Patent Application
20080083334
Examples of various embodiments of this invention are shown in the attached Figures, wherein:
This invention is directed to a method and system for removing ash and/or soot from a filter. The method and system are particularly beneficial in that they enable non-combustible particulate deposits such as ash to be effectively removed from a filter provided with or containing such ash. At least a portion, preferably a majority (e.g., greater than 50 wt %) of the ash is removed as a result of the process. More preferably, at least 75 wt % is removed, still more preferably at least 90 wt %, and most preferably at least 98 wt % of the ash is removed.
In general, the filter containing the ash deposit is contacted with an acid-containing composition to remove a majority of the ash. The acid-contacted filter is then treated to remove at least a portion of the acid.
The method of this invention can be used to remove ash and/or soot from any filter, filtering device, or other matter collection device capable of withstanding acid treatment. For example, the method can be practiced on filters from diesel, gasoline, natural gas, or other combustion engines or furnaces. Additional examples of the types of filters that can be used according to the method of this invention include filters from coal power plants and/or other types of power plants. Thus, the method of this invention can be used in conjunction with filters that can be found on any work machine, on-road vehicle, off-road vehicle, stationary machine, and/or other exhaust-producing machines.
The system of this invention can be used to remove ash and/or soot from filters while the filter or filters are on the machine or for separate cleaning of the filter when removed from the machine. In one embodiment, the filter is removed from the machine and treated to remove the soot and/or ash.
The filter that is to be treated according to this invention is provided with at least a deposit of ash. Ash is considered to be the deposit that remains after complete combustion of a fuel. This material is, therefore, considered incombustible.
Besides the carbon mixed with the ash, there are other non-carbon elements that are present. These non-carbon elements are present in the ash since the fuel source typically contains other elements besides carbon and hydrogen. The non-carbon elements can add to the problematic nature of having an ash deposit build on a filter. For example, fuel from combustion engines or furnaces will often contain sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorous, and other elements that are naturally present in the fuel. Combustion engine fuel such as gasoline and diesel fuel will typically contain additives to aid in combustion, reduce engine wear, engine stress, etc., during the combustion process. In addition, lubricating oil will also leak into the engine during combustion and this lubricating oil will contain additional additives.
Elements that can be included in the ash deposit comprise at least one of K, Na, Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Si, Zn, and Zr. Particularly problematic elements in the ash deposit include at least one of Na, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, Si, and Zn. Even more problematic elements in the ash deposit include at least one of Ca, Fe, P, and Zn.
In typical operation, filters, especially particulate filters, are used at the exhaust end of an engine or furnace to capture soot and/or ash particles that emerge from the exhaust. Soot is considered to be carbon particles or dust caused by incomplete combustion. Therefore, at least a portion of the material contained in the ash can be combustible. On a relative basis, soot deposit is easier to remove from a filter than ash.
When a filter containing soot becomes sufficiently hot, at least a portion of the soot particulate will combust. At relatively high combustion temperatures, ash deposits in the filter will agglomerate into a hard substance. This hard substance is very difficult if not impossible to remove using air or water as cleaning agents. However, this substance can be effectively removed by the process or system of this invention.
The method and system of this invention are particularly effective in removing a heat-treated ash deposit that has been heated at a temperature of at least 700° C. A heat-treated ash deposit that has been heated at a temperature of at least 800° C. or at least 900° C. can also be effectively removed.
In one embodiment of the invention, the filter containing the ash deposit is provided from an exhaust housing of a gasoline or diesel engine system. Preferably, the ash deposit is provided from an exhaust housing of a diesel engine system.
The more extensive the use, the greater the build-up of ash deposit on the filter. Preferably, the filter is removed from the exhaust housing after a predetermined interval of operation and treated according to the method or system of this invention. The predetermined interval can be based on pressure drop across the filter or some other calculable interval. For example, the filter in the exhaust housing of a moving machine can be provided for treating after some interval of movement. In one embodiment, the filter containing the ash deposit is provided from an exhaust housing of an engine system, preferably a diesel engine system, after 100,000 miles of operation. More preferably, the filter containing the ash deposit is provided from an exhaust housing of an engine system, preferably a diesel engine system, after 200,000 miles of operation, and most preferably, after 400,000 miles of operation.
