The field of this disclosure relates to determining operating modes for multiple overlapping electrical loads. In particular, a method and system for determining low power modes within an aggregated higher power signal.
The monitoring of all power consumption of electric loads associated with power management systems is often overlooked. In particular, for energy management purposes, it is common that only the high power electric loads are assessed, and for an electric circuit where there is only one load connected. Therefore, only a single operating mode is determined. However, in an electrical circuit fed from circuit breakers or power strips, there can be multiple electrical loads which are supplied from single outlet or circuit breaker. These multiple electrical loads which are connected to the same circuit can be operating with different operating modes at the same time. The resultant electrical signal at the circuit breaker or power strip will therefore comprise an aggregated electrical signal of overlapping loads with different electrical power when operating in different modes. As such, some of the loads can be in active mode (i.e. performing actual operation) and some of the loads can be in low power mode (i.e. standby mode).
For example, electric loads and/or appliances used in a building go through various operating modes depending on the actual work being done by the load, which can also be dependent on the usage by the user. For example, a microwave when being actively used for heating can be classified as being in active mode, whereas when it is plugged in to the electric outlet and not used for heating it can be classified as being in standby mode or low power mode. Through existing approaches, it is possible to detect operating modes for an outlet/load when a load is individually powered or singly operated (U.S. Pat. No. 10,837,989, 2020). But, as with the microwave example, with a circuit breaker having multiple kitchen appliances connected, not all loads would be powered at the same time.
In order to provide more accurate energy saving recommendations or power control to end users it is advantageous to know if any of the loads of the combined electrical signal are operating in a low power mode. Providing a detailed analysis of the varying operating modes from loads of an aggregated signal, in particular low power mode, allows for further energy saving opportunities for the end user. On determining the low power operating mode loads, the user can opt to turn these loads off, thus saving power and energy.
The presently disclosed subject matter provides a method to detect the presence of a low power operating mode in the case of overlapping loads. By effectively detecting the operating mode of the appliance, various benefits can be provided. It provides customers the visibility of the load energy/power usage by operating modes. In a networked plug-in load system, this information is particularly important to provide the aggregate energy/power consumption with a differentiation/segmentation between the energy that is really in use, and the energy that is thought to be consumed by the user. This information provides a direct visibility to the potential saving opportunities to customers.
Further, a reliable operating mode detection also ensures reliable control (or a safe turn-OFF) of plug-in critical loads, with minimized potential damage to the devices and negative impacts to users. Thus, it helps to minimize the unnecessary nuisance trip when the plugged-in loads, especially critical loads, are to be turned-off.
In an aspect of the disclosure there is provided an overlapping electric loads operating mode detection method, the overlapping electric loads operating mode detection method comprising: measuring an aggregated power signal of an electrical outlet; determining an operating mode for the aggregated power signal, wherein the operating mode is determined to be one of an active mode, a lower power mode, or switched off; on determining the operating mode is active mode, the method further comprising: determining a load category for the aggregated power signal; selecting a corresponding load category signature power signal from a load category database; evaluating spectral coherence between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal; determining an overall probability of coherence between frequency components of the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal; determining if a low power mode is present within the active mode aggregated power signal, whereby a low power mode is arranged to be detectable based on the probability of coherence value; and determining the operating modes of each of the overlapping electric loads.
Knowing the operating modes of overlapping electric loads improves power consumption monitoring and provides enhanced energy management capabilities, including effective control of loads.
In some embodiments, measuring the aggregated power signal may comprise reading the aggregated current and voltage signals of the electrical outlet. Measuring from the electrical outlet allows for monitoring and acquisition to be performed at a single source rather than at each load. This is also advantageous if certain locations have restricted access.
In some embodiments, the reading of the aggregated current and voltage signals may be performed for a minimum of 5 cycles. Acquiring the signal for a minimum of 5 cycles allows for any anomalies or abnormalities that are induced in a cycle to be minimised in the resultant measured aggregated signal.
In some embodiments, the load category of the aggregated power signal may be determined to be one of a plurality of load categories, the load categories may comprise: Power Electronic Load without Power Factor Correction (NP); Power Electronic Load with Power Factor Correction (P); Transformer (T); Reactive (X); Phase Angle controlled (PAC); Complex (M); or Resistive (R). Knowing the load category aids in determining the appliance associated with the load, such that the power management of such appliance can be controlled. It will be realised by a skilled person in the art that other load categories can be used and the method is not limited to the aforementioned load categories.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise normalising the aggregated power signal, wherein the aggregated current and voltage waveform is normalised. Normalising the aggregated signal allows for easier comparison with a normalised sample signal, as it is the behaviour of the waveform and not the maximum current or voltage that is of interest.
In some embodiments, the load category signature power signals may comprise one cycle active mode normalised waveform for each load category. The load category signature power signal is a sample signal which has been calibrated for a particular load category, thus only requires a single cycle when the particular load is operating in active mode.
In some embodiments, evaluating spectral coherence between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal may further comprise: evaluating the difference between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal based on their respective voltage/current, VI, trajectory waveforms and area enclosed in the VI trajectories.
