The present invention generally relates to a method and system for providing therapy to a patient via the application of a tunable electrical noise signal.
Periodic electrical waveforms are commonly used to stimulate nervous tissue to treat patients with neurological disorders. Fourier's theorem teaches that periodic waveforms are composed of sinusoidal signals that are harmonically related to the repetition frequency of the original signal. “Harmonically related” means that the frequency of the sinusoids is an integral multiple of some “basic” or “fundamental” number. That is, the frequency is one times, two times, three times, etc. the basic or fundamental number. Each of the component frequencies is known as a harmonic, and, collectively, these component frequencies are known as the Fourier series. The amplitude of each harmonic is correlated to the amplitude of the fundamental frequency.
Altogether, the electrical stimulation waveforms that are used today do not enable the user to modulate stimulation energy in harmonics independently of the fundamental frequencies, and the stimulation frequencies are confined to the harmonics within the original signal, excluding the frequencies in between. For example, periodic biphasic square-wave pulses are used to stimulate nervous tissue to treat pain, motor, and sensory disorders. The Fourier series of a biphasic square-wave pulse includes the fundamental frequency, and its odd multiples (i.e., it does not have even numbered harmonics). The amplitude of each harmonic is represented as 1/integral multiple of the fundamental frequency's (i.e. 3, 5, 7, 9) amplitude. That is, constant-voltage, biphasic square-wave pulses delivered at 200 Hertz (Hz) and 1 volt (V), has a fundamental frequency (amplitude) of 200 Hz (1/1 V), and harmonics at 600 Hz (⅓ V)), 1000 Hz (⅕ V), 1400 Hz ( 1/7 V), and 1800 Hz ( 1/9 V), etc. The biphasic square-wave pulse does not allow the user to modulate the energy of each harmonic independently of the energy within the fundamental frequency, and the stimulation frequencies are confined to its odd integral harmonics.
An electrical stimulation waveform that is flexible in both frequency spectrum and the energy content of each frequency band would be better enabled to accommodate for patient variability and disease state, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes. Untuned electrical noise has been used to modulate the excitation of neural tissues, but it has not been used to optimize neural and non-neural activity to treat disease. As such, there is an unmet need for a method and system for delivering a broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof (e.g., tissue within or adjacent the brain, the spinal cord, a dorsal root ganglion, a sympathetic chain ganglion, a peripheral nerve, etc.) of a patient, where the electrical noise signals are tunable. A broad spectrum of electrical noise signals would enable improved modulation of the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof, and the tunability feature would account for disease and patient variability, where feedback from the patient could be used to tune or adjust the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals delivered to the patient.
The problems described above are addressed by the present invention, which encompasses methods and systems for delivering a broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof, where the signals are tunable.
In accordance with one particular embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method for providing therapy to a patient. The method includes delivering a broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof in the patient via an electrode, wherein the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals are tunable; and using feedback from the patient to tune the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to optimize the therapy provided to the patient.
In one embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned by adjusting energy contained within a frequency band.
In another embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned by adjusting a phase component of the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals.
In yet another embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat pain.
In one more embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat an autonomic disorder.
In an additional embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat a sensory disorder.
In another embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat a motor disorder.
In one particular embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can elicit plastic changes in neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof to mitigate or abolish a pathophysiologic disease or syndrome.
In still another embodiment, the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof can be tissue located within or adjacent the patient's brain, the patient's spinal cord, a dorsal root ganglion, a sympathetic chain ganglion, or a peripheral nerve.
In yet another embodiment, the electrode can be percutaneous, transcutaneous, or implantable.
In one more embodiment, the electrode can be coupled to a noise generator and a controller. Further, the noise generator can be implantable or the noise generator can be positioned external to the patient, while the controller can be configured to tune the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals.
In an additional embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can include Gaussian noise, white noise, pink noise, Brownian noise, grey noise, or a combination thereof.
In another embodiment, only tuned electrical noise signals are delivered to the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof.
