Patent Grant
9611144
The present invention relates to a method and system for producing a synthesis gas in an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system, and more particularly, a method and system for producing a synthesis gas in an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system that utilizes a combined feed stream comprised a pre-reformed hydrocarbon feed, superheated steam, and a reaction product stream created by the reaction of a hydrogen containing stream reacted with the permeated oxygen at the permeate side of oxygen transport membrane elements, wherein the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and associated synthesis production process equipment are substantially free of carbon formation and metal dusting corrosion.
Synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide is used for a variety of industrial applications, for example, the production of hydrogen, chemicals and synthetic fuel production. Conventionally, the synthesis gas is produced in a fired reformer in which natural gas and steam is reformed in nickel catalyst containing reformer tubes at high temperatures (e.g., 850° C. to 1000° C.) and moderate pressures (e.g., 16 to 30 bar) to produce the synthesis gas. The endothermic heating requirements for steam methane reforming reactions occurring within the reformer tubes are provided by burners firing into the furnace that are fueled by part of the natural gas. In order to increase the hydrogen content of the synthesis gas produced by the steam methane reforming (SMR) process, the synthesis gas can be subjected to water-gas shift reactions to react residual steam in the synthesis gas with the carbon monoxide.
A well established alternative to steam methane reforming is the non-catalytic partial oxidation process (POx) whereby a substoichiometric amount of oxygen is allowed to react with the natural gas feed creating steam and carbon dioxide at high temperatures. The high temperature residual methane is reformed through reactions with the high temperature steam and carbon dioxide.
An attractive alternative process for producing synthesis gas is the autothermal reformer (ATR) process which uses oxidation to produce heat with a catalyst to permit reforming to occur at lower temperatures than the POx process. Similar to the POx process, oxygen is required to partially oxidize natural gas in a burner to provide heat, high temperature carbon dioxide and steam to reform the residual methane. Normally some steam needs to be added to the natural gas to control carbon formation on the catalyst. However, both the ATR as well as POx processes require separate air separation units (ASU) to produce high-pressure oxygen, which adds complexity as well as capital and operating cost to the overall process.
When the feedstock contains significant amounts of heavy hydrocarbons, SMR and ATR processes, are typically preceded by a pre-reforming step. Pre-reforming is a catalyst based process for converting higher hydrocarbons to methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The reactions involved in pre-reforming are endothermic. Most pre-reformers operate adiabatically, and thus the pre-reformed feedstock leaves at a much lower temperature than the feedstock entering the pre-reformer. Another process that will be discussed in this invention is the secondary reforming process, which is essentially an autothermal process that is fed the product from a steam methane reforming process. Thus, the feed to a secondary reforming process is primarily synthesis gas from steam methane reforming. Depending on the end application, some natural gas may bypass the SMR process and be directly introduced into the secondary reforming step. Also, when a SMR process is followed by a secondary reforming process, the SMR may operate at a lower temperature, e.g. 650° C. to 825° C. versus 850° C. to 1000° C.
As can be appreciated, the conventional methods of producing a synthesis gas such as have been discussed above are expensive and require complex installations. To overcome the complexity and expense of such installations it has been proposed to generate the synthesis gas within reactors that utilize an oxygen transport membrane to supply oxygen and thereby generate the heat necessary to support endothermic heating requirements of the steam methane reforming reactions. A typical oxygen transport membrane has a dense layer that, while being impervious to air or other oxygen containing gas, will transport oxygen ions when subjected to an elevated operational temperature and a difference in oxygen partial pressure across the membrane.
Examples of oxygen transport membrane based reforming systems used in the production of synthesis gas can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,048,472; 6,110,979; 6,114,400; 6,296,686; 7,261,751; 8,262,755; and 8,419,827. The problem with all of these oxygen transport membrane based systems is that because such oxygen transport membranes need to operate at high temperatures of around 900° C. to 1100° C., preheating of the hydrocarbon feed to similarly high temperatures is often required. Where hydrocarbons such as methane and higher order hydrocarbons are subjected to such high temperatures, excessive carbon formation will occur in the feed stream, especially at high pressures and low steam to carbon ratios. The carbon formation problems are particularly severe in the above-identified prior art oxygen transport membrane based systems. A different approach to using an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system in the production of synthesis gas is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,349,214 which provides a reactively driven oxygen transport membrane based reforming system that uses hydrogen and carbon monoxide as part of the reactant gas feed which address many of the highlighted problems with the earlier oxygen transport membrane systems.