In some embodiments, evaluating spectral coherence between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal may further comprise: calculating the difference between the VI trajectory enclosed areas of the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal using root mean square error (RMSE) analysis. The difference in the area enclosed by the VI trajectories of the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power (sample) signal is used as a distinguishing feature, as this distinguishing feature aids in providing an easier and more accurate prediction of a low power load being present in the aggregated signal.
In some embodiments, evaluating spectral coherence between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal may further comprise: estimating spectral coherence between a normalised current signal of aggregated power signal and a normalised current signal of the load category signature power signal using Welch's averaged modified periodogram method (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%27s_method). Again, this is a distinguishing feature which aids in providing an easier and more accurate prediction of a low power load being present in the aggregated signal.
In some embodiments, evaluating spectral coherence between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal may further comprise: recording the spectral coherence estimates for all frequency components of the compared signals.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise evaluating the spectral correlation count between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal, wherein evaluating the spectral correlation count comprises counting the number of frequency components where the coherence value is below a threshold.
In some embodiments, the coherence value may be below a threshold of 0.8. Having a reasonable threshold value, such as 0.8, allows for any outliers in the spectral correlation count that may be close to a 1 to 1 correlation to be ruled out, as having a 1 to 1 correlation means there is no difference between the frequency components of the compared signals.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise evaluating the phase difference between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal at 120 Hz frequency. Again, this is a distinguishing feature which aids in providing an easier and more accurate prediction of a low power load being present in the aggregated signal.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise calculating the overall probability using a sigmoid membership function for each feature, wherein the features comprise the VI waveform area difference, the spectral correlation count and the phase difference of the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal.
In some embodiments, the sigmoidal membership function may be given by the equation:
In some embodiments, the overall probability of coherence may be calculated using the following equation:
In some embodiments, a low power mode may be present when the probability of coherence value is greater than 0.5.
In some embodiments, the frequency components may include AC and DC. Measuring the frequency components of both AC and DC covers all different types of loads using the single method.
In some embodiments, the number of frequency components may be greater than >1.
In an aspect of the disclosure there is provided an operating mode detection system of overlapping electric loads, the operating mode detection system comprising: an electrical outlet; an external computing component, wherein the external computing component is configured to: measure, via the electrical outlet, an aggregated power signal; determine an operating mode for the aggregated power signal, wherein the operating mode is determined to be one of an active mode, a lower power mode, or switched off; when the operating mode is determined to be active mode the external computing component is further configured to: determine a load category for the aggregated power signal; select a corresponding load category signature power signal from a load category database; evaluate spectral coherence between the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal; determine an overall probability of coherence between frequency components of the aggregated power signal and the load category signature power signal; determine if a low power mode is present within the active mode aggregated signal based on the determined probability of coherence value; and determine the operating modes of each of the overlapping loads.
The disclosure will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Once the aggregated signal is acquired the system evaluates the operating mode for the aggregated signal 204 by determining if the operating mode is an active mode, a low power mode or switched off. The existing method as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,837,989 is used to compute the overall operating mode of the aggregated signal. If all the loads connected to an outlet are in low power mode then aggregated mode is detected as low power mode. Therefore, the reverse is also true, in that if the aggregated mode is detected as low power mode then it is deduced that all of the connected loads are in low power mode. Similarly, if the aggregated current signal is zero, i.e. no signal is read, then all the loads are switched off. In evaluating the operating mode the method 200 determines from the aggregated data if the operating mode is an active mode 206. If no active mode is found, the method 200 then determines if a low power operating mode is present or not 208. Therefore, concluding that there is low power mode present on the one or more loads, or all the loads are switched off.
