Patent Application
20050103001
This disclosure relates generally to a method and system for regenerating and/or desulfating NOX adsorbers and/or regenerating particulate filters.
In general, diesel engines generally emit less nitrogen oxides (NOx) than a gasoline engine under most conditions, but because diesel engines mostly or exclusively operate on a high air to fuel ratio, the chemistry of the exhaust gas does not favor NOx reduction, because of the excess of oxidizing species. Thus, the reduction of nitrogen oxides, e.g., nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O), in exhaust gas is a widely addressed problem as a result of environmental concerns and mandated government emissions regulations, particularly in the transportation industry. One proposed solution is the use of a three-way conversion catalyst, which can be employed to treat the exhaust gases. Such three-way conversion catalysts, contain precious metals such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium, and can promote the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, and the reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas provided that the engine is operated around a balanced stoichiometry for combustion (also referred to as “combustion stoichiometry”). The balanced combustion stoichiometry is typically at an air to fuel ratio between about 14.4 to about 14.7.
However, fuel economy and global carbon dioxide emission concerns have made engine operation under lean-burn conditions desirable in order to realize a benefit in fuel economy. Under such lean-burn conditions, the air-to-fuel ratio may be greater than the balanced combustion stoichiometry, i.e., greater than about 14.7 and may be between about 19 to about 35. When lean-burn conditions are employed, three-way conversion catalysts are generally efficient in oxidizing the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxides, but are generally inefficient in the reduction of nitrogen oxides.
One approach for treating nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases is to incorporate a NOX adsorber, also referred to as a “lean-NOX trap,” in the exhaust lines. The NOX adsorber promotes the catalytic oxidation of nitrogen oxides by catalytic metal components effective for such oxidation, such as precious metals. The formation of NO2 is generally followed by the formation of a nitrate when the NO2 is adsorbed onto the catalyst surface. The NO2 is thus “trapped”, i.e., stored, on the catalyst surface in the nitrate form. The system can be periodically operated under fuel-rich combustion to regenerate the NOX adsorber. During this period of fuel-rich combustion, the absence of oxygen and the presence of a reducing agent promote the release and subsequent reduction of the stored nitrogen oxides. However, this period of fuel-rich combustion may also result in a significant fuel penalty.
As previously mentioned, exhaust gas streams can further comprise particulate matter such as carbon-containing particles or soot. A particulate filter, commonly used with compression ignition engines, can be used to prevent the carbon particles or the soot from exiting a tailpipe. The particulate filter may be a stand-alone device separate and distinct from devices employing catalytic elements for removing undesirable NOX gaseous components. Carbon particles can be trapped in the particulate filter and then periodically burned to regenerate the filter.
Regeneration of particulate filters can be accomplished by the use of auxiliary devices such as a burner or other heating element. For example, an air-fuel nozzle and an ignition device can be used and operated, when desired, to heat the exhaust gases and the particulate filter to a combustion temperature of the trapped particulate matter. In this manner, the trapped particulate matter can be burned from the filter surfaces to permit a continuous flow of the exhaust gases. Alternatively, an electric heater can be used to generate the heat to initiate the combustion of the trapped particulates. However, these approaches are limited by their energy efficiency, durability, and cost.
Disclosed herein is a system for regenerating and/or desulfating a NOx adsorber and/or a system for regenerating a particulate filter. The system comprises regeneration system comprising an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with an exhaust fluid from an engine, wherein the exhaust conduit comprises a first oxidation catalyst, a NOx adsorber, and a second oxidation catalyst coupled to a particulate filter; a fuel source in fluid communication with a reformer, wherein the reformer is adapted to generate a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing fluid from a fuel supplied by the fuel source;a regeneration conduit in fluid communication with the exhaust conduit and the reformer; and valve means disposed in the regeneration conduit for selectively controlling and directing the hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing fluid from the reformer to the first oxidation catalyst, the coupled second oxidation catalyst and particulate filter, the NOx adsorber, or a combination thereof.