In accordance with another particular embodiment, the present invention contemplates a system for providing therapy to a patient. The system includes an electrode; a noise generator coupled to the electrode; and a controller; wherein the controller instructs the noise generator to deliver a broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof via the electrode, wherein the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals are tunable, and wherein the controller is configured to tune the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to optimize the therapy provided to the patient based on feedback received from the patient.
In one embodiment, the controller can tune the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals by adjusting energy contained within a frequency band.
In still another embodiment, the controller can tune the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals by adjusting a phase component of the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals.
In yet another embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat pain.
In one more embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat an autonomic disorder.
In an additional embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat a sensory disorder.
In another embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can treat a motor disorder.
In one particular embodiment, the therapy provided to the patient can elicit plastic changes in neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof to mitigate or abolish a pathophysiologic disease or syndrome.
In still another embodiment, the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof can be located within or adjacent the patient's brain, the patient's spinal cord, a dorsal root ganglion, a sympathetic chain ganglion, or a peripheral nerve.
In yet another embodiment, the electrode can be percutaneous, transcutaneous, or implantable.
In one more embodiment, the noise generator can be implantable, or the noise generator can be positioned external to the patient.
In an additional embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can include Gaussian noise, white noise, pink noise, Brownian noise, grey noise, or a combination thereof.
In another embodiment, only tuned electrical noise signals can be delivered to the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof.
These and other features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent to one skilled in the art from the following description and claims when read in light of the accompanying drawings.
A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures in which:
Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the invention.
As used herein, the term “electrical noise signal” refers to a random electrical signal that can be applied to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof. The electrical noise signal can include Gaussian noise, white noise, pink noise, red (Brownian) noise, grey noise, or a multifaceted noise containing a combination of these and any other suitable noise signals as discussed in more detail below. The electrical noise signal can be band limited to an upper cutoff frequency and a lower cutoff frequency that are broader than the natural resonant frequencies of the modulated neuronal circuitry and electrical stimulation paradigms practiced today. Further, the electrical noise signal is distinguished from a traditional electrical stimulation signal in that it is a random signal that varies in an unpredictable manner over time, or is aperiodic. Traditional electrical stimulation signals are periodic waveforms that are predictable. A periodic waveform is not utilized in the electrical noise signal of the present invention. In other words, the electrical noise signal is aperiodic, and unlike periodic signals used for stimulation today, the tuned electrical noise signal enables independent adjustment of the energy content within all frequencies of its frequency spectrum.
Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are set forth below. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, may be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to a method and system for providing therapy to a patient via delivery of a broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals. The method includes delivering a broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof in the patient via an electrode, and using feedback from the patient to tune the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to optimize the therapy provided to the patient. The system includes an electrode, a noise generator coupled to the electrode, and a controller. The controller instructs the noise generator to deliver a broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof via the electrode, and the controller is configured to tune the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals to optimize the therapy provided to the patient based on feedback received from the patient.
For example, the method and system can include applying a broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof located within or adjacent the patient's brain or spinal cord, a dorsal root ganglion, a sympathetic chain ganglion, or a peripheral nerve, as described in more detail below, where the delivery of the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals can be tuned or adjusted based on patient feedback to treat a specific condition, illness, disease state, symptom, etc.
Specifically, the therapy provided to the patient through the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals can treat pain (e.g., chronic pain), an autonomic disorder (e.g., hypertension, hypotension, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), Raynaud's syndrome, etc.), a sensory disorder (e.g., tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, etc.), a motor disorder (e.g., Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), dystonia, essential tremor, etc.), or a combination thereof. Further, the therapy provided to the patient can elicit plastic changes in neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof to mitigate or abolish a pathophysiologic disease or syndrome. Plastic changes are changes to the neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof in response to physiological demands. Such plastic changes can include morphological and functional changes.
