Patent Grant
7804760
The present invention relates to the field of communications, and more specifically to modeling, emulating, or simulating signals or signal effects such as crosstalk interference that can occur between two or more high-speed communication channels.
Increased consumption of communication services fuels a need for increased data carrying capacity or bandwidth in communication systems. A phenomenon known as crosstalk often occurs in these communication systems and can impair high-speed signal transmission and thus limit communication bandwidth to an undesirably low level.
Crosstalk is a condition that arises in communications systems wherein a signal in one communication channel is corrupted by interference (or bleed-over) from a different signal being communicated over another channel. The interference may arise due to a variety of effects. For example, in electrical systems such as circuit boards, electrical connectors, and twisted pair cable bundles, each electrical path serves as a channel. At high communication speeds, these conductive paths behave like antennae, both radiating and receiving electromagnetic energy. The radiated energy from one channel, referred to herein as the “aggressing channel,” is undesirably coupled into or received by another channel, referred to herein as the “victim channel.” This undesirable transfer of signal energy, known as “crosstalk,” can compromise data integrity on the receiving channel. Crosstalk is typically bidirectional in that a single channel can both radiate energy to one or more other channels and receive energy from one or more other channels.
Crosstalk can occur in several ways, such as capacitively coupled crosstalk, inductively coupled crosstalk, or radiated crosstalk. Crosstalk can be a major problem in a backplane or cable environment. Coupling in multi-pin connectors is often a primary mechanism of crosstalk. When coupling occurs at the transmission end or proximal end of a communication link, it is often referred to as near-end crosstalk or “NEXT.” When occurring at the receiving or distal side, the coupling is often referred to as far-end crosstalk or “FEXT.” NEXT is generally more severe than FEXT.
In a backplane system, NEXT is usually generated by transmit signals interfering with receive signals. Such transmit signal can originate in a serializer/deserializer (“SERDES”) device that may be an integrated circuit. The receive signals are generally attenuated when they arrive at the SERDES device, which usually makes the transmit signals larger than the receive signals. NEXT coming from the transmit signals can severely impair the quality of the receive signals to the point that bit errors occur.
Crosstalk is emerging as a significant barrier to increasing throughput rates of communications systems. When not specifically addressed, crosstalk often manifests itself as noise. In particular, crosstalk degrades signal quality by increasing uncertainty in the received signal value thereby making reliable communications more difficult, i.e. data errors occur with increased probability. In other words, crosstalk typically becomes more problematic at increased data rates. Not only does crosstalk reduce signal integrity, but additionally, the amount of crosstalk often increases with the bandwidth of the aggressing signal, thereby making higher data rate communications more difficult. This is particularly the case in electrical systems employing binary or multi-level signaling, since the conductive paths over which such signals flow usually radiate and receive energy more efficiently at the high frequencies associated with the level transitions in these signals. In other words, each signal in a binary or multi-level communication signal is composed of high-frequency signal components that are more susceptible to crosstalk degradation, as compared to the lower frequency components.
The crosstalk impediment to increasing data throughput rates is further compounded by the tendency of the high-frequency content of the victim signal to attenuate heavily over long signal transmission path lengths (e.g. circuit traces that are several inches in length for multi-gigabit per second data rates). That is, high-frequency components of a communication signal not only receive a relatively high level of crosstalk interference, but also are susceptible to interference because they are often weak due to transmission losses.
While these attenuated high-frequency components can be amplified via a technique known as channel equalization, such channel equalization frequently increases noise and crosstalk as a byproduct of amplifying the high-frequency signals that carry data. The amount of crosstalk present in a communication link often limits the level of equalization that can be utilized to restore signal integrity. For example, at the multi-gigabit per second data rates desired for next-generation backplane systems, the level of crosstalk energy on a communication channel can exceed the level of victim signal energy at the high frequencies that underlie such high-speed communication. In this condition, extraneous or stray signal energy can dominate the energy of the desirable data-carrying signals, thus rendering communicating at these data rates impractical with most conventional system architectures.
The term “noise,” as used herein, is distinct from crosstalk and refers to a completely random phenomenon. Crosstalk, in contrast, is a deterministic, but often unknown, parameter. The conventional art includes knowledge that it is theoretically possible to modify a system in order to mitigate crosstalk. In particular, with definitions of: (i) the data communicated over an interfering or aggressing channel; and (ii) the signal transformation that occurs in coupling from the aggressing channel to the victim channel, the crosstalk can be theoretically determined and cancelled. That is, those skilled in the art understand that crosstalk signal degradation can be cancelled if the data carried by a communication signal that is input into a communication channel is known and the signal transformation imposed on the communication signal by crosstalk is also known. However, achieving a level of definition of this signal transformation having sufficient precision and accuracy to support a practical implementation of a system that adequately cancels crosstalk is difficult with conventional technology. Consequently, conventional technology that addresses crosstalk is generally insufficient for high-speed (e.g. multi-gigabit per second) communications systems. Thus, there is a need in the art to cancel crosstalk so as to improve victim signal fidelity and remove the barrier that crosstalk often poses to increasing data throughput rates.
While the physics giving rise to crosstalk (e.g. electromagnetic coupling in electrical systems or four-wave-mixing in optical systems) is generally well understood, understanding alone does not provide direct and simple models for the crosstalk transfer function. One common reason for conventional modeling difficulties is that the relative geometries of the victim and aggressor signal paths heavily influence the transfer function of the crosstalk effect, and these paths can be quite convoluted. In other words, signal path complexity typically checks efforts to model crosstalk using conventional modeling methods based on analyzing signal conduits. Furthermore, it is generally undesirable to design a crosstalk canceller for a predetermined specific crosstalk response since: (i) a system may have many different responses for different victim-aggressor pairs (each requiring a specific design); and (ii) different systems may need different sets of designs. Thus, there is a need in the art for a crosstalk cancellation system and method with sufficient flexibility to: (i) accommodate the variety of crosstalk transfer functions that can stem from ordinary operations of a given system; and (ii) self-calibrate in order to avoid a complex manual task of characterizing and adjusting for each victim-aggressor pair.
Another limitation of conventional technologies for crosstalk cancellation concerns speed, as such technologies are typically not well suited to high-speed environments, such as channels supporting multi-gigabaud rates. That is, crosstalk cancellation devices based on conventional data processing techniques may not operate at a sufficient speed to accommodate data transmission rates exceeding one, two, or ten gigabits per second, for example. More broadly, conventional technologies for emulating signals or signal effects often lack adequate signal processing speed for a wide variety of applications.
To address these representative deficiencies in the art, what is needed is a capability for crosstalk cancellation compatible with high-speed environments but offering low power consumption and reasonable production cost. Another need exists for a high-speed circuit that can emulate or model signals, signal transformations, or signal effects. Yet another need exists for an analog or mixed-signal circuit that can accurately and precisely emulate, model, or simulate signals, signal transformations, or signal effects. Still another need exists for a system that can compensate for crosstalk occurring on data transmission channels that operate at one, two, or ten gigabits per second, or more. Such capabilities would facilitate improved signal processing and/or would support higher data rates and improve bandwidth in diverse communication applications.