In accordance with another embodiment, a regeneration system comprises an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with an exhaust fluid from an engine, wherein the exhaust conduit comprises a first oxidation catalyst, a second oxidation catalyst coupled to a NOx adsorber, and a third oxidation catalyst coupled to a particulate filter; a fuel source in fluid communication with a reformer, wherein the reformer is adapted to generate a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing fluid from a fuel supplied by the fuel source; a regeneration conduit in fluid communication with the exhaust conduit and the reformer; and valve means disposed in the regeneration conduit for selectively controlling and directing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid from the reformer to the first oxidation catalyst, the second oxidation catalyst coupled to the NOx adsorber, and the third oxidation catalyst coupled to the particulate filter, or a combination thereof.
A process for regenerating and desulfating a NOX adsorber and/or a regenerating a particulate filter comprises periodically supplying a fuel to a reformer; converting said fuel to a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing fluid; selectively feeding the hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing fluid into an oxidation catalyst or into a NOx adsorber, or into the oxidation catalyst and the NOx adsorber catalyst; and generating an exotherm in the oxidation catalyst and heating an exhaust fluid passing therethrough to a temperature effective to regenerate a particulate filter disposed downstream from the oxidation catalyst or reducing nitrogen oxides adsorbed by the NOx adsorber or generating the exotherm in the oxidation catalyst and heating the exhaust fluid to the temperature effective to regenerate the particulate filter downstream from the oxidation catalyst and reducing the nitrogen oxides trapped by the NOx adsorber.
The above-described and other features will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, drawings, and appended claims.
Referring now to the figures, which are exemplary embodiments and wherein like elements are numbered alike:
Referring now to
Fuel source 12 preferably includes hydrocarbon fuels, including, but not limited to, liquid fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, ethanol, methanol, kerosene, and others; gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, propane, butane, and others; and alternative fuels, such as hydrogen, biofuels, dimethyl ether, and others; and mixtures of at least one of the foregoing fuels. The selection of fuel source 12 is based upon application, expense, availability, and environmental issues relating to fuel source 12.
Reformer 16 generates a reformate gas from the fuel source 12. The reformate includes hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other byproducts that may include carbon dioxide. Reformer 16 may be configured for partial oxidation, steam reforming, or dry reforming. Preferably, reformer 16 is configured for partial oxidation.
Partial oxidation reformers are based on sub-stoichiometric combustion to achieve the temperatures necessary to reform the hydrocarbon fuel. Decomposition of fuel to primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide occurs through thermal reactions at temperatures of about 700° C. to about 1,000° C. Catalysts can be used with partial oxidation systems (catalytic partial oxidation) to promote conversion of various sulfur-free fuels, such as ethanol, into a synthetic gas. The use of the catalyst can result in acceleration of the reforming reactions and can provide this effect at lower reaction temperatures than those that would otherwise be required in the absence of a catalyst. An example of the partial oxidation reforming reaction is as follows:
CH4+½O2→CO+2H2+heat
In contrast, steam configured reformers react fuel and steam (H2O) in heated tubes filled with catalysts to convert hydrocarbons in the fuel into primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide. An example of the steam reforming reaction is as follows:
CH4+H2O→CO+4H2
Dry reforming systems form hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the absence of water, for example, by using carbon dioxide. An example of the dry reforming reaction is depicted in the following reaction:
CH4+CO2→2CO+2H2
Reformer 16 preferably comprises a catalyst and a substrate. The catalyst can be washcoated, imbibed, impregnated, physisorbed, chemisorbed, precipitated, or otherwise applied to the substrate. Possible catalyst materials include metals, such as platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, ruthenium, and the like, and oxides, mixtures, and alloys comprising at least one of the foregoing metals.
The reformer substrate is preferably capable of operating at temperatures up to about 1,200° C.; capable of withstanding reducing and oxidizing environments containing, for example, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water, oxygen, sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds, combustion radicals, such as hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and the like, and carbon particulate matter; and has sufficient surface area and structural integrity to support the desired catalyst.
Materials that can be used as the reformer substrate include alumina, zirconia, cordierite, silicon carbide, metals (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, and the like), as well as oxides, alloys, cermets, and mixtures comprising at least one of the foregoing materials, with alumina, zirconia, and mixtures comprising alumina and/or zirconia preferred.