In one particular embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned based on patient feedback by adjusting energy contained within a frequency band, while in another embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned based on patient feedback by adjusting a phase component of the broad spectrum. For example, one or more electrodes can be implanted, inserted percutaneously, or positioned transcutaneously such that the electrodes are nearby the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue and combination thereof as necessary to treat their disease or syndrome. A noise generator can then be instructed to deliver a broad spectrum of electrical noise signals through the one or more electrodes. The patient and/or caregiver can then program the optimal stimulation waveform by operating a controller. The controller can tune the waveform associated with the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals being delivered to the patient by adjusting energy levels within a particular frequency band, and for all frequency bands delivered, to best treat the patient. For example,
Regardless of the specific manner in which the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals are tuned based on patient feedback, the tunability feature contemplated by the method and system of the present invention allows for the therapy provided to the patient to be tuned, altered, adjusted, etc. based on the specific disease state being treated, the physiological characteristics of the patient, and/or the current activity level of the patient, where each of these variables can affect how the originally applied broad spectrum of electrical noise signals improves the patient's symptoms.
Whether the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals is being applied to target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof located within or adjacent the patient's brain or spinal cord, a dorsal root ganglion, a sympathetic chain ganglion, or a peripheral nerve, the present inventor has found that the specific parameters of the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals and the location of the electrodes through which the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals is delivered can be selectively controlled to provide improved symptom relief and therapy to the patient for the treatment of pain, autonomic disorders, sensory disorders, motor disorders, etc. The specific system and parameters are discussed in more detail below.
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For instance, a broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals can be delivered to a ganglion or ganglia associated with the cervical portion 203, the thoracic portion 204, the lumbar portion 205, or the sacral portion 206 of the right sympathetic chain 201 or the left sympathetic chain 202, or any combination thereof to provide therapy to the targeted area or areas. In one particular embodiment, an electrode 107 can be placed adjacent the cervical region 203 of the sympathetic chain to affect nerve fiber activity associated with levels C1-C3, which can affect nerve fiber activity associated with the eyes, the lachrymal glands, the salivary glands, and the sweat glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels of the head, neck, and arms. In another embodiment, an electrode 107 can be placed adjacent levels T1-T4 of the thoracic region 204, which can affect nerve fiber activity associated with the heart and lungs. In an additional embodiment, an electrode 107 can be placed adjacent levels T5-T9 of the thoracic region 204, which can affect nerve fiber activity associated with the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver, kidneys, and adrenal medulla. In yet another embodiment, an electrode 107 can be placed adjacent levels T10-T11 of the thoracic region 204, which can affect nerve fiber activity associated with the stomach and duodenum. In one more embodiment, an electrode 107 can be placed adjacent level T12 of the thoracic region 204 and levels L1-L3 of the lumbar region 205, which can affect nerve fiber activity in the colon, rectum, bladder, and external genitalia. In still another embodiment, an electrode 107 can be placed adjacent levels L4-L5 of the lumbar region 205 and levels S1-S3 of the sacral region 206, which can affect nerve fiber activity associated with the sweat glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels of the lower limbs. In another embodiment, an electrode 107 can be placed adjacent levels S4-S5 of the sacral region 206, which can affect nerve fiber activity associated with the sweat glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels of the perineum. Specific diseases or conditions that can be treated based on stimulation of a sympathetic nervous system include: complex regional pain syndrome, peripheral vascular disease and chronic limb ischemia, angina pain, diabetic pain, abdominal/visceral pain syndrome, phantom limb pain, Raynaud's syndrome, hypertension, hypotension, headache and migraine, and inflammatory pain such as arthritis, irritable bowel pain, osteoarthritis pain and fibromyalgia.
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Electrodes. It is to be understood that one or more electrodes 107 can be used to deliver the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals to the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof. Further, it is to be understood that the one or more electrodes 107 can be implantable. In other embodiments, the electrodes can be percutaneous or transcutaneous. In addition, it is to be understood that the one or more electrodes can have a monopolar, bipolar, or multipolar configuration. For example, an electrode used in a bipolar or multipolar fashion has at least one cathode and one anode in the vicinity of the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof, while a monopolar electrode can have a cathode located nearby the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof, and a return electrode positioned some distance away. Further, the electrode shape and size, and inter-electrode spacing can be specific to contouring the electrical field surrounding the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof, to enable specific therapy to be provided to the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof.