The present invention supports processing a sample of a signal to emulate, simulate, model, or otherwise represent an effect on the signal. The effect can comprise a signal transformation, a signal delay, a synchronization of the signal with some other signal or event, a reshaping or distortion of the signal, a crosstalk effect, another signal, or a transfer of energy from the sampled signal to some other signal, to name a few possibilities.
In one aspect of the present invention, a circuit can produce a representation of a signal transformation by processing the sample of the signal according to one or more signal processing parameters that are characteristic of the signal transformation. Accordingly, the circuit can process a sample of a digital signal to produce a representation of a real-world signal transformation or of a theoretical signal effect. The digital signal may comprise a discrete number of digitized levels, for example two levels for a binary signal. Processing the sample of the digital signal can comprise applying analog signal processing, so that at various stages of processing, the sample retains the same number of digitized levels as the digital signal itself. In other words, processing the sample does not necessarily involve digitizing the sample beyond any digitization already present in the pre-sampled digital signal. Nevertheless, processing can proceed under digital control, for example via feedback from a digital controller that sets one or more processing parameters. Accordingly, the circuit can apply analog signal processing, mixed signal processing, or a combination of analog and digital processing to the signal, for example.
Processing the sample can comprise delaying and/or shaping the sample. For shaping of the sample, a finite impulse filter can process the sample to create a desired waveform shape. The finite impulse filter can comprise an analog implementation of a tapped delay line. The sample can transmit through a series of delay stages, each having a capability to add energy to the sample to mitigate high-frequency attenuation or roll-off. That is, the tapped delay line can comprise active elements.
The circuit can feed components of the sample, or essentially the entire sample, through two signal paths of differing delay. Thus, the two signal paths can output two signals, one leading the other in time. The circuit can apply respective weights, scaling factors, or gains to the two signals. The weights can be complementary or can be reciprocals of one another, so that when one increases, the other decreases. The circuit can combine the two weighted signals via addition, subtraction, summation, or some other form of signal combination.
The circuit can also or alternatively routing the sample through a network of delay elements, wherein one or more switching devices, routing elements, or transistors determines the route and thus the resulting delay. Thus, the circuit can comprise two (or more) delay elements. To impart the sample with a selected amount of delay, the circuit can route the sample through the two delay elements. When less delay is desired, the circuit can route the signal through one of the delay elements while bypassing the other delay element. In this manner, the circuit can provide a configurable level of delay.
The discussion of emulating signal effects presented in this summary is for illustrative purposes only. Various aspects of the present invention may be more clearly understood and appreciated from a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and by reference to the drawings and the claims that follow. Moreover, other aspects, systems, methods, features, advantages, and objects of the present invention will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such aspects, systems, methods, features, advantages, and objects are to be included within this description, are to be within the scope of the present invention, and are to be protected by any accompanying claims.
Many aspects of the invention can be better understood with reference to the above drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Moreover, in the drawings, reference numerals designate like or corresponding, but not necessarily identical, elements throughout the several views.
The present invention can support modeling a signal transformation, such as the unwanted coupling of a first signal into the channel of another signal, via applying selectable levels of time delay and frequency-dependent gain to a signal sample.
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention can support canceling crosstalk on one or more communication paths in a communication system, such as a high-speed digital data communication system. That is, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention can support compensating for signal interference, such as crosstalk, occurring between two or more communication channels. Compensating for crosstalk can improve signal quality and enhance communication bandwidth or information carrying capability.
A flexible and adaptable model of the crosstalk effect can output a cancellation signal that accurately represents crosstalk interference. Coupling this cancellation signal onto a signal path that has crosstalk can cancel such crosstalk and thereby negate the impairment that crosstalk can impose on bandwidth.
A communication signal transmitted on one communication channel can couple an unwanted signal, such as crosstalk, into another communication channel and interfere with communication signals transmitting on that channel. In addition to occurring between two channels, this crosstalk effect can couple between and among multiple communication channels with each channel imposing crosstalk on two or more channels and receiving crosstalk from two or more channels. A channel can be a medium, such as an electrical conductor or an optical fiber that provides a signal path. A single optical fiber or wire can provide a transmission medium for two or more channels, each communicating digital or analog information. Alternatively, each channel can have a dedicated transmission medium. For example, a circuit board can have multiple conductors in the form of circuit traces, in which each trace provides a dedicated communication channel.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a crosstalk cancellation device can input a crosstalk cancellation signal into a channel receiving crosstalk interference to cancel or otherwise compensate for the received crosstalk. The crosstalk cancellation signal can be derived or produced from a signal that is propagating on another channel, generating the crosstalk. The crosstalk cancellation device can be coupled between the channel that generates the crosstalk and the channel that receives the crosstalk. In this configuration, the crosstalk cancellation device can sample or receive a portion of the signal that is causing the crosstalk and can compose the crosstalk cancellation signal for application to the channel that is receiving the unwanted crosstalk. In other words, the crosstalk cancellation device can tap into the channel that is causing the crosstalk, generate a crosstalk cancellation signal, and apply the crosstalk cancellation signal to the channel receiving crosstalk interference to provide crosstalk cancellation or correction.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the crosstalk cancellation device can generate the crosstalk cancellation signal via a model of the crosstalk effect. The model can generate the crosstalk cancellation signal in the form of a signal that estimates, approximates, emulates, or resembles the crosstalk signal. The crosstalk cancellation signal can have a waveform or shape that matches the actual crosstalk signal. A setting or adjustment that adjusts the model, such as a set of modeling parameters, can define characteristics of this waveform.
The crosstalk cancellation signal can be synchronized with the actual crosstalk signal. That is, the timing of the crosstalk cancellation signal can be adjusted to match the timing of the actual crosstalk signal. A timing delay or other timing parameter can define the relative timing or temporal correspondence between the crosstalk cancellation signal and the actual crosstalk signal.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the crosstalk cancellation device can implement modeling, delay, timing, and/or signal shaping adjustments so the crosstalk cancellation signal closely matches the actual crosstalk, thereby yielding effective crosstalk cancellation. A controller of the crosstalk cancellation device can monitor and analyze the output of the crosstalk cancellation device. That is, a controller can process the crosstalk-cancelled signal, which is an improved communication signal that results from applying the crosstalk cancellation signal to the channel having crosstalk interference. The controller can vary the modeling parameters and the timing delay, individually or in unison, to minimize any residual crosstalk remaining after crosstalk cancellation. Adjusting the operations of the crosstalk cancellation device can compensate for fluctuating conditions and/or variations in the crosstalk effect.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a crosstalk cancellation device can undergo a calibration or setup procedure that is initiated internally or externally. The crosstalk cancellation device, or another device executing the calibration procedure, can initiate the transmission of a known or predetermined test signal on a communication channel. A test signal can be transmitted on the channel that causes crosstalk or the channel that receives crosstalk interference. Also, one test signal can be transmitted on a channel generating crosstalk, while a different test signal is transmitted on a channel that receives the generated crosstalk interference. For example, a randomized communication signal can propagate on the crosstalk-generating channel, while the crosstalk-receiving channel can have a uniform voltage or current signal that is representative of essentially no data transmission. The crosstalk cancellation device can utilize these known conditions to define the timing and shape of a crosstalk cancellation signal that effectively compensates for crosstalk interference. In other words, the crosstalk cancellation device can define or refine its model of the crosstalk effect based on operating the crosstalk cancellation device with test signals transmitting on the crosstalk-generating and the crosstalk-receiving communication channels.