The filter that is to be used in conjunction with the method of this invention or cleaned or treated with the system of this invention is preferably a particulate filter. The filter that is to be treated or cleaned has deposited thereon ash and, optionally, soot.
In one embodiment; the filter that is provided for treatment according to this invention is a ceramic filter. Preferably, the ceramic filter is comprised of at least one component, particularly a substrate component, selected from the group consisting of cordierite, mullite, alumina, zirconium phosphate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and aluminum titanate.
In another embodiment of the invention, the filter that is provided to be treated according to this invention is a particulate filter that includes a monolith substrate. The monolithic substrate can have any shape or geometry suitable for a particular application and can be made of any one or more of the above noted materials. In one embodiment, the monolith substrate is a multicellular structure such as a honeycomb structure. Honeycombs are multicellular bodies having an inlet and outlet end or face, and a multiplicity of cells extending from the inlet end to the outlet end. The walls of the cells are porous. Generally honeycomb cell densities range from about 10 cells/in2 (1.5 cells/cm2) to about 600 cells/in2 (93 cells/cm2).
The monolithic substrate preferably has surfaces with pores which extend into the substrate. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the cells of the substrate at the inlet end or face is plugged. The plugging is preferably only at the ends of the cells. More preferably, the plugging is to a depth of about 7 to 13 mm. A portion of the cells on the outlet end but not corresponding to those on the inlet end are also preferably plugged. In such an embodiment, each cell is plugged only at one end. In one arrangement, every other cell on a given face is plugged as in a checkered pattern. This plugging configuration allows for more intimate contact between the exhaust stream and the porous wall of the substrate.
In a plugged type honeycomb filter, an exhaust stream flows into the substrate through the open cells at the inlet end, then through the porous cell walls, and out of the structure through the open cells at the outlet end. Filters of this type are typically referred to as a “wall flow” filters, since the flow paths resulting from alternate channel plugging require the fluid being treated to flow through the porous ceramic cell walls prior to exiting the filter. Cross flow structures can also be used.
The filters that are provided to be used in the method of this invention can also include a coating. In one embodiment, the coating is formed by “washcoating” a slurry of discrete-particles of the coating material onto the substrate. Other suitable methods include sol-gel coating, spray coating, and plasma coating.
Washcoating techniques involve forming a washcoating slurry of the coating material particles with various binder, e.g., alumina, zirconia, or silica, and then contacting the slurry with the monolith substrate. The washcoating slurry preferably has a viscosity of about 50-2000 cp. The average particle size of the coating material in the slurry is preferably about 0.5-40 micrometers, and more preferably about 0.5-5 micrometers. The contacting can be done any number of times to achieve the desired loading.
The resulting washcoated substrate is heat-treated to improve bonding between the substrate and the coating material. This is done by drying and calcining. The drying is done preferably under rotating conditions. The drying temperature is preferably about 25-200° C., and more preferably at about 50° C. for at least about 1 hour. Calcination is achieved at a temperature of 600-1100° C. with a hold at that temperature for up to 4 hours. The amount of washcoat on the substrate is preferably about 20 to 60 wt. % based on the total weight of the substrate and coating.
According to the method of this invention, a filter, particularly a particulate filter, is provided having ash deposited thereon. The filter is then treated by contacting with an acid composition to remove at least a portion, preferably a majority, of the ash from the filter. Preferably, the acid composition that is used to contact the filter has a pH of less than or equal to 3. More preferably, the acid composition has a pH of less than or equal to 2, and most preferably less than or equal to 1.