Noise Generator. As shown in the figures, the electrode or electrodes 107 may be connected to an implantable noise generator 109 through an electrical lead 108. Alternatively, the noise generator 109 can be external and can be wirelessly connected to the electrode or electrodes 107. In one particular embodiment, the noise generator 109 can be configured to deliver a broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals to provide therapy to a patient that can be customized based on patient feedback, where the therapy provided can depend on the specific disease state being treated, the physiological characteristics of the patient, and/or the current activity level of the patient.
User interface. The systems 100, 200, and/or 300 may utilize a user interface 112. The user interface 112 can be in the form of a computer that interacts with the controller 110 and is powered by a power system 111, each described herein.
The computer can operate software designed to record signals passed from the controller, and to drive the controller's output. Possible software includes Cambridge Electronic Design's (UK) SPIKE program. The software can be programmable and can record and analyze electrophysiological signals, as well as direct the controller 110 to deliver the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals.
Patient monitor system. An optional patient monitor system (not shown) can also be used. The patient monitoring system can acquire, amplify, and filter physiological signals and then output them to the controller 110. The optional monitoring system can include a heart-rate monitor to collect electrocardiogram signals, and a muscle activity monitor to collect electromyography signals. The heart-rate monitor can include ECG electrodes coupled with an alternating current (AC) amplifier, while the muscle activity monitor can include EMG electrodes coupled with an AC amplifier. Other types of transducers may also be used. As described, all physiological signals obtained with the patient monitoring system are passed through an AC signal amplifier/conditioner. One possible amplifier/conditioner is Model LP511 AC amplifier available from Grass Technologies, a subsidiary of Astro-Med, Inc., West Warwick, Rhode Island, USA.
Power System. All instruments are powered by a power supply or system 111. The power system 111 can include both external and internal portions, where the internal portion of the power system can include a battery (not shown), such as a lithium battery, while the external portion of the power system 111 can be plugged into a wall and can be used to recharge the battery as needed. The external portion of the power system 111 can transmit power to the noise generator 109 as directed by the controller 110 via RF signals/electromagnetic induction, or power can be transmitted to the noise generator 109 via the battery in the internal portion of the power system 111. Further, the external portion of the power system 111 can be used to recharge the battery in the internal portion of the power system 111.
Controller. A controller 110 can record electrical noise signal data as well as digital information from the optional patient monitor system, and can generate electrical noise signal and digital outputs simultaneously for real-time control of the noise generator 109 based on feedback received from the patient after transmission of the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals. The controller 110 may have onboard memory to facilitate high speed data capture, independent waveform sample rates and on-line analysis. An exemplary controller 110 may be a POWER 1401 data-acquisition interface unit available from Cambridge Electronic Design (UK).
As discussed above, the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals applied to the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof of the patient can include Gaussian noise, white noise, pink noise, red (Brownian) noise, grey noise, or any combination thereof in order to provide the desired therapy to the patient. The various types of electrical noise signals that can be utilized are discussed in more detail below.
First, in one embodiment, the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals can include a Gaussian noise signal. A Gaussian noise signal includes a statistical noise having a probability density function (PDF) equal to that of the normal distribution, which is also known as the Gaussian distribution. In other words, the values that the noise can take on are Gaussian-distributed.
In another embodiment, the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals can include a white noise signal. A white noise electrical signal refers to a signal having a flat frequency spectrum when plotted as a linear function of frequency and can thus be described as a random signal with a constant power spectral density (energy or power per Hz). In other words, the signal has equal power in any band of a given bandwidth (power spectral density) when the bandwidth is measured in Hz. For example, with a white noise signal, the range of frequencies between 40 Hz and 60 Hz contains the same amount of power as the range between 400 Hz and 420 Hz, since both intervals are 20 Hz wide.
In still another embodiment, a pink noise signal can also be utilized as part of the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals delivered to the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof. A pink noise signal has a frequency spectrum that is linear in logarithmic space. As such, it has equal power in bands that are proportionally wide. This means that pink noise would have equal power in the frequency range from 40 to 60 Hz as in the frequency range from 4000 to 6000 Hz. Also called “1/f noise,” pink noise is characterized by a frequency spectrum where the power spectral density (energy or power per Hz) is inversely proportional to the frequency of the signal. Since there are an infinite number of logarithmic bands at both the low frequency (DC) and high frequency ends of the spectrum, any finite energy spectrum must have less energy than pink noise at both ends. Pink noise is the only power-law spectral density that has this property: all steeper power-law spectra are finite if integrated to the high-frequency end, and all flatter power-law spectra are finite if integrated to the DC, low-frequency limit.