Turning now to discuss each of the drawings presented in
Turning now to
A linecard 101a, 101b is a module, typically a circuit board that slides in and out of a chassis slot and provides communication capabilities associated with a communication channel. A backplane 103 is a set of signal paths, such as circuit traces, at the rear of such a chassis that transmit signals between each installed linecard 101a, 101b and another communication device, such as another linecard 101a, 101b or a data processing component in a rack-mounted digital communication system.
Each linecard 101a, 101b in the system 100 illustrated in
When the signal paths 120, 130 are in close proximity to one another, signal energy radiates from the aggressor channel 120 and is incorporated into the victim channel 130. That is, in areas of the backplane 103 and connectors 102a, 102b in which a first signal path is located close to a second signal path, a portion of the signal energy propagating in the first signal path can couple into the second signal path and corrupt or impair signals propagating on this second signal path. This crosstalk coupling 150 may occur on a linecard 101a, 101b, in a connector 102aa, 102ab, on a backplane 103, or any combination thereof, for example.
While not illustrated in
Similar to the multi-physical-path case illustrated in
For clarity of explanation, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention based on crosstalk occurring between two channels, each on a separate physical path, is illustrated in
Turning now to
The aggressor transmitter 104b outputs an aggressor communication signal u(t) 215 on the aggressor channel 120. Energy from this aggressor communication signal u(t) 215 couples into the victim channel 130 via crosstalk 151 in the connector 102b. The aggressor communication signal u(t) 215 is composed of a spread of frequencies. Since crosstalk 151 is a frequency dependent phenomenon, the frequencies of the aggressor communication signal u(t) 215 couple into the victim channel at varying efficiency. The frequency model H(f) 210 of the crosstalk effect 151 expresses the extent to which each of these frequency components couples into the victim channel 130 in the form of a signal n(t) 230. This crosstalk signal n(t) 230 combines with the unadulterated communication signal x(t) 214 propagating on the victim channel 130 from the victim transmitter 104a. The victim channel 130 transmits the resulting combined signal y(t) 260 to the victim receiver 105b.
The crosstalk transfer function 210 can be characterized by the frequency response H(f) 210 (or its time-domain equivalent impulse response h(t)). As depicted in
An exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of the present invention, in which a crosstalk cancellation device compensates for crosstalk occurring on a linecard-to-backplane connection will be described below with reference to
Turning now to
In connectors 102aa, 102ab, the dominant mechanism for crosstalk 151 is typically capacitive coupling between the connector's pins. This mechanism is clearly evident in
Furthermore, the fluctuations in the frequency response plot 300 at frequencies above 2 GHz illustrate that the crosstalk effect 151 is heavily influenced by other effects than simple capacitive coupling between a pair of pins. In other words, above 2 GHz, the plot 300 deviates from a classical capacitive coupling response, which typically asymptotically (and monotonically) increases with increased frequency. In contrast, the illustrated plot 300 exhibits a pattern of peaks and valleys at higher frequencies, such as a local minimum at approximately 4.6 GHz.
As described above, adequate crosstalk cancellation depends heavily on accurately modeling a system's crosstalk response. Crosstalk cancellation performance is particularly dependent upon model accuracy for frequencies in which the crosstalk effect is strong, namely for frequencies above approximately 1 GHz.
The higher order effects of the aforementioned peaks and valleys in the plot 300 are highly dependent on specific relative geometric relations between the victim signal path 130 and aggressor signal path 120 which are not known a priori, in general. In other words, deriving an accurate and sufficient crosstalk model based on geometric or physical analysis of communication paths can be problematic without empirical data or test measurements regarding actual crosstalk impact on a signal.
Stated another way, the plot 300 of
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a crosstalk model in a crosstalk cancellation device can be defined based on crosstalk measurement data such as the measurement data presented in the plot 300 illustrated in
Turning now to
Digital data x(t) 214 propagates in the victim channel 130 for reception by the victim receiver 105b. The victim channel 130 also carries the unwanted crosstalk signal n(t) 230 that is derived from digital data u(t) 215 output by the aggressor transmitter 104b and that is not intended for reception at the victim receiver 105b. The intended data stream signal x(t) 214 and the crosstalk signal n(t) 230 additively form the composite signal y(t) 260. The crosstalk canceller 401 receives the composite signal y(t) 260, corrects the crosstalk interference n(t) 230 from this signal 260 via cancellation and outputs a corrected signal, z(t) 420 for receipt by the victim receiver 105b. That is, the crosstalk canceller 401 applies an estimate of the actual crosstalk 230 to the signals 260 propagating in the victim channel 130 to effectively cancel the crosstalk signal elements 230 while leaving the desired data signal 214 essentially intact.
The steps that the crosstalk canceller 401 performs include:
Turning now to
The model 501 emulates the aggressor transfer function H(f) 210 in the form of an adjustable frequency response function G(f) 501. That is, the model 501 generates an artificial crosstalk signal w(t) 520 that can be a model, simulation, estimate, or emulation of the actual, interfering crosstalk signal n(t) 230 caused by electromagnetic coupling in the connector 102b between the aggressor channel 120 and the victim channel 130. The model frequency response G(f) 501 effectively filters the aggressor data signal u(t) 215 in a manner that applies a frequency dependent response similar to the plot 300 illustrated in
Because the same aggressor data stream u(t) 215 drives both the actual crosstalk response H(f) 210 and the crosstalk canceller' model 501, the output w(t) 520 of the model 510 is, in the ideal case, equal to the aggressor signal component n(t) 230. That is, G(f) 501 equals H(f) 210 in a theoretical or ideal case in which the environment is noise-free and all system parameters are known and modeled perfectly. Furthermore, in this ideal scenario, the respective output signals n(t) 230 and w(t) 520 of H(f) 210 and G(f) 501 would also be equal to one another. In a real-world situation having numerous unknown influences and indeterminate factors, G(f) 501 approximates H(f) 210 with sufficient precision and accuracy to support essentially error-free communications of high-speed data rates.
The difference node 502 subtracts the emulated aggressor signal w(t) 520, or emulation signal 520, from the composite signal y(t) 260, thus removing or reducing crosstalk interference from the received victim signal y(t) 260. In a physical implementation functioning in a real-world operating environment, the model G(f) 501 does not exactly match the true response H(f) 210. The controller 503 adjusts the model 501 to minimize this error related to inaccuracies between the actual crosstalk effect H(f) 210 and the emulated or modeled crosstalk effect G(f) 501.
Implementation of the summation node 502 is usually straightforward to those skilled in the art. However, special attention should be paid to maintain high sensitivity to the two inputs. It is not uncommon for the incurred, and thus the modeled, crosstalk signals 230, 520 to be small in amplitude, especially at high frequencies. While seemingly negligible at first glance, these high frequencies are often amplified via equalization devices (not illustrated). Thus, while the neglected high-frequency crosstalk may be small before equalization, it can be very significant after equalization. The summation node should be implemented to accommodate such high-frequency response.