The acid composition includes at least one organic or inorganic acid. Examples of organic acids include at least one acid of the formula:
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are, independently, H, alkyl or X, with X=F, Cl or Br. Preferably, at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is X. Examples of other useful organic acids include benzenesulfonic acid and derivatives of benzenesulfonic acid.
Examples of inorganic acids useful in this invention include, but are not limited to, HNO3, HCl, HF, HBr, H2S, H2SO4, H3PO4, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, HNO3 is included as an acid component.
The filter containing the ash deposit is contacted with the acid composition to remove at least a portion of the ash. The contact of the filter with the acid composition should not be for an extensive period in order to avoid acid damage to the filter. Preferably, the acid composition contacts the ash deposited filter for not more than one hour. More preferably, the acid composition contacts the ash deposited filter for not more than 30 minutes, still more preferably not more than 10 minutes, even more preferably not more than 5 minutes. Contacting the ash deposited filter with the acid composition for at least 30 seconds is preferred, more preferably for at least one minute.
The filter can be treated for ash removal in any manner practical. In one embodiment, the filter is removed from a housing in the exhaust system and the acid composition is sprayed or dropped or flowed over the filter. In another embodiment, the filter is immersed into the acid composition.
The amount of acid composition used to treat the filter need not be extensive. As understood in this invention, the acid composition comprises any acid compound and any diluent. The pH of the composition is the determining factor on the amount of the acid and diluent used. Therefore, the amount of acid composition includes the acid and any diluent that would be used to obtain the desired pH. In one embodiment, the acid composition contacts the ash deposited filter at a total volume of acid composition to filter volume of from 0.05:1 to 10:1, preferably from 0.075 to 5:1, more preferably 0.1:1 to 3:1, and most preferably 0.5:1 to 2:1. In cases of spraying or dropping or flowing the acid composition across or over the filter, the total volume of acid composition that is used can be substantially reduced by recycling the acid composition. For example, the acid composition can contact the ash deposited filter and the composition recycled to further contact the filter such that the acid composition contacts the ash deposited filter at the desired total volume of acid composition to filter volume.
Following contact with acid composition, it is preferable to treat the acid-contacted filter to remove at least a portion of the acid. Preferably, the treatment will also remove at least a portion of the ash along with the acid. In one embodiment, this treatment includes rinsing the acid-contacted filter. The rinse material used can be any material that neutralizes the acid component. For example any base can be used, as well as water. In one embodiment, the acid contacted filter is water rinsed to remove at least a portion of the acid from the acid contacted filter.
In one embodiment of the invention, the filter that has been treated to remove at least a portion of the acid is dried. Drying can be beneficial in that the cleaned and dried filter can be readily inserted back into the filter housing for immediate and more efficient use. In a particular embodiment, the acid treated filter is water rinsed, and the water rinsed filter is dried following rinsing.
The filter can be dried by any practical means. Examples of drying include flowing hot air through the filter, and placing the filter into a dryer.
A variety of optional steps can be included in the method of the invention. In one embodiment, the filter is regenerated prior to acid treatment. During regeneration, a heater or some other heat source is used to increase the temperature of the filter components. The heater increases the temperature of trapped particulate matter above its combustion temperature, thereby burning away the collected particulate matter and regenerating the filter while leaving behind additional ash. Although regeneration may reduce the buildup of soot in the filter, repeated regeneration of the filter typically results in a buildup of ash in the components of the filter over time and a corresponding deterioration in filter performance. Unlike soot, ash cannot be burned away through regeneration. Thus, the acid treatment preferably follows regeneration.
In another embodiment, soot or other material is blown off the filter prior to acid treatment. In particular, the ash deposited filter can be contacted with vapor to remove at least a portion of soot contained on the ash deposited filter prior to contacting with the acid composition. In one embodiment, the ash deposited filter that is provided is contacted with air at a flow rate of at least 300 ft3/min, preferably at least 600 ft3/min. The air is preferably supplied from an air source in which the air is contained at a pressure of at least 25 psi, preferably at least 50 psi, and more preferably at least 100 psi.
