such as the time stamp and location ID stored in the transponder memory.
On obtaining the location ID and time stamp, the downstream reader 16 compares the present time with the time stamp to obtain a travel time between the two readers 12 and 16 over the distance d. Travel times may be accumulated by the downstream reader 16 and may be used to determine an average travel time for the distance d of the roadway 24. It will be appreciated that the downstream reader 16 includes a timer or clock that provides a source for the present time.
The downstream reader 16 includes a communication antenna 30. The communication antenna 30 enables RF communication with the display processor 28, which includes a corresponding communication antenna 32. The RF communication between the downstream reader 16 and the display processor 28 may be a direct wireless transmission, such as a microwave signal. In another embodiment, as described further below, a wireless network like a cellular network, may be used for communications between the downstream reader 16 and the display processor 28.
The downstream reader 16 may send average travel time information to the display processor 28 for display on the display sign 26. In one embodiment, the downstream reader 16 sends the average travel time information periodically. In another embodiment, the downstream reader 16 sends average travel time information only when an updated average travel time differs from the current average travel time by more than a threshold amount, such as, for example, 5% or 10%. In one embodiment, the downstream reader 16 may be configured to send updated information, if required, in fifteen minute intervals. Other variations in reporting procedure and/or frequency will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
It will be appreciated that the display sign 26 may display information other than the average travel time in connection with the traffic information gathered by the system 10. For example, knowing the distance d the system 10 may determine an average traffic speed for the roadway 24, which may then be displayed on the display sign 26. In another example, the average travel time may be used to provide a qualitative assessment of the traffic, such a “slow”, “very slow”, “normal”, etc., for display on the display sign 26. Other possibilities will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
The protocol for communication between transponders 22 and the readers 12 and 16 is a two-way radio frequency (RF) communications protocol. In one embodiment, the RF carrier signals used are about 915 MHz and have a data bit rate of about 500 kbps.
In another embodiment, the display sign 26 may be located at or near the downstream reader 16, in which case the downstream reader 16 may not include a communication antenna 30 for sending average travel time information to the display processor 28. The display processor 28 may, in one embodiment, be incorporated within the downstream reader 16. In such embodiments, the distance between the upstream reader 12 and the downstream reader 16 may be relatively small, such as, for example, about 50 meters.
In yet another embodiment, the downstream reader 16 may send travel time information other than the average travel time to the display sign 26. For example, a qualitative description of the traffic conditions or a code corresponding to such a qualitative description may be determined at the downstream reader 16, and this description or code may be transmitted to the display sign 26 via RF communications. Other variations will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
In yet a further embodiment, the downstream reader 16 may send the travel time information to a remote location other than the display sign 26. For example, the downstream reader 16 may send the travel time information to a central office or computer for processing and/or storage. The central office or computer may accumulate the travel time information from various locations to perform traffic analysis, planning, management, etc. In some embodiments, the central office or computer may send travel time information to the display sign 26 for display.
Reference is now made to
The data string contains three types of fields, as indicated under the table heading “Field Type”: Factory fields, Agency fields, and Reader fields. The field type identifies the entity that is permitted to alter the contents of the particular field. The Factory fields are set by the manufacturer of the transponder and tend to relate to the characteristics of the transponder, i.e. the data in the Factory fields is read-only data. The Agency fields are fields that may be set by the agency deploying the transponders, and thus relate to the vehicle or customer characteristics. The Reader fields are fields that may be altered by individual readers. In one embodiment, these are fields that are used to track the movement of the transponder within an electronic toll collection system. For example, the Reader fields include fields for recording entry and exit points and the time and dates of entry or exit. In other embodiments, the Reader fields may include account information which a reader verifies and then debits in an automatic parking system, automated drive-through retail outlet, or other mobile commerce system.
The table 100 shown in
The Agency fields include a Vehicle Type field 112, a Vehicle Axles field 114, a Vehicle Weight field 116, a Revenue Type field 118, a Mounting location field 120, and an Agency Data field 122.
The Reader fields may include a set of timing fields 124 and a set of toll collection fields 126 that may be altered by a roadside reader. Within the toll collection fields 126, there may be an agency data field 130 provided as a ‘scratch pad’. The last field in the data string illustrated by the table 100 is a Reader-class Error Check field 128 containing a 16-bit cyclic redundancy code (CRC). The Error Check field 128 is used by the reader to verify that data from the transponder has been received correctly.
From the table 100 in
In an ETC operation, when a reader interrogates (i.e. triggers) a transponder, the transponder responds by transmitting a response signal containing the data string stored in local memory. In other words, the transponder sends the contents of its local memory to the reader. The reader then makes any modifications necessary to the Reader fields and transmits the modified data string back to the transponder. In one embodiment, the reader may not transmit the whole string, since many fields cannot be altered. The transponder receives a program signal containing the data string (or a portion of the data string) that includes the modified information. The transponder then stores the Reader fields from the program signal in place of the previous Reader fields in its local memory. The reader may then transmit a further trigger signal to re-read the transponder memory to verify that the transponder information has been updated in accordance with the modifications made by the reader.