A portion of the compensated signal z(t) 420 (i.e. the output of the difference node 502) is tapped off and fed to the controller 503, providing the controller 503 with essentially the same signal 420 that the victim receiver 105b receives. The controller adjusts the parameters of the modeling filter 501, characterized by the response G(f) 501, to maximize the goodness-of-fit to the actual response H(f) 210. In particular, the controller 503 takes as input the crosstalk compensated signal z(t) 420 and processes, monitors, or analyzes that signal 420 to determine signal fidelity. In other words, the controller 503 evaluates the model's performance by analyzing the extent to which the model's output 520 has cancelled the crosstalk signal 230. The controller 503 also adjusts the model 501 to enhance crosstalk cancellation and to provide dynamic response to changing conditions.
Because the output of the controller 503 includes parameters of the modeling filter 501, the controller can adjust the modeled response G(f) 420. Consequently, the controller 503 can manipulate the modeling filter 501 to maximize the fidelity of the compensated signal 420, i.e. the match between G(f) 420 and H(f) 210, by minimizing crosstalk on z(t) 420. Stated another way, the controller 503 monitors the corrected, crosstalk-cancelled signal z(t) 420 and dynamically adjusts the crosstalk model G(f) 420 to improve the crosstalk cancellation and enhance signal quality. Thus, in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a crosstalk cancellation device 401 can include a feedback loop that adapts, self-corrects, or self configures crosstalk cancellation to compensate for modeling errors, fluctuating dynamic conditions, and other effects.
The system illustrated in
The controller 503 typically includes both analog and digital circuitry. Due to particular aspects of the analog pre-processing in the controller 503, this digital circuitry can operate at a low speed relative to the communication data rate and thus can facilitate practical implementation. In particular, the digital circuitry can operate at speeds that are orders of magnitude less than the channel baud rate. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a digital circuit in the controller 503 operates at least one order of magnitude below the channel baud rate. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a digital circuit in the controller 503 operates at least two orders of magnitude below the channel baud rate. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a digital circuit in the controller 503 operates at least three orders of magnitude below the channel baud rate. Further details exemplary embodiments of the controller 503 and the model 501 that together yield a low-power and low-cost crosstalk cancellation solution are discussed in more detail below.
Turning now to
As described above, accurately modeling the actual crosstalk response 210 facilitates adequate removal of crosstalk interference 230 via crosstalk cancellation. If a crosstalk cancellation device (not illustrated) were based on an inaccurate crosstalk model (not illustrated) such a device might degrade, rather than improve, signal quality. For example, as a result of an erroneous model, a “correction” signal intended to cancel crosstalk might add interference to a received victim signal while leaving the crosstalk signal that is targeted for cancellation essentially intact. Thus, a crosstalk model, for example based on a filtering mechanism, should have sufficient flexibility to support modeling a variety of crosstalk transfer functions that may be encountered in an application. That is, a flexible crosstalk model is desirable over a rigid model that cannot readily adapt to various applications, operating conditions, and environments, for example.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as illustrated in
The illustrated filter 600 is an exemplary tapped delay line filter with N delay elements 601a, 601b, 601c (each providing time delay δ (delta)) and corresponding variable coefficient amplifiers 602aa, 602ab, 602c, 602d with coefficients αn (alphan) for n=0, . . . , N. The output v(t) 620 of the tapped delay filter 600 can be written as
v(t)=α0u(t)+α1u(t-δ)+ . . . +αNu(t-Nδ).
Changing the values of the gain coefficients α0, α1, α2 . . . αn (alpha0, alpha1, alpha2 . . . alphan) can cause a corresponding change in the response of the filter 600. The tapped delay line filter 600 can model the aggressor's impulse response for up to Nδ (N times delta), that is, up to the temporal span of the filter 600. Additionally, the frequency content of the aggressor response 210 (as illustrated in
While a tapped delay line filter 600 can emulate, estimate, or mimic pulse shaping caused by the aggressor response 210, this filter 600 typically cannot adequately address highly variable temporal delay without an unwieldy number of taps or delay stages. Temporal delay is directly associated with the length of the signal path that spans between (i) the circuit tap that directs a portion of the aggressor data signal u(t) 215 to the crosstalk canceller 401 and (ii) the summation node 502 in the crosstalk canceller 401, as illustrated in
Because the locations of the coupling points of both the actual crosstalk signal 230 and its modeled counterpart 520 can be significantly variable among victim-aggressor pairs, their respective delays can be ill-defined or subject to uncertainty. Even in the relatively simple case of dominant coupling via the backplane-linecard connector 102ab, the signal path length on the linecard 101b is often variable. Thus, the temporal delay can be difficult to predict without specific knowledge and analysis of linecard layout. To address this uncertainty in temporal delay, an adjustable delay 701 can be incorporated into the cross talk modeling filter 501 as illustrated in
Turning now to
While the tapped delay line filter 600 outputs a correction signal w(t) 520 that approximates the crosstalk signal n(t) 230 undesirably propagating on the victim channel 130 alongside the intended data signal x(t) 214, the adjustable delay 701 synchronizes the waveform of the correction signal 520 with the waveform of the undesirable crosstalk signal 230. That is, the adjustable delay 701 times or coordinates the correction signal 520 so it temporally matches and is synchronized with the actual crosstalk interference 230.
Based on the functions of the tapped delay line filter 600 and the adjustable delay 701, the crosstalk modeling filter 501 outputs a cancellation signal w(t) 520 having form and timing accurately matching the actual crosstalk signal n(t) 230. When inserted into or applied to the victim channel 130 via the subtraction node 502, as illustrated in
As discussed in further detail above with reference to
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the circuit 1510 shown in
Turning now to
Including the optional high-pass filter 801 in the exemplary crosstalk modeling filter 501′, as illustrated in
While tapped delay line filters 600 have a flexible modeling response over the frequency range
1/(Nδ)<f<1/(2δ),
they are often less flexible at lower frequencies such as f<1/(Nδ) (frequencies less than the reciprocal of two times delta). Thus, accurately modeling low-frequencies characteristics of the crosstalk response 210 may require a large number N of filter taps that increase filter complexity or may require a longer delay increment δ (delta) that reduces high-frequency flexibility. In many applications, it is preferable to avoid such trade-offs. As discussed above with reference to
Similar to the exemplary embodiment of the crosstalk modeling filter 501 depicted in
The exemplary inline configuration illustrated in
As discussed above with reference to
These output control values are determined based on observation, processing, and/or analysis of the compensated signal z(t) 420. U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 10/108,598, entitled “Method and System for Decoding Multilevel Signals” and filed on Mar. 28, 2002, discloses a viable exemplary system and method for assessing signal fidelity. Commonly owned U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 10/620,477, entitled “Adaptive Noise Filtering and Equalization for Optimal High Speed Multilevel Signal Decoding” and filed on Jul. 15, 2003, discloses a viable exemplary system and method for controlling device parameters of the crosstalk modeling filter 501. The disclosures of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/108,598 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/620,477 are hereby fully incorporated by reference. One or more of the crosstalk model 501, the tapped delay line filter 600, and the adjustable delay 701 can each be controlled and/or adjusted using a method and/or system disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/108,598 or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/620,477. The temporal delay adjustment of the adjustable delay 701 can be determined by treating the delay control as a variable that is swept through its entire range of potential values following the disclosure of these patent applications, for example.