Other problems that arise with the prior art oxygen transport membrane based reforming systems are the cost of the oxygen transport membrane modules and the lower than desired durability, reliability and operating availability of such oxygen transport membrane based reforming systems. These problems are the primary reasons that oxygen transport membranes based reforming systems have not been successfully commercialized. Advances in oxygen transport membrane materials have addressed problems associated with oxygen flux, membrane degradation and creep life, but there is much work left to be done to achieve commercially viable oxygen transport membrane based reforming systems from a cost standpoint as well as from an operating reliability and availability standpoint.
The present invention addresses the aforementioned problems by providing an improved process for making synthesis gas using a reactively-driven oxygen transport membrane based reforming system that comprises an oxidation process occurring at the permeate side of the oxygen transport membranes and a reforming process facilitated by a reformer catalyst in close proximity to the reactively-driven oxygen transport membranes. The oxidation process, which is exothermic, and the reforming process, which is endothermic, both occur within the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and thus have a high degree of thermal integration so that heat released in the oxidation process supplies the heat absorbed by the reforming process.
Specifically, the improvements to the reactively-driven oxygen transport membrane based reforming system include modifications to the steam and hydrocarbon feed stream to increase steam to carbon ratio thereby reducing methane slip, mitigating carbon formation issues within the system and reducing the hydrocarbon feed requirements to the reformers. It has been found that conditioning the steam and hydrocarbon feed stream feed stream to a particular temperature range and steam to carbon ratio translates into an optimum operating regime with noticeably less reliability problems in the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system due to carbon formation. In addition, using a reactively driven oxygen transport membrane system with hydrogen and carbon-monoxide as a portion of the reactant gas mixture produces a higher oxygen flux compared to reactively-driven oxygen transport membranes that use only steam-methane feed as the reactant gas mixture mixtures which produce a lower flux. The actual difference in flux performance is a function of pressure, temperature, and reactant gas concentrations.
Additional improvements to the reactively-driven oxygen transport membrane based reactor and system include modifications to the heat recovery train and synthesis gas recycle loop to mitigate metal dusting and carbon formation issues that adversely impact system performance, reliability and durability. In addition, modifications or changes to the synthesis gas recycle loop allows for use of higher temperature synthesis gas in the recycle loop which decreases the oxygen requirement compared to previous reactively-driven oxygen transport membrane based reformer reactor designs.
The present invention may be characterized as a method for producing synthesis gas in an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system, which comprises two reactors, including a reforming catalyst containing reformer reactor and an oxidation catalyst containing oxygen transport membrane reactor preferably in the form of tubes, the method comprising the steps of: (i) separating an oxygen containing stream into an oxygen permeate and an oxygen depleted retentate stream using a plurality of oxygen transport membrane elements disposed in the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system; (ii) reacting a hydrogen containing stream contacting a permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements with the oxygen permeate to generate a reaction product stream and heat; (iii) pre-heating a hydrocarbon containing feed stream and combining the pre-heated hydrocarbon containing feed stream with a portion of the reaction product stream and steam to produce a combined feed stream having a temperature between about 500° C. and 750° C.; (iv) reforming the combined feed steam in the at least one catalyst containing reforming reactor in the presence of the catalyst and the heat generated by the reaction of the hydrogen containing stream and permeated oxygen to produce a synthesis gas stream, the at least one catalyst based reforming reactor disposed proximate the oxygen transport membrane elements; (v) cooling the synthesis gas stream exiting the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system to a temperature of less than about 400° C. via indirect heat exchange with a boiler feed water stream and wherein the steam is produced from the indirect heat exchange between the synthesis gas stream and the boiler feed water stream; and (vi) feeding a portion of the cooled synthesis gas stream to the permeate side of the plurality of oxygen transport membrane elements to form all or a portion of the hydrogen containing stream, wherein the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and associated synthesis production process equipment are substantially free of carbon formation and metal dusting corrosion.