Although the reformer substrate can have any size or geometry, the size and geometry are preferably chosen to optimize the surface area in the given catalytic converter design parameters. The reformer substrate can have an open cell foam structure, or an extruded honeycomb cell geometry, with the cells being any multi-sided or rounded shape, with substantially square, hexagonal, octagonal or similar geometries preferred due to increased surface area and structural integrity. The substrate is formed into a cell structure with a plurality of cells arranged in a honeycomb pattern using a foam process, and the like.
The oxidation catalyst, 30 or 34, preferably comprises a catalytic metal including, but not limited to, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, gold, silver, aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, titanium, and other metals, as well as oxides, alloys, salts, and mixtures comprising at least one of the foregoing metals. Moreover, the catalyst utilized for the oxidation catalyst 30 or 34 may also be employed as the catalyst in the NOX adsorber 32 and particulate filter 36.
The NOX adsorber 32 generally comprises a porous support, a catalytic metal component, and one or more NOx trapping materials. Suitable NOx trapping materials include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and the like, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. The catalytic metal component and NOx trapping materials can be washcoated, imbibed, impregnated, physisorbed, chemisorbed, precipitated, or otherwise applied onto and/or within the porous support.
The porous support can comprise any material designed for use in a spark ignition or diesel engine environment. Preferably, the porous support is selected to be capable of operating at temperatures up to about 1,200° C.; capable of withstanding exposure to hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur and/or sulfur oxides; and has sufficient surface area and structural integrity to support the desired catalyst. Some possible materials include zirconium toughened alumina, cordierite, silicon carbide, metallic foils, alumina sponges, porous glasses, and the like, and mixtures comprising at least one of the foregoing materials, with zirconium toughened alumina preferred.
Although the porous support can have any size or geometry, the size and geometry are preferably chosen to optimize surface area in the given catalytic converter design parameters. Generally, the porous support has a honeycomb geometry, with the combs being any multi-sided or rounded shape, with substantially square, triangular, hexagonal, or similar geometries preferred due to ease of manufacturing and increased surface area.
The porous support further comprises one or more other support materials suitable for use at the high operation temperatures associated with an internal combustion engine (e.g., up to about 1,200° C.). Such materials include, but are not limited to, aluminates (e.g., hexaaluminates), alumina, and the like, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing, with gamma-alumina, theta-alumina, delta-alumina, and combinations thereof being preferred.
The catalytic metal component comprises precious metals, such as, platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium, as well as alloys and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing metals. Where the catalytic metal component is a combination of rhodium with one or more other metals, the other metals, e.g., palladium, platinum, and the like, are typically present in an amount less than the rhodium. More particularly, with a a platinum/rhodium combination, the catalytic metal component can comprise up to about 95 wt % rhodium and up to about 30 wt % platinum; with about 70 wt % to about 85 wt % rhodium and about 2.5 wt % to about 20 wt % platinum preferred; and about 70 wt % to about 80 wt % rhodium and about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % platinum especially preferred, weight percent based on the total weight of the alloy.
In addition to the catalytic metal component, the porous support may be further loaded with one or more NOx trapping materials, such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metal, and mixtures comprising at least one of the foregoing metals. Suitable trapping materials include barium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, cesium, strontium, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing, with a mixture of barium and potassium being preferred.
The particulate filter 36 generally comprises a shell, an insulation material, and a filter element. The insulation material substantially covers the filter element, and the shell substantially covers the insulation material.
Possible materials for the shell include ferrous materials, such as ferritic stainless steels. Ferritic stainless steels include stainless steels such as the 400-Series, for example, SS-409, SS-439, and SS-441, and alloys, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing stainless steels, with grade SS-409 generally preferred.
The insulation material comprises materials such as fiberglass, intumescent materials, non-intumescent materials, ceramic mats, and/or mica based materials, including combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing insulation materials, and the like.
The filter element can comprise one or more monoliths, substrates, supports, and the like, comprising a ceramic, metallic, cermet, and carbides, silicides, nitrides, such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and the like, or composite material, and the like, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing materials. Such materials preferably possess a sufficient porosity to permit passage of reformate through the monolith walls, and yet filter out a substantial portion, if not all of the particulate matter present in the exhaust.
Preferably, the filter element includes a catalyst material such as precious metals such as platinum, palladium, rhodium, nickel, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, their oxides and sulfides, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing precious metals and the like. Further, the filter element can optionally include a washcoat material such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, combinations comprising at least one of the following washcoat materials, and the like.