Turning now to
The controller 900 of
An analog-to-digital converter (“ADC”) receives the low-pass filter's output and generates a corresponding digital signal which feeds into the digital controller 905. The digital controller 905 in turn generates digital control signals for each of the adjustable delay 701 and the tapped delay line filter 600. Respective digital-to-analog converters (“DACs”) 906a, 906b convert these signals into the analog domain for respective transmission over a delay control line 830 and a filter control line 820. The analog delay control signal adjusts the adjustable delay 701, while the analog filter control signal adjusts the tapped delay line filter 600.
It will be useful to discuss a simple operational example in which crosstalk is imposed on a channel that is in a temporary condition of not carrying data. More specifically, consider a case in which the victim transmitter 104a does not transmit any data while the aggressing transmitter 104b is sending data with a broad spectral content or range of signal frequencies, such as pseudo-random or coded pseudo-random data. That is, referring briefly back to
In other words, transmitting an essentially uniform voltage on the victim channel 130 while transmitting signals having a broad range of frequencies on the aggressor channel 120 provides essentially pure crosstalk on the victim channel 130 and n(t) 230 equals y(t) 260. If the crosstalk canceller 401 outputs a cancellation signal w(t) 520 also equaling the pure crosstalk signal n(t) 230, z(t) 420 will have essentially no signal energy. Thus, in this state, signal energy in z(t) 420 is indicative of modeling or delay inaccuracies in the crosstalk modeling filter 501.
The control module 900 can implement this state of transmitting a defined signal on the aggressor channel 120 and transmitting a constant voltage or essentially no data signal on the victim channel 130. The control module 900 can then adjust the adjustable parameters of the crosstalk modeling filter 501′ to minimize the signal z(t) 420 received by the victim receiver 105b, thereby providing a crosstalk cancellation signal w(t) 520 that matches the actual crosstalk signal n(t) 230 and further providing a modeled crosstalk response G(f) 501 that effectively matches the actual crosstalk response H(f) 210. More generally, the control module 900 cause transmission of defined or known signal patterns on the aggressor channel 120, the victim channel 130, or both the aggressor channel 120 and the victim channel 130 to characterize the crosstalk effect 151 and to control, optimize, or adjust crosstalk cancellation or another form of crosstalk compensation. Further, the control module 900 can have a learning or adaptive mode in the form of a setup mode or a self-configuration procedure and can implement automatic or self calibration.
Referring to
As familiar to those skilled in the art, the error variance is a useful metric for gauging fidelity. Because the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter 903 is at a very low frequency (typical orders of magnitude below the symbol transmission rate), the variance signal is nearly a constant after the transient effects of any modeling filter changes decay away. Thus, the analog variance signal can be sampled with a simple low-speed high-resolution analog-to-digital converter 904. The digitized signal output by the analog-to-digital converter 904 provides the error variance information to a simple microprocessor, state machine, finite state machine, digital controller, or similar device (referred to herein as a “digital controller”) 905. After recording the error-variance for the current set of response modeling parameters, the digital controller 905 may then specify a new filter configuration by digitally outputting the new parameters to a set of DACs 906 which provide the corresponding analog signal to the aggressor emulation module 501.
As the digital controller 905 is able to both (i) set the parameters of the crosstalk modeling filter 501 and (ii) directly observe the effect of the current parameters on the modeling error variance, the digital controller 905 can find a parameter set that maximizes the fit of the aggressor response model 501 to the actual response 210. Because trial-and-error processing is not overly complicated, all combinations of model parameters can be tested in many instances. However, other empirical search/optimization methodologies known to those skilled in the art may be alternatively employed. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a coordinate-descent approach, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/620,477, discussed above, provides search and optimization to identify acceptable model parameters.
As discussed above, the control module 900 can comprise a combination of analog and digital circuitry to provide a practical control implementation. Filter 901 and power detecting device 902 collectively input and output a high-speed analog signal. The low-pass filter 903 takes as input a high-speed analog signal and outputs a low-speed analog signal. Filter 901, power detecting device 902, and low-pass filter 903 collectively take a projection of a high-speed signal onto a low-speed signal by extracting the relevant statistical information from the high-speed signal and presenting it in a more concise form. The ADC 904 takes this low-speed analog signal as an input and outputs a corresponding digitized approximation. Consequently, the controller 905 receives and processes this low-speed digital signal. Because the digital signal is low-speed, the associated processing circuitry is less complex than would be required if the signal was high-speed. The digital controller 905 outputs low-speed digital control signals to the digital-to-analog converters 906a, 906b which in turn output low-speed analog signals. As a result of tandem simple high-speed analog preprocessing and low-speed digital processing, the control module 900 provides signal analysis based on a powerful statistical characterization and implements a robust control methodology with relatively little circuit complexity, which are factors that can facilitate practical crosstalk cancellation in high-speed communications systems.
While the illustration in
Similarly, the power detector 902 may also be replaced with a half-wave-rectifier or any like device that is used to assess signal magnitude. It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the division of the crosstalk canceller 401 into functional blocks, modules, and respective sub-modules as illustrated in
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a crosstalk cancellation system is a single integrated circuit (“IC”), such as a monolithic IC. Each of a crosstalk cancellation device, a control module, and a crosstalk modeling filter can also be single ICs. Such ICs can be complementary metal oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) ICs and can be fabricated in a 0.18 micron process, for example.
A process for canceling crosstalk and a process for calibrating a crosstalk canceller will now be described with respective reference to
Turning now to
At Step 1015, the crosstalk effect 151 couples energy from the aggressor communication signal u(t) 215 into the victim channel 130 as crosstalk n(t) 230. The coupling mechanism can be electromagnetic coupling, as in the exemplary case of electrical data signals propagating on a backplane 103, or another optical or electrical crosstalk mechanism. The energy transfer of the crosstalk effect 151 generates the crosstalk signal n(t) 215 in the victim channel 130 in a manner that results in signal propagation towards the victim receiver 105b.
At Step 1020, the victim transmitter 104a transmits the victim communication signal x(t) 214 on the victim channel 130. The victim communication signal 214 can be either an analog or a digital signal. At Step 1025, the crosstalk signal n(t) 230 coexists or mixes with the victim communication signal x(t) 214 in the victim channel 130. The composite signal y(t) 260 results from the combination of these signals 214, 230.
At Step 1030, the crosstalk model 501 acquires a sample of the aggressor communication signal u(t) 215. In other words, a tap or other node directs a representative portion of the aggressor communication signal 215 to the crosstalk canceller 401 for reception and processing by the crosstalk model 501.