Additional steps that may be incorporated in the present method include superheating the steam by heating the steam via indirect heat exchange with the oxygen depleted retentate stream, preferably at a pressure between about 15 bar to 80 bar and to a temperature between about 300° C. and 600° C.; and directing a portion of the superheated steam to the hydrocarbon containing feed stream to adjust the steam to carbon ratio and temperature of the combined feed stream.
In some embodiments, the present method includes the steps of further cooling the synthesis gas stream with one or more of the following streams: a boiler feed water stream in an economizer to produce heated boiler feed water; a feed water stream in a feed water heater to heat the feed water; or a cooling water stream in a cooling water heat exchanger. In addition, a portion of the cooled synthesis gas stream may be recycled or directed to the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements to react with the oxygen permeate. In this manner, the recycled portion of the cooled synthesis gas forms at least a part of the hydrogen containing stream. The recycled portion of the cooled synthesis gas may also be compressed and preheated against steam or any other stream, provided the wall temperature is maintained at less than about 400° C. when directed to the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements.
The step of pre-heating the hydrocarbon feed stream further may comprises pre-heating the hydrocarbon containing feed stream via indirect heat exchange with the synthesis gas stream or via indirect heat exchange with the oxygen depleted retentate stream or both. Likewise, the step of combining the pre-heated hydrocarbon containing feed stream with a portion of the reaction product stream and steam to produce the combined feed stream further may comprises first mixing the hydrocarbon feed stream with superheated steam and heating this mixed stream via indirect heat exchange with the oxygen depleted retentate stream.
The present invention may also be characterized as an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system for producing synthesis gas that is substantially free of carbon formation and metal dusting corrosion. The oxygen transport membrane based reforming system comprises: (a) a reactor housing; (b) at least one catalyst containing reforming reactor disposed in the reactor housing and configured to produce a synthesis gas stream by reacting a combined feed stream in the presence of the catalyst and heat; (c) a reactively driven oxygen transport membrane reactor disposed in the reactor housing proximate the at least one catalyst containing reforming reactor, the reactively driven oxygen transport membrane reactor comprising a plurality of oxygen transport membrane elements configured to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing feed stream and produce an oxygen permeate at a permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements and an oxygen depleted retentate stream at a retentate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements; (d) a hydrogen containing stream in contact with the permeate side of the plurality of oxygen transport membrane elements, wherein the permeated oxygen reacts with the hydrogen containing stream to reactively drive the separation of oxygen from the oxygen containing feed stream and to generate a reaction product stream and heat that is transferred to the oxygen depleted retentate stream and to at least one catalyst containing reforming reactor; and (e) a heat exchange network fluidically coupled to the reforming reactor and the oxygen transport membrane reactor and configured to: (i) cool the synthesis gas stream exiting the at least one catalyst containing reforming reactor to a temperature of less than about 400° C.; (ii) produce steam, and (iii) pre-heat a hydrocarbon containing feed stream. In many embodiments, the pre-heated hydrocarbon feed and steam are mixed with the reaction product stream upstream of the at least one catalyst containing reforming reactor to produce the combined feed stream having a temperature wherein the combined feed stream has a steam to carbon ratio between about 1.6 and 3.0 and a temperature between about 500° C. and 750° C.
The present system may further include a synthesis gas recycle circuit between the heat exchange network and the oxygen transport membrane reactor to recirculate a portion of the cooled synthesis gas to the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements to form all or a portion of the hydrogen containing stream. Since the recycled synthesis gas is maintained at a temperature of less than about 400° C., the present oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and associated synthesis production process equipment will be substantially free of carbon formation and metal dusting corrosion.
The heat exchange network preferably comprises a first heat exchanger configured to cool the synthesis gas stream via indirect heat exchange with a process gas boiler feed stream and wherein the steam is produce from the indirect heat exchange between the synthesis gas stream and the process gas boiler feed water stream and a second heat exchanger configured to pre-heat the hydrocarbon containing feed stream via indirect heat exchange with the cooled synthesis gas stream.