In operation of system 10, 50, the reformer 16 converts the fuel from the fuel source 12 to produce a reformate including, among other products, hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases. In a preferred embodiment, the reformer is a partial oxidation reformer. The reformate as it exits the reformer 16 is preferably at a temperature of about 1,000° C. or less. Depending on the particular system architecture, the system may include an optional heat exchanger to reduce the reformate temperature to a temperature effective to cause regeneration and or desulfurization of the particulate component, e.g., NOx adsorber 32, particulate filter 36, and the like. The heated reformate can then be used to regenerate and desulfate NOX adsorber 32 and/or regenerate the particulate filter 36. For example, in system 10, when valve 24 is open (valves 22, 26 closed), hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the reformer 16 can be fed directly to the exhaust fluid stream entering the NOX adsorber 32. The heated reformate allows the NOx adsorber to be regenerated using hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Preferably, the reformate is at a temperature of about 200° C. to about 600° C. as it enters the NOx adsorber 32, with about a temperature of about 300° C. to about 500° C. even more preferred, with a temperature at about 400° C. most preferred. Valve 24 can be programmed to provide intermittent flow, i.e., a pulse, of hydrogen and carbon monoxide into NOX adsorber 32. Valve 24 allows hydrogen and carbon monoxide to flow to NOX adsorber 32 as needed for regeneration, which can also reduce the amount of fuel consumed during regeneration, when compared to other regeneration processes that use direct injection of fuel as the reducing agent. (In system 50, valve 26 is opened and valves 22, 24 are closed to provide a similar regeneration of the NOx adsorber contained therein.) Additionally, the hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be used for desulfurization purposes. For example, in system 10 when valve 22 is opened hydrogen and carbon monoxide from reformer 16 is fed to oxidation catalyst 30. Reaction of the hydrogen with the oxidation catalyst creates an exotherm, which heats the exhaust fluid flowing into the NOx adsorber 32. The exotherm is preferably sufficient to heat the exhaust fluid to a temperature effective to remove sulfur from NOx adsorber 32. Preferably, the exhaust fluid as it enters the NOX adsorber 32 is at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 1,000° C., and with about 260° C._to about 460° C. more preferred. Likewise, in system 50, valve 24 is opened instead of, or in combination with valve 26 to regenerate the oxidation catalyst.
The hydrogen gas generated in the reformer 16 can also be used to regenerate the particulate filter 36. As previously mentioned, the particulate filter 36 is coupled to an oxidation catalyst 34, which contains a catalyst material and creates an exotherm. The exotherm preferably raises the temperature to a temperature less than or equal to about 550° C., and with less than or equal to about 500° C. more preferred. The heat generated initiates combustion of trapped particulates in the particulate filter 34.
Other possible system architectures are schematically illustrated in
The valves 22, 24, and 26 are preferably in electrical communication with an on-board computer. The computer can be programmed such that the NOx adsorber 32 can be regenerated and/or desulfated, or the particulate filter 36 can be regenerated as need. For example, in system 10, the computer can be programmed to open and/or close any of the valves 22, 24, and/or 26 based upon operating conditions such as idle speed or load, exhaust temperature, pressure differential across the diesel particulate filter, or it can be a time based program. One skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments of the above mentioned systems could be used for processes that include desulfurization and regeneration of a NOX adsorber, regeneration of a particulate filter, and the like.
Advantageously, the system provides on-demand regeneration capabilities for the oxidation catalyst 30 or 34, the NOx adsorber 32, and/or the particulate filter 36. Additional chemicals do not have to be carried on-board, since reformer 16 can readily produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide, as needed. Further, the use of hydrogen and carbon monoxide also increases NOX performance at lower temperatures as well as particulate filter regeneration at lower exhaust temperatures. Another advantage may be an increase in fuel efficiency when compared to rich-combustion reduction of a NOX adsorber. Yet another advantage may be reducing platinum and rhodium loading of the NOX adsorber, which may lead to substantial cost savings.
While the disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/301,455, filed Nov. 21, 2002.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10301455 | Nov 2002 | US |
| Child | 11017020 | Dec 2004 | US |