If it is determined that the operating mode of the aggregated signal is active mode 206 then it is possible that there are low power mode loads connected along with active power loads. Thus, further processing is required to classify presence of the low power mode loads within the aggregated active mode signal. Firstly, the load category for the aggregated signal is determined 210. The load can be characterised into various load categories including, resistive (R), inductive (X), power electronic with power factor correction (P), power electronic load without power factor correction (NP), microwave or complex loads (M), transformer (T), phase angle controlled loads (PAC). The voltage/current (VI) trajectory waveforms vary depending on the load category, thus evaluating the VI trajectory of the aggregated signal will help to identify the dominant load category of the aggregated signal. The details of the VI trajectories of the various load categories is discussed further in relation to
The next steps, 216 to 228, are implemented in order to extrapolate the low power mode signal(s) from the aggregated signal by evaluating the various differentiating features between the aggregated signal and the sample waveform from 214. In step 216, the distinguishing feature assessed is the difference in area in the enclosed VI trajectories of the aggregated signal and the sample signal. It is noted that there are differences in the VI trajectory for a given load category of an individual load when compared with an aggregated load. Therefore, using root mean square error (RMSE) to determine the difference between the enclosed areas of the VI trajectories provides an indication that a low power mode is present within the aggregated signal. Further details on determining the area difference 216 is provided below in relation to
The next differentiating feature evaluated is the spectral coherence between the sample waveform and the aggregated waveform 218. In particular, the spectral coherence 218 is performed between the sample current of the sample signal and the aggregated current of the aggregated signal, both of which have been previously normalised. The spectral coherence 218 is determined by using Welch's averaged modified periodogram method. The spectral coherence indicates the correlation between various frequency components as well as their respective phase angles. The spectral coherence is found to be higher for majority of frequency components when the load current comprises all active mode loads, whereas the correlation decreases when the load current comprises a mix of low power mode loads and active mode loads. Therefore, a decreased correlation is an indicator that loads operating low power mode are present in the aggregated signal. The coherence estimates for all the frequency components of the signals are then recorded 220 and the number of frequency components where the coherence value is less than a threshold is calculated 222. The coherence value is preferably below a threshold of 0.8, and more preferably below a threshold of 0.6. Further details on the evaluation of spectral coherence is discussed in relation to
Once the spectral coherence is determined the next step of the method 200 is to determine the distinguishing feature of the phase difference between the aggregated signal and the sample signal 224. The phase difference is assessed at the 120 Hz component, i.e. at the second harmonic. The phase difference at 120 Hz is found to be higher over a larger range of phase differences (−200 to 200 degrees) when there is one or more low power mode loads present. Therefore, an increased distribution of phase differences at 120 Hz is an indicator that low power operating mode loads are present in the aggregated signal. More details are provided in relation to the phase difference below in conjunction with
Once the differences of the distinguishing features are determined, as in steps 216 to 224, the method 200 then continues by determining the overall probability that one or more loads are operating in low power mode 226. A sigmoid membership function is used to determine if low power operating mode loads are present in the aggregated signal by inputting the data from the differentiating features into the sigmoidal function. If the overall probability is found to be greater than 0.5 then there is low power mode present in the aggregated signal 228. However, if the overall probability is less than 0.5 then there is no low power mode present and the aggregated signal comprises all active mode loads. It will be realised that the probability threshold may be a value greater than 0.5, for example 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, etc., depending on the level of accuracy required.
In combination with the method 200 of
a-c illustrate plots 300/400/420/440 of real power and mode ID for a number of cycles for various loads of varying operating mode.
As discussed in relation to step 210 of the method 200, the load category is determined from the VI trajectory of the aggregated signal.
Further analysis performed on various loads with different load categories revealed that the resultant load category for aggregated load is representative of the dominant load in the circuit. Thus, the VI trajectory corresponding to each load category can be used to determine the load category for the aggregated signal, as in step 210 of the method 200, and used for the analysis in steps 214 and 216. The VI trajectories for the different load categories are shown in the plots 1100 of
In accordance with step 216 of the method 200, the area difference between the VI trajectory of the aggregate signal and the VI trajectory of the sample signal should result in distinct area distributions as shown in plots 1200 and 1220 of
Another distinguishing feature which is analysed is the spectral coherence, as in steps 218-222 of the method 200. The spectral coherence indicates the correlation between various frequency components as well as their respective phase angles. The method 200 computes spectral coherence for a plurality of frequency components including DC (0 Hz). For the spectral coherence analysis the number of frequency components is greater than 1. In the following example, the number of frequency components is 129.
Similarly to the analysis of the area difference of the VI trajectories in 1200 and 1220 of
A further differentiating feature used in determining if one or more loads are operating in low power mode from an aggregated signal is the phase difference at 120 Hz, as in step 224 of the method 200 in
Using all the above differentiating features and their distribution plots (i.e. area difference, spectral correlation and phase difference at 120 Hz) a sigmoid membership function-based equation is used to detect the overall probability that a low power operating mode is present within an acquired overlapping aggregated signal. The sigmoid function is given by the formula:
If the probability of coherence value is greater than 0.5 then it is declared that the aggregated current does not have any load, of a plurality of loads, which is operating in low power mode. If the probability of coherence value is less than 0.5 then it indicates that the aggregated current has one or more loads of a plurality of loads which are operating in low power mode. Therefore, the result of this analysis and determining if a low power mode is present in a signal of overlapping loads can be utilized to provide power management recommendations to a user. For example, the aforementioned method and system can highlight circuits where there are loads operating in low power mode, and thus can be switched off if not actively used.
It will be realised by the skilled person in the art that other distinguishing features may be evaluated to provide an increased accuracy in determining the operating mode of overlapping electric loads, for example, features from the time domain and/or frequency domain. Further, the example analyses throughout this disclosure in determining the differentiating features is based on 1 to 4 load variations. However, it will be realised by the skilled person that an increase in the number of loads on a single circuit and an increase in the number of circuits will further enhance the outcome of the method.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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202211016702 | Mar 2022 | IN | national |
This application is a national phase filing under 35 C.F.R. § 371 of and claims priority to PCT Patent Application No. PCT/EP2022/025270, filed on Jun. 10, 2022, which claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of Indian Patent Application number 202211016702, filed on Mar. 24, 2022, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/EP2022/025270 | 6/10/2022 | WO |