In one embodiment of the present invention, wherein the traffic information system 10 is a part of an ETC system, the traffic information system 10 relies upon the timing fields 124 and/or toll collection fields 126 for time stamp information and location IDs in connection with the upstream reader.
In some embodiments, the time stamp and location ID from the upstream reader may be stored in the agency data field 130, i.e. the scratch pad. This may especially be the case where the traffic information system 10 is not a part of the ETC system and/or is implemented on a non-toll roadway. In such embodiments, the traffic information system 10 may have sufficient permission to write data to the scratch pad, but may not have sufficient authorization to alter the other fields in the transponder data structure.
Reference is now made to
The downstream communication antenna 30 and upstream communication antenna 32 communicate via a wireless network 46. The wireless network 46 includes an upstream access point 44a and a downstream access point 44b. In one embodiment, the upstream and downstream access points 44a, 44b may be the same, although in many cases they will be different. The wireless network 46 may include a wireless communications network or combination of interconnected networks, including, without limitation, Mobiltex™, DataTAC™, AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, GSM/GPRS, PCS, EDGE, UMTS or CDPD. The wireless network 46 may further include the public switch telephone network (PSTN). Communications with the wireless network by the upstream and downstream readers 12, 16 use wireless protocols familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the communications between the readers 12, 16 through the wireless network 46 are made by way of short message service (SMS).
Reference is now made to
The upstream reader 12 includes a processor 50 operating under program control. The processor 50 may be implemented as a general purpose processor configured to perform the operations and functions described herein by way of stored program control. Suitable programming of a general purpose microprocessor or microcontroller will be within the skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art. Program instructions may be stored in firmware and/or temporary memory. In other embodiments, the processor 50 may be implemented through a configurable logic device, such as a field programmable gate array. In other embodiments, the processor 50 may be implemented by way of an application-specific integrated circuit. In some embodiments, the processor 50 may include a combination of integrated and discrete components. The range of implementation possibilities will be understood by those skilled in the art.
The processor 50 interacts with a time stamp antenna transceiver 52. The time stamp antenna transceiver 52 generates the RF excitation signals for output to the upstream antenna 14 (
The time stamp antenna transceiver 52 also excites the upstream antenna 14 to send a programming signal to the transponder 22 instructing the transponder 22 to store a time stamp in memory. The time stamp may be obtained by the time stamp antenna transceiver 52 from the processor 50 or other timing source. Upon detecting the presence of a transponder 22 in the coverage zone 40, the time stamp antenna transceiver 52 sends the programming signal containing the time stamp to the transponder 22. In one embodiment, the programming signal further includes a location ID corresponding to the upstream reader 12.
The upstream reader 12 may further include the communication antenna transceiver 54 and the display driver 56. The display driver 56 outputs a display signal 57 to the display sign 26 (
The content to be displayed on the display sign 26 may be obtained, at least in part, by the display driver 56 from the processor 50, the communication antenna transceiver 54 and/or a memory (not shown). The obtained content may include content received through the communication antenna transceiver 54 from the downstream reader 16, such as the average travel time between the upstream reader 12 and downstream reader 16.
The communication antenna transceiver 54 performs the RF signalling and protocols through the upstream communication antenna 32 necessary to receive data communications from the downstream reader 16, either directly or through the wireless network 46 (
It will be appreciated that in some other embodiments, the upstream reader 12 may have only the processor 50 and the time stamp antenna transceiver 52, and that the display driver 56 and communication antenna transceiver 54 may be embodied in a physically separate device or system.
The downstream reader 16 includes a processor 60 and an interrogation antenna transceiver 62. The interrogation antenna transceiver 62 performs the RF signalling and protocols necessary to excite the downstream antenna(e) 18 and interrogate any transponders 22 (
The processor 60 or the interrogation antenna transceiver 62 may perform suitable demodulation and decoding of the incoming signal to extract the transponder information and, in particular, the timestamp and location ID. The processor 62 may filter out information that does not contain the correct location ID or, if monitoring the travel time between various points, it may group or associate the time stamp information according to the location ID.
The downstream reader 16 includes a time travel determination module 66 and a memory 68. The time travel determination module 66 accumulates time information in the memory 68 and makes a determination as to the approximate travel time between the upstream reader 12 and the downstream reader 16. The determination may be based upon an average of the travel times associated with a number of transponders. It may also be a weighted average or a mean value. Upon detecting a transponder 22 and obtaining its time stamp information, the travel time determination module 66 may calculate the travel time for the particular transponder 22. This calculation involves comparing the time stamp with a current time. The current time may be obtained from the processor 60 or another timing source. It will be appreciated that the timing sources in the upstream reader 12 and the downstream reader 16 are to be synchronized when initialized.