In yet another embodiment, a red of Brownian noise signal can be used. A red or Brownian noise signal is based on the concept of Brownian motion and can also be referred to as “random walk noise.” Red or Brownian noise has a power spectral density that is inversely proportional to f2, meaning it has more energy at lower frequencies, even more so than pink noise.
Meanwhile, in an additional embodiment, a grey noise signal can be utilized. A grey noise signal exhibits a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density is equal at all frequencies.
Regardless of the particular type or combination of electrical noise signals utilized, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned, such that the energy contained within a particular frequency band, and for all frequency bands of energy delivered to the tissue, can be adjusted to best treat the patient. The broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise energy can be adjusted to deliver electrical noise with intensities ranging from about 0.01 volts (V) to about 200 V, such as from about 0.1 V to about 100 V, such as from about 0.5 V to about 50 V, for all or each frequency band included in the spectrum. The spectrum of electrical noise includes frequencies ranging from about 0.001 hertz (Hz) to about 500 kilohertz (kHz), such as from about 0.01 Hz to about 250 kHz, such as from about 0.05 Hz to about 200 kHz, and is composed of tunable frequency bands ranging from about 1 Hz to about 100 kHz, such as from about 5 Hz to about 75 kHz, such as from about 10 Hz to about 50 kHz.
In addition to the systems discussed above, the present invention also encompasses a method for providing therapy to a patient that is customizable based on the particular circumstances present at the time the therapy is provided. For instance, after positioning one or more electrodes adjacent the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue, or a combination thereof (e.g., within or adjacent the patient's brain or spinal cord, a dorsal root ganglion, a sympathetic chain ganglion, or a peripheral nerve), the electrode(s) can be electrically connected to an implantable noise generator via a lead or to an external noise generator wirelessly. Then, a user interface and controller can be configured to deliver a broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals to provide therapy to the patient. The broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned, such that the energy contained within a particular frequency band, and for all frequency bands of energy delivered to the tissue, can be adjusted to best treat the patient. The broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise energy can be adjusted to deliver electrical noise with intensities ranging from about 0.01 volts (V) to about 200 V, such as from about 0.1 V to about 100 V, such as from about 0.5 V to about 50 V, for all or each frequency band included in the spectrum. The spectrum of electrical noise includes frequencies ranging from about 0.001 hertz (Hz) to about 500 kilohertz (kHz), such as from about 0.01 Hz to about 250 kHz, such as from about 0.05 Hz to about 200 kHz, and is composed of tunable frequency bands ranging from about 1 Hz to about 100 kHz, such as from about 5 Hz to about 75 kHz, such as from about 10 Hz to about 50 kHz.
After the broad spectrum of tunable electrical noise signals is delivered, patient feedback can be used to optimize the therapy provided to the patient. For example, in one particular embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned based on patient feedback by adjusting energy contained within a frequency band, while in another embodiment, the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals can be tuned based on patient feedback by adjusting a phase component of the broad spectrum. For example, one or more electrodes can be implanted, inserted percutaneously, or positioned transcutaneously such that the electrodes are nearby the target neural tissue, non-neural tissue and combination thereof as necessary to treat their disease or syndrome. A noise generator can then be instructed to deliver a broad spectrum of electrical noise signals through the one or more electrodes. The patient and/or caregiver can then program the optimal stimulation waveform by operating a controller. The controller can tune the waveform associated with the broad spectrum of electrical noise signals being delivered to the patient by adjusting energy levels within a particular frequency band, and for all frequency bands delivered, to best treat the patient. While the invention has been described in detail with respect to the specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto.
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/447,504, filed on Jan. 18, 2017, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto
Number | Date | Country | |
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62447504 | Jan 2017 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 16478381 | Jul 2019 | US |
Child | 18111667 | US |