At Step 1035, the crosstalk model 501 processes the sampled portion of the aggressor communication signal u(t) 215 via the tapped delay line filter 600. Modeling parameters, such as the gain or scaling constants of the tapped delay line filter 600, provide the basis for generating a waveform estimate v(t) 620 of the crosstalk signal n(t) 215. More specifically, the coefficients α0, α1, α2 . . . αn (alpha0, alpha1, alpha2 . . . alphan) of the variable coefficient amplifiers 602aa, 602ab, 602c, 602d in the tapped delay line filter define a waveform v(t) 620 approximating the crosstalk signal 215.
In one exemplary embodiment, the finite impulse response (“FIR”) filter 1560 illustrated in
At Step 1040, the adjustable delay 701 in the crosstalk model 501 applies a time delay to the waveform estimate v(t) 620 to synchronize this waveform 620 with the interfering crosstalk signal n(t) 230 propagating in the victim channel 130. At Step 1045, the summation node 502 of the crosstalk canceller 401 applies the resulting crosstalk cancellation signal w(t) 520 to the victim channel 130 and the combined crosstalk and communication signal y(t) 260 propagating therein. The crosstalk cancellation signal w(t) 520 cancels at least a portion of the crosstalk signal component w(t) 520 propagating in the victim channel 130. Reducing this crosstalk interference 520 improves signal fidelity in the communication signal z(t) 420 that is output by the crosstalk canceller 410 for delivery to the victim receiver 105b.
In one exemplary embodiment, the temporal alignment module 1535 illustrated in
At Step 1050, the controller 503 processes or analyzes the crosstalk compensated signal z(t) 420 to determine effectiveness of crosstalk cancellation. In other words, the controller 503 assesses signal fidelity to determine if the crosstalk canceller is applying a crosstalk cancellation signal w(t) 520 that accurately matches the actual crosstalk n(t) 230, both in waveform and in timing.
At Step 1055, the controller 503 adjusts the modeling parameters, specifically the coefficients of the variable coefficient amplifiers 602aa, 602ab, 602c, 602d in the tapped delay line filter 600, to optimize the waveform match between the crosstalk cancellation signal w(t) 520 and the actual crosstalk signal n(t) 230. The controller 503 further adjust the variable or adjustable time delay of the adjustable delay 701 to synchronize the crosstalk cancellation signal w(t) 520 with the actual crosstalk signal n(t) 230. That is, the controller 503 adjusts the operation of the crosstalk canceller 401 by implementing parameter adjustments to the crosstalk modeling filter 501 to enhance the fidelity of the net communication signal z(t) 420 delivered to the victim receiver 105b.
Following Step 1055, Process 1000 iterates Steps 1010-1055. The crosstalk canceller 401 continues canceling crosstalk 230 and implementing adaptive responses to dynamic conditions, thereby providing an ongoing high level of communication signal fidelity.
Turning now to
At Step 1115, the controller 900 instructs the victim transmitter 104b to output a known victim test or reference signal onto the victim channel 130. The test signal can be a predetermined communication signal or simply a constant voltage, null of data. Sending a known test signal on the victim channel 130 facilitates isolating the crosstalk response H(f) 210 from other effects that may generate signal distortion on the victim channel 130. That is, the controller 900 can control transmission of signals having predetermined voltage patterns on the victim channel 130.
At Step 1120, crosstalk n(t) 230 from the known aggressor signal u(t) 215 couples into the victim channel 130. With the victim channel 130 carrying a constant voltage as the victim signal x(t) 214, the composite communication and crosstalk signal y(t) 260 on the victim channel 130 is essentially the crosstalk signal n(t) 230.
At Step 1125, the crosstalk canceller 401 generates an estimate w(t) 520 of the crosstalk signal n(t) 230 for crosstalk cancellation. The crosstalk canceller 401 generates this estimate 520 using modeling and delay parameters that result in a waveform and timing match between the crosstalk signal n(t) 230 and the crosstalk cancellation signal w(t) 520. The crosstalk compensator 401 applies the crosstalk estimate 520 to the victim channel 130 and cancels at least a portion of the crosstalk 230 propagating thereon. The resulting crosstalk-cancelled signal z(t) 420 propagates to the victim receiver 105b.
At Step 1130, the controller 503 processes and analyzes the crosstalk-cancelled signal z(t) 420 output by the crosstalk canceller 401. Based on the analysis, the controller 503 adjusts the modeling and delay parameters to minimize the energy in the crosstalk cancelled signal z(t) 420. That is, the controller 503 varies the operational parameters of the crosstalk canceller 401 towards reducing the residual crosstalk. This control action matches the crosstalk compensation signal w(t) 520 with the actual crosstalk n(t) 230 imposed on the victim channel 130.
At Step 1140, the controller 503 completes the calibration cycle and provides notification to the aggressor and victim transmitters 104a, 104b that the crosstalk canceller 401 is set to process live data. In response to this notification, at Step 1145 the victim transmitter 104a and the aggressor transmitter 104b each transmit live data on their respective channels 130, 120.
At Step 1150, crosstalk 230 from live data 215 transmitting on the aggressor channel 120 couples into the victim channel 130. At Step 1155, the crosstalk canceller 401 processes a sample of the live data 215 transmitting in the aggressor channel 120 and generates an emulation or estimate 520 of the crosstalk 230 using the modeling and delay parameters defined or updated during calibration.
At Step 1160, the crosstalk canceller 401 applies the crosstalk estimate 520 to the victim channel 130 for crosstalk cancellation and presents the victim receiver 105 with a high-fidelity signal. Process 1100 ends following Step 1160. The controller 503 can repeat the calibration procedure at defined or regular time intervals or when the controller's monitoring capability determines that signal fidelity is impaired or as fallen below a threshold.
Turning now to
Because the signal path includes a limiting amplifier in both the crosstalk-corrected eye diagram 1250 and the eye diagram 1200 without crosstalk compensation, the thicknesses of the horizontal “eye-lids” at the top and bottom of each eye diagram 1200, 1250 do not provide a useful gauge of signal quality. Rather the signal performance enhancement provided by crosstalk cancellation is evident from the wide open eye 1275 in the crosstalk-corrected eye diagram 1250 relative to the narrow, noisy eye 1225 of the eye diagram 1225 without crosstalk correction.
To further characterize communication performance improvement achieved by crosstalk cancellation in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, bit error rate measurements were acquired from this test system under the same test conditions, before and after crosstalk cancellation. Without crosstalk cancellation, the communication system exhibited an average of one bit error for every 100,000 bits transmitted. With crosstalk cancellation, the communication system exhibited an average of one bit error for every 100,000,000,000,000 bits transmitted.
In summary, an exemplary crosstalk cancellation system as been described with reference to
The creation of a programmable emulation/modeling channel response at multi-gigabit rates can be less than optimal using standard digital signal processing (“DSP”) techniques. Traditional DSP techniques may lack sufficient speed or consume considerable power. Accordingly, a crosstalk cancellation system can comprise a programmable emulation channel or a model that offers performance advantages over conventional DSP processing, for example via analog signal processing, mixed signal processing, or a hybrid approach. Such a high-speed programmable emulation channel can process signals in the analog domain, via analog signal processing, and/or at processing rates that support multi-gigabit data transmission rates, for example.