Optionally, the heat exchange network further comprises one or more coils disposed in an oxygen depleted retentate stream duct and wherein the steam is superheated to a pressure of between about 15 bar to 80 bar and a temperature of between about 300° C. and 600° C. via indirect heat exchange with the oxygen depleted retentate stream as the steam is directed through the one or more coils disposed in the oxygen depleted retentate stream duct. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon containing feed stream or a combination of the hydrocarbon feed stream and steam are also pre-heated via indirect heat exchange with the oxygen depleted retentate stream as the stream is directed through the one or more coils disposed in the oxygen depleted retentate stream duct.
While the specification concludes with claims distinctly pointing out the subject matter that applicants regard as their invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
For the sake of avoiding repetition, some of the common elements in the various Figures utilize the same numbers where the explanation of such elements would not change from Figure to Figure.
Turning now to
The heated oxygen containing stream 115 is then directed via the intake duct to the oxygen transport membrane elements 120 incorporated into the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system 101. Each of the oxygen transport membrane elements 120 are preferably configured as a multilayered ceramic tube capable of conducting oxygen ions at an elevated operational temperature, wherein the retentate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements 120 is the exterior surface of the ceramic tubes exposed to the oxygen containing stream and the permeate side is the interior surface of the ceramic tubes. Although only six oxygen transport membrane elements 120 are illustrated in close proximity to three catalytic reforming tubes 140, as would occur to those skilled in the art, there could be many of such oxygen transport membrane elements and many catalytic reforming tubes in each oxygen transport membrane sub-system. Likewise, there would be multiple oxygen transport membrane sub-systems used in an industrial application of the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system 101.
A hydrogen containing stream is also introduced into the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements 120 and is oxidized though reaction with the permeated oxygen to produce a reaction product stream 198 and heat. As described in more detail below, the hydrogen containing stream is preferably a recycled portion of the produced synthesis gas 163. As a result of the separation of the oxygen and the reaction (i.e. combustion) occurring at the permeate side of oxygen transport membrane elements 120, a heated and oxygen depleted retentate stream 124 is also formed.
The reaction of the hydrogen containing stream or recycled synthesis gas stream 163 at the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane element 120 produces heat. Radiation of this heat together with the convective heat transfer provided by heated retentate stream 124 heats the catalytic reactor tubes 140 to supply the endothermic heating requirements of the steam methane reforming occurring in catalytic reactor tubes 140. As the heated retentate stream 124 exits the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system 101, it also heats a reformer feed stream 138 to a temperature between about 450° C. and 650° C. via indirect heat transfer using one or more coils 191 disposed in the retentate duct such that the oxygen depleted retentate stream 124 heats the feed streams passing through the coils 191.
The hydrocarbon containing feed stream 182 to be reformed is preferably natural gas. Depending on the supply pressure, the natural gas is compressed or let down to the desired pressure via a compressor or valve arrangement (not shown) and then preheated in heat exchanger 150 that serves as a feed preheater. Also, since the natural gas typically contains unacceptably high level of sulfur species, the natural gas feed stream 182 undergoes a sulfur removal process such as hydro-treating, via device 190, to reduce the sulfur species to H2S, which is subsequently removed in a guard bed using material like ZnO and/or CuO. To facilitate the desulfurization, a small amount of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas (not shown) is added to stream 182 before heat exchanger 150. The hydro-treating step also saturates any alkenes present in the hydrocarbon containing feed stream. Further, since natural gas generally contains higher hydrocarbons that will break down at high temperatures to form unwanted carbon deposits that adversely impact the reforming process, the natural gas feed stream 182 is preferably pre-reformed in an adiabatic pre-reformer 192, which converts higher hydrocarbons to methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Pre-reformers are typically catalyst-based systems. Although not shown, this pre-reformed reformer feed stream 195 may be further heated via indirect heat exchange with heated retentate stream 124. Also contemplated, but not shown is an embodiment where the pre-reformer is a heated pre-reformer that is thermally coupled with oxygen transport membrane based reforming system.