One example of a system that can be used to remove ash from a filter is shown in
In operation, the acid composition is pumped through line 108a and into header 110. From the header 110, the acid composition is sent through a tube 112 that extends at an angle over the filter 102 and through a nozzle 114. The acid composition passes through the open channels of the filter 102 and in a downward direction through the filter 102. The acid composition passes around the plugged portions 116 of the filter 102 and out through the outlet 118 of the housing 100 and on through a collection line or tube (not shown).
Following application of the acid composition, neutralizing fluid, i.e., water, is pumped through the line 108b and into the header 110. From the header 110, the water is sent through the tube 112 and through the nozzle 114, which acts like a rotating head. In this embodiment, the nozzle 114 is shown substantially parallel to the end of the filter and is located a relatively short distance from the surface of the filter. The water, like the acid composition, passes through the open channels of the filter 102 and in a downward direction through the filter 102. The water further passes around the plugged portions 116 of the filter 112 and out through the outlet 118 of the housing 100 and on through the collection line.
The housing 100 also contains an inflatable seal 120. The inflatable seal 120 is an O-ring type seal and is inflated after the filter is loaded into the housing 100 and the housing closed.
In operation, air is blown through the housing 300 at sufficient velocity and force to dislodge particles 306. The particles 306 are then collected in vacuum 304. Following air treatment, the housing 300 can be attached to a pump and reservoir type arrangement to apply the acid composition and neutralization fluid. For example, the housing can be attached to the embodiment of
Ash was obtained from Detroit Diesel Company, which had the composition shown in Table 1.
Filters that were tested were Corning Dura Trap® CO filters. Each filter was manually loaded with the ash composition, and then placed in an oven at varying temperatures to “bake” the ash onto the filter, similar to conditions that would occur in actual operation. After 1 hour, the filters were removed from the oven and air-cleaned at 100 psi pressure. The results of baking 10 different ash-coated filters at different temperatures are indicated in
A screening experiment was performed in which a sample of the ash was placed in a beaker and solutions of varying pH (including de-ionized (DI) water) were poured over the ash and into the beaker. Over various periods of time, the beakers were visually observed for color changes to the initially clear solution. The results of varying pH and times are shown in Table 2.
Based on the results shown in Table 2, pH 3 can be effective to break down an ash aggolomerate. A pH of less than 3 is even more effective.
A Corning Dura Trap® CO filter was loaded with ash and then fired at 900° C. for one hour. The fired filter was air-cleaned using 100 psi air. Following air-cleaning, the filter was placed into a container, and a nitric acid solution was poured over the filter (approx. 1500 ml of solution) and soaked for a predetermined period of time. The procedure was performed at pH=1 and pH=3, and using DI water, for varying time periods. After soaking, the filter was water-rinsed. The results are shown in
A nitric acid solution (pH 1; approximately 2500 ml) was poured over an air-cleaned filter (Corning Dura Trap® CO; diameter 5.66″; length 6″) that had been previously ash coated and fired at 900° C. for one hour. Approximately 1000 ml of the acid solution was absorbed onto the filter. After 5 minutes soaking in the absorbed solution, the filter was rinsed. Ash removal was calculated to be 72.7%.
The procedure of Example 4 was repeated, except that the filter containing the absorbed solution was allowed to be soaked for 25 minutes. Ash removal was calculated to be 84.4%.
Coated filters were evaluated using the method of Example 4. The filters tested were Corning Dura Trap® CO and Corning Dura Trap® RC filters. The filters were coated with a coating containing a mixture of gamma-alumina and precious metals. The results are shown in Table 3. A loss of coating material was suspected as the cause of the CO filter efficiency results.
The principles and modes of operation of this invention have been described above with reference to various exemplary and preferred embodiments. As understood by those of skill in the art, the overall invention, as defined by the claims, encompasses other preferred embodiments not specifically enumerated herein.