In other words, analog signal processing (or a hybrid combination of analog and digital signal processing) can provide performance benefits over crosstalk cancellation implemented in an entirely digital environment. As discussed above, in a digital implementation, the accessible aggressing data signals and received victim signals may be digitized (beyond any inherent digitization of the aggressor signal), and a microprocessor can implement the cancellation processes. The analog-to-digital converters and microprocessors typically associated with digital crosstalk cancellation in a high-speed environment can have drawbacks relevant to some applications, such as complexity, cost, or power consumption.
Beyond supporting crosstalk cancellation, a high-speed device that can model, simulate, estimate, or emulate signals, signal transformation, and signal effects can have a wide range of applications. To name a few applications, such a device can be used for generating arbitrary waveforms, for equalization, or as a broad-use FIR filter. Thus, a compact or integrated circuit that emulates signals or signal effects can be used as a high-speed arbitrary waveform generator (for example in test equipment or in a communication device), as a pulse-shaping filter, as an equalizer, etc.
An exemplary high-speed emulation circuit or channel will be described in further detail below with reference to
For example, a capability to pulse-shape and/or filter a multi-gigabit signal could be beneficially used in test equipment, to create a very high-speed function generator, or for testing integrated circuits or other communications hardware. As another example, emulating the pre-emphasis, de-emphasis, or equalizer response of a transmitted signal could support accurately characterizing receiver performance. Likewise, an emulation circuit or channel could emulate potential interferers to ascertain receiver performance in the presence of interferers.
The term “emulation circuit” or “emulation channel,” as used herein, generally refers to a system that models, simulates, estimates, emulates, represents, describes, or reproduces a signal, a signal transformation, or an effect on a signal. An emulation circuit or an emulation channel can create a simulated crosstalk signal via processing a signal that causes crosstalk. An emulation circuit or channel might receive a signal of short duration, such as a pulse, and transform that received signal into a waveform having a shape or duration that is specified or that is selected.
Turning now to discuss
Accordingly, the system 1300 of
While adequate in many situations, the system 1300 may provide a level of speed that is slower than may be desirable for other situations involving multigigabit signal processing. If the input signal 1310 is modulated to convey a high data rate, the ADC 1315 typically should sample faster than the data rate and should have sufficient resolution to provide meaningful data. Such sampling rates and resolutions may be challenging when the data rate of the input 1310 is in the multigigabit range. In addition, the mathematical operations of the tapped delay line filter 600 may lack practicability for multigigabit signals.
As will be discussed in further detail below, for very high speed signals, an implementation based on analog signal processing can often outperform the DSP-based implementation of
Turning now to
Zo=(L/C)1/2
The synthetic transmission line 1400 may occupy less space than an ordinary transmission line. However, as illustrated, the delays are fixed and lack adjustability. The high-frequency losses of integrated transmission lines and synthetic transmission lines 1400 can be substantial at high frequencies, thereby resulting in signal degradation, i.e. an undesired transformation of the signal, thus reducing signal quality. Another issue with this implantation is the relatively large amount of physical space that the delay and filter may occupy.
Accordingly, while the system 1400 can be a component of an emulation circuit or a crosstalk cancellation system, embodiments that offer generally improved performance for many applications will be discussed below.
Turning now to
Referring now to
In other words, the tap 1503 is a device that extracts a sample of a signal that flows through a path or a channel, such as a backplane of a rack-mounted communication system, or some other conductor. As discussed above, the signal that the tap 1503 samples could be an aggressor communication signal that causes crosstalk on a victim communication signal. Alternatively, the sampled signal could be some other communication signal, or even a signal that is useful for some purpose other than communicating information. While typically digital, the aggressor signal in some embodiments might alternatively comprise an analog communication signal or even a single pulse.
The emulation channel 1510 delays and filters the emulation channel input 1520, which carries the sample signal, based on control commands from the control bus input 1595. As discussed above with reference to
As discussed in further detail below, control signals flowing over the control bus 1570 define signal processing parameters of the emulation channel 1510. Those signal processing parameters specify the transform that the input signal undergoes between the emulation channel input 1520 and the emulation channel output 1590. More specifically, the control signals specify delay and amplitude parameters of the FIR filter 1560 and the temporal alignment module 1535.
A limiting amplifier 1525 buffers the emulation channel input 1520 from the communication channel and allows the channel input amplitude to vary without affecting the operation of the emulation channel 1510. In other words, the limiting amplifier 1525 helps provide isolation between the sampled communication channel and the emulation channel 1510.
The limiting amplifier 1525 feeds a temporal alignment module 1535 that provides a variable level of time delay. The applied delay can time or synchronize the output of the emulation channel 1510 according to a specification. For example, the temporal alignment module 1535 can delay a simulated crosstalk signal so that the simulated crosstalk is temporally aligned with actual crosstalk. So aligned, the simulated crosstalk can cancel the actual crosstalk when one is subtracted from the other, as discussed in more detail above.
The temporal alignment module 1535 comprises a coarse temporal alignment module 1530A, a fine temporal alignment module 1530B, and a variable temporal alignment module 1530C. As discussed in further detail below, the coarse, fine, and variable temporal alignment modules 1530A, 1530B, 1530C can be portions, branches, or sections of an integrated circuit, such as an IC chip. While illustrated as comprising three modules 1530A, 1530B, 1530C, other embodiments may have fewer or more timing components.
The coarse temporal alignment module 1530A provides selectable delay to within a unit interval. The fine temporal alignment module 1530B provides selectable delay below a unit interval, further subdividing the overall adjustable delay. The variable delay module 1530C provides virtually continuous delay adjustment subject to the resolution of the DAC 1584 that controls the variable delay module 1530C. The variable delay module 1530C typically provides a level of delay adjustment that is at least greater than that of the fine delay module 1530B.
The term “unit interval,” as used herein, generally refers to a span of time between condition changes of a data transmission signal. Thus, a unit interval could be a minimum time interval between two signal conditions or the period of time that a single bit occupies in the bit stream. For example, a serial line with a baud rate of 2.5 gigabits per second could have a unit interval of 0.4 nanoseconds (1/(2.5 Gb/s)).
The temporal alignment module 1535 feeds the FIR filter 1560 a signal that has been delayed or shifted in time as specified by the control signals transmitting over the control bus 1595. The FIR filter 1560 filters and pulse-shapes the received signal.
In broad terms, an FIR filter is a signal processing device whose response to an impulse signal ultimately settles to zero. Accordingly, FIR filters are typically stable devices that can operate without feedback. An FIR filter can be viewed as a device that produces an output signal based on a weighted average of delayed versions of an input signal.
The signal processing of the FIR filter 1560 may provide a frequency-dependent signal amplitude so that various frequency components of a signal may have different magnitudes. Output signals thus assume a waveform shape based on frequency-dependent gain. That is, the FIR filter 1560 transforms or shapes an input signal into an output signal based on adjustable signal processing parameters, as discussed in further detail below.