In the illustrated embodiment, the above-described heated reaction product stream 198 is combined with the heated pre-reformed reformer feed stream 195 to produce a combined feed stream 200 that contains steam and hydrocarbons. This combined feed stream is introduced into the catalytic reactor tubes 140 where the combined feed stream 200 is subjected to steam methane reforming to produce a synthesis gas stream 142. The temperature of the combined feed stream 200 is between about 500° C. and 750° C., and more preferably between about 600° C. and 750° C. Steam 180 may also be added to the combined feed stream 200, the natural gas feed stream 182, or the preheated pre-reformed reformer feed stream 195, as required, to adjust the temperature of stream 200 as well as the steam to carbon ratio of stream 200 to between about 1.6 and 3.0, and more preferably to steam to carbon ratio between about 2.0 and 2.8. The steam is preferably superheated steam 180 between about 15 bar and 80 bar and between about 300° C. and 600° C. and heated by means of indirect heat exchange with the heated retentate stream 124 using steam coils 179 disposed in the retentate duct. The superheated steam 180 is preferably added to the hydrocarbon containing feed stream 182 upstream of the pre-reformer 192 to adjust the steam to carbon ratio and final temperature of the combined feed stream 200. Also, to optimize the economic performance of the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system in a methanol production process, the methane slip should be less than 4.5 percent by volume and preferably less than 2.5 percent by volume.
The synthesis gas stream 142 produced by the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system 101 generally contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, unconverted methane, steam, carbon dioxide and other constituents. Heat exchange section 104 is designed to cool the produced synthesis gas stream 142 and recycle a portion of the synthesis gas stream 162A to form all or a part of the hydrogen containing stream 163. In this illustrated embodiment, the synthesis gas stream 142 is preferably cooled before recycling such stream using a synthesis gas recycle compressor 177 or other blower means. The heat exchange section 104 is also designed such that in cooling the synthesis gas stream 142, various feed streams are preheated and process steam is also generated.
The initial cooling of synthesis gas stream 142 is accomplished with steam generation in a process gas boiler (PG boiler) 149 coupled to steam drum 157 and designed to reduce the temperature of the cooled synthesis gas 144 to about 400° C. or less. As illustrated in
The cooled synthesis gas stream 146 is then divided into a first portion 160 and a second or recycled portion 162A. First portion 160 is further cooled in a series of steps including a feed water heater 158A, used to heat feed water stream 159, followed by a synthesis gas cooler 161 and a subsequent water cooled heat exchanger 164 cooled via a separate cooling water stream 166. The heated feed water 159 is directed to a de-aerator (not shown) that provides boiler feed water 188. The resulting fully cooled synthesis gas stream 148 is then introduced into a knock-out drum 168 from which a condensate stream 170 is drained to produce a fully cooled synthesis gas stream 172. The fully cooled synthesis gas stream 172 is optionally compressed in a synthesis gas compressor 174 to produce a synthesis gas product 176.
The second or recycle portion 162A of the initially cooled synthesis gas stream 144 is directed to a second feed water heater 158B, used to heat feed water stream 159, and this cooled recycle synthesis gas stream 163 is recirculated back to the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane element 120 by means of a recycle compressor 177. Also note that any superheated steam not added or used in the natural gas feed 182 or recycle synthesis gas stream 163 is exported steam 181 that may be used for power generation.
When customized as a supplemental source of synthesis gas for a methanol production process, the oxygen transport membrane produced synthesis gas should have a module of between about 1.5 and 2.0. In addition, such produced synthesis gas stream ideally has a methane slip of less than about 4.5 percent by volume and more preferably, a methane slip of less than about 2.5 percent by volume.
Turning now to
The primary difference between the embodiments in
The hot synthesis gas recycle involves recycling a portion of the heated synthesis gas stream 142 exiting the catalyst containing reforming tubes or reactor 140 and directing the hot recycled synthesis gas 162B to the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements 120 to react the portion of heated synthesis gas stream 162B with the oxygen permeate stream to generate the heated reaction product stream and radiant heat. The temperature of the hot synthesis recycled gas is preferably above 800° C. so as to avoid problems associated with metal dusting corrosion.