When the travel time determination module 66 calculates a travel time 70 (shown individually as 70a, 70b, . . . , 70n) for a particular transponder 22 it stores the travel time 70 in the memory 68. Once it has accumulated a sufficient number of travel times 70, the travel time determination module 66 may determine an approximate or average travel time. The average travel time may be sent to the upstream reader 12 by way of a communication antenna transceiver 64. The communication antenna transceiver 64 performs the necessary RF signalling and protocols to transmit the average travel time to the upstream reader 12 and/or the wireless network 46 (
It will also be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the communication antenna transceiver 64 may send the travel time information to a location other than the display sign 26 (
Reference is now made to
The upstream reader includes a coverage zone spanning a portion of the roadway and it instructs one or more vehicle-mounted transponders passing through the coverage zone to store a time stamp and a location ID. It will be appreciated that it is not necessary that every transponder in the roadway be programmed to store a time stamp. Accordingly, the coverage zone need not span the entire roadway, although in some embodiments it may. If the upstream reader and its coverage zone are placed on an open-road section of the roadway, rather than at a gated section (like a toll plaza), then the upstream reader and its coverage zone are configured so as to be able to communicate with transponders travelling at highway speeds.
The downstream reader has a coverage zone that spans a portion of the roadway. Again, it is not necessary that the entire roadway be covered, although in some embodiments it may be entirely covered.
The method 200 begins in step 202 with the detection of a vehicle in the downstream coverage zone. This may involve transmission of a trigger or wake-up signal from the downstream antenna into the coverage zone and the subsequent reception of a response signal at the downstream antenna from a transponder in the zone. In step 204, the downstream reader obtains transponder information from the transponder memory. In some embodiments, the transponder response signal contains a data string having the contents of its memory, including any information stored in its “scratch pad” section of memory. If the transponder was programmed at the upstream reader, then the transponder information includes the time stamp and location ID.
In step 206, the downstream reader determines whether the transponder information indicates that the transponder was programmed with a time stamp at the upstream reader. It may do this on the basis of the location ID. If the location ID does not correspond to the known location ID of the upstream reader, then the transponder does not contain a relevant time stamp. If the transponder was not programmed at the upstream reader, then the method 200 returns to step 202 to await detection of another transponder. Otherwise, the method 200 continues to step 208, wherein the transponder time stamp is compared to the current time to determine a travel time between the upstream reader and the downstream reader.
Once the travel time is determined in step 208 it may be stored in memory in the downstream reader in step 210. In step 212, the downstream reader determines whether to calculate/update the average travel time. This determination may be based upon accumulating a sufficient number of travel times. It may also or alternatively be based upon predetermined periodic updating. For example, the reader may determine an updated travel time every fifteen minutes. Various combinations and/or modifications will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Howsoever the downstream reader determines whether or not an update is warranted, if it decides not to update, then the method 200 returns to step 202 to await detection of another transponder. If an updated average travel time is required, then in step 214 the average travel time is calculated. In one embodiment, the average travel time is calculated as the average of all travel times stored in the memory. The average may be based only upon travel times received a preceding time period, such as fifteen minutes, to render the information as current as may be required by the circumstances. In other embodiments, a mean travel time may be determined. In yet other embodiments, a weighted average may be used to determine the average travel time, with greater weight being given to more recent travel times and diminishing importance given to older travel times. Other variations will be understood by those skilled in the art.
After calculating the updated average travel time in step 214, the downstream reader determines whether to send the updated travel time to the display sign. This determination may be based, for example, upon whether the updated travel time varies from the previously calculated travel time by more than a threshold amount. If the variation is not deemed to be significant enough, then the update may not be sent and the method 200 may return to step 202. If the variation exceeds the threshold (for example, a variation of more than 5 or 10%), then in step 218 the downstream reader transmits the updated average travel time to the display sign. This may, for example, include sending a digital electronic message, such as an SMS message, an e-mail, an instant message, or other such communication, through a wireless network connection. Various other mechanisms for communicating the updated travel time from the downstream reader to the display sign will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
References herein to calculation or determination of an “average travel time” will be understood to be broader than mere averaging. In some embodiments, the calculation or determination may involve determining a mean value, a weighted average, or other approximations, to arrive at a travel time for the roadway.
It will also be appreciated that any reference herein to sending a “travel time” or “average travel time” or “travel time information” from the downstream reader to the display sign or display processor are broad enough to include sending quantitative measures or approximate travel time and/or sending qualitative assessments of approximate travel time or traffic conditions.
Referring again to
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Certain adaptations and modifications of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the above discussed embodiments are considered to be illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