The hot synthesis gas stream 162B is driven or pulled to the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements 120 by means of an ejector, eductor or venturi based device 199 operatively coupled to the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements 120. By suctioning the streams at the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements 120 into the ejector, eductor or venturi based device 199 with a motive fluid comprising the pre-reformed reformer feed stream 195, the reaction product stream 198 mixes with the pre-reformed reformer feed stream 195 to produce the combined feed stream 200, preferably having a steam to carbon ratio between about 1.6 and 3.0 and a temperature between about 500° C. and 750° C. Essentially, device 199 moves lower pressure reaction product 198 to higher pressure combined feed stream 200.
Turning now to
The diverted portion of the cooled synthesis gas stream 350 is subjected to a water shift reaction 352 and subsequently cooled in heat exchanger 354 using cooling water or boiler feed water and then compressed in a synthesis gas compressor 360. The compressed gas feed stream 362 is directed to a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit 370 which takes the compressed feed stream 362 and produces a higher purity hydrogen stream 372 at or near the feed pressure while the carbon oxides, methane and other impurities are rejected at lower pressure tail gas stream 374. Stream 374 may be recycled to use with the duct burners 126 while the higher pressure and higher purity hydrogen stream 372 is recombined with the non-diverted portion of the synthesis gas stream 172, preferably at some point mid-stage point within the synthesis gas compressor 174. By re-combining the higher purity hydrogen stream 372 with the non-diverted portion of the synthesis gas stream 172, one can adjust the module of the final synthesis gas product to about 2.0 to 2.2, the preferable range for methanol production or other synthesis gas characteristics such as hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio, etc.
One of the likely disadvantages of the previously disclosed oxygen transport membrane based reforming systems and reactors is the potential for corrosion, and in particular metal dusting corrosion. Metal dusting is a severe form of corrosion that occurs when surfaces of certain metal and metal alloy components and piping are exposed to severe gas environments with a high carbon activity or content. The metal dusting corrosion is manifested by disintegration of bulk metals, such as iron, nickel and cobalt to metal powders. The typical metal dusting process results from a series of sequential steps, including (i) rapid uptake of carbon into the metallic phase leading to saturation of the alloy matrix with carbon; (ii) formation of metastable carbides; and (iii) decomposition of these carbides into a loose film of carbon and metallic particles, which acts as catalyst for further carbon deposition. The exact mechanism may vary depending on the type of metal being used. The temperatures normally associated with metal dusting are about 400° C. to 800° C. (i.e. about 760° F. to about 1500° F.). At temperatures generally below 400° C. the rate of reaction to form the metastable carbide species is too low to be significant, while at temperatures above 800° C. the carbon formation is minimal.
To avoid the metal dusting corrosion in the oxygen based transport membrane based reforming system and associated components and piping, the system should be designed to avoid contact of any synthesis gas with metal surfaces having temperatures between about 400° C. to 800° C. While it is possible to provide corrosion resistant coatings on all high temperature metal surfaces exposed to synthesis gas, such solution would be cost prohibitive. The alternative corrosion prevention technique employed in the present embodiments is to manage the temperatures of the synthesis gas so as to avoid contacting bare metal surfaces with synthesis gas in the deleterious temperature range where metal dusting corrosion occurs.
As will be described in more detail below, the present embodiments of the inventions achieve this temperature control of the metal surfaces exposed to the synthesis gas in several ways. In particular for the embodiments in
In the embodiment of
Turning now to
On the other hand, region 330 generally corresponds to a region of high temperature and low steam to carbon ratios where the combined feed stream is subject to carbon lay down in the reforming catalysts. Region 330 is generally depicted as the region to the right of the curve or plot line on the feed temperature versus steam to carbon ratio defined by two points, namely a feed temperature of near 1500° C. with a steam to carbon ratio of about 1.5 and a feed temperature of about 700° C. with a steam to carbon ratio of about 2.4 (See
It has been found that conditioning the combined feed stream to a particular temperature range and steam to carbon ratio which avoids regions 310 and 330 translates into an optimum operating regime with noticeably less reliability problems in the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system due to carbon formation. This window of preferred operating characteristics for the combined feed stream is depicted generally as region 320 in
While the present invention has been characterized in various ways and described in relation to preferred embodiments, as will occur to those skilled in the art, numerous, additions, changes and modifications thereto can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.
This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/816,310 filed on Apr. 26, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
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