The output of the FIR filter 1560 is the desired emulation channel output 1590. The control bus 1570 receives digital signals and controls the temporal alignment module 1535 and the FIR filter 1560 through switches and the DACs 1580, 1582, 1584, 1586, and 1588. As discussed in further detail below with reference to
The temporal alignment module 1535 and the FIR filter 1560 each comprises delay elements that delay the transmitted signal by a prescribed an amount of time. The temporal alignment module 1535 typically comprises very small, electronically-controllable delays, with step sizes on the order of 0.05 unit intervals. Thus, the temporal alignment module 1535 provides delay with a fine level of time resolution.
The fine time resolution of the temporal alignment module 1535 facilitates precisely aligning the emulated crosstalk signal to the actual crosstalk. As discussed above, such precise alignment helps a crosstalk cancellation system achieve a beneficial level of crosstalk compensation. In contrast, improper temporal alignment might inadvertently add noise, instead of desirably decreasing the noise.
The exemplary embodiment of
The exemplary system 1500 can offer advantages over a DSP-based approach in that quantization of the signals and subsequent processing with mathematical operations can be avoided. As compared to the system 1500, emulating a signal or a signal transformation via digital signal processing may provide slower speed and higher power consumption. In other words, analog signal processing, as provided by the system 1500 and specifically the system 1510 can perform mathematical operations essentially equivalent to the digital counterparts, but using less power and operating at higher speeds.
Moreover, the illustrated embodiment of
Further, the asynchronous, mixed-signal delays of the system 1500 can regenerate or actively boost the signal as it propagates through the temporal alignment module 1535 and the FIR filter 1560, between the input port 1520 and the output port 1590. That is, the emulation channel 1510 comprises active delays that can add energy to the processed signal so that the signal remains strong with a robust frequency content.
In contrast, a transmission line approach, as discussed above with reference to
In summary, the system 1510 can be viewed as combining the benefits of an analog implementation with certain advantages of a digital signal processing approach. As such, time delay and the FIR filter response can be controlled via electronic means and can be integrated in a compact form. The exemplary system 1510 further provides benefits related to a transmission-line approach in that the system 1510 can operate at fast speed without consuming an excessive level of power.
In preparation for discussing the emulation channel 1510 and its components in further detail, it will be useful to briefly review frequency-dependent signal attenuation in signal processing devices. Turning now to
In a linear system losses cascade or accumulate. In a passive filtering or delay circuit, each pole created by an RC time-constant will cascade, thereby reducing the usable bandwidth of the signals transmitting through the circuit. The magnitude of the frequency response for a cascade of N circuits, each with a first-order pole having a time constant RC, is given by the following equation:
H(ω)=((1+(ωRC)2))−N/2
The frequency response curves 1605, 1610, 1615 of
That is, a signal passing through a circuit typically comprises multiple frequency components that loose energy or decrease in amplitude as they pass through the filtering circuit. As the sophistication of the filtering or delay circuit (as represented by the number of “poles” or delaying stages) increases, the high-frequency signal components loose energy more rapidly than the low-frequency signal components. Thus, the frequency response plot 1605 of the single-stage circuit is relatively flat, indicating that the high-frequency signal components retain a relatively high level of energy. As indicated by the plot 1610, the three-stage circuit suppresses a significant amount of high-frequency energy from the signal. Finally, the plot 1615 shows that a five-stage circuit looses an even greater amount of high-frequency signal strength. At 5 GHz, one stage has 1 dB of loss, 3 stages have 3 dB of loss, and 5 stages have 5 dB of loss.
More generally, the roll-off in dB, RdB, at a given frequency increases linearly with the number of stages N according to the following equation:
Rdb=−20 log(H(ω))=N log(((1+(ωRC)2))1/2)
In a delay line, the number of stages N corresponds to the amount of delay. As discussed above, roll-off increases with the addition of delay. As a result, the useful frequency of a linear delay line is inversely proportional to the amount of delay desired. In other words, increasing the sophistication of a passive delay line via adding time delay can result in undesirably attenuating the high-frequency signal components. That high-frequency attenuation can limit the circuit's capabilities for processing high-speed signals or for emulating signal effects, such as crosstalk, that involve high-frequency signal components.
The above-described high-frequency degradation can present problems in integrated circuits where transmission lines and synthetic transmission lines are very lossy. As a result, such transmission lines may not be well suited to providing significant delays, for example on the order of 1 nanosecond (“ns”) for a 5 Gigabits per second (“Gbs”) signal.
However, active circuit technology can overcome this roll-off problem. As will be discussed in further detail below, the emulation channel 1510 can beneficially comprise active circuit technology to boost high-frequency signal strength.
Turning now to
Referring to
In an exemplary embodiment, the temporal alignment module 1535 and the FIR filter 1560 of the emulation channel 1510 each comprises differential mixed-signal delays that are electronically adjustable and that comprise active delay lines. This principle is effective when the input signal is a pulse that causes the mixed-signal delays to limit.
The emulation channel 1510 applies analog processing that comprises linear circuits in the later stages of signal processing, towards the output 1590. Specifically, the elements that can exhibit roll-off are the tap-weighting amplifiers 2210A-E and the summation node 2240 of the FIR filter 1560, which are discussed in further detail below with reference to
Turning now to
In one exemplary embodiment, the circuit 1800 provides a capability for signal shaping as discussed below. The circuit 1800 may function in association with a signal processing method, for example via Process 3000 as illustrated in
The input signal 1801 splits into two branches, one corresponds to a thru path 1805 and the other corresponds to a maximum delay path 1810. The adjustable selection circuit 1820 adds the signal from the thru path 1805 to the delayed signal from the maximum delay path 1810. The adjustable selection circuit 1820 performs this addition via a complementary weighting derived from a control signal on the control line 1822.
The control signal 1822 can increase weighting of the maximum delay path 1810, while simultaneously decreasing weighting of the thru path 1805, and vice versa. Alternatively, the adjustable selection circuit 1820, under the control of the control signal 1822, can decrease the contribution of the maximum delay path 1810 while increasing the contribution of the thru path 1805. That is, the adjustable selection circuit 1820 varies the gains of the amplifiers 1824, 1826 in a coordinated manner, decreasing one gain if the other increases, and vice versa. Thus, the system 1800 uses differential amplifiers 1824, 1826 and current steering to implement a weighted addition of two signals, one delayed in comparison to the other.
Adding the appropriately-scaled delayed and thru signals creates an output signal that has a delay between the thru delay and the maximum delay. In other words, the signal that the adjustable selection circuit 1820 outputs has a delay that is greater than or equal to the delay of the thru path 1805 and that is less than or equal to the delay of the delay path 1810.
The resulting additive signal can go through an optional equalizer section 1830 to compensate for roll-off incurred during propagation through the maximum delay path 1810. As discussed above with reference to
A driver stage 1840 provides limiting action that squares the signal and preserves the rise time. That stage 1840 comprises an amplifier that produces an output level sufficient to drive the next stage into a limiting condition. In other words, the equalizer stage 1830 and the driver stage 1840 can prepare the output signal of the coarse temporal alignment module 1530A for subsequent processing by the downstream fine temporal alignment module 1530B.
The delays of the coarse temporal alignment 1530A, fine temporal alignment 1530B, and variable delay 1530C can each be based on the block diagram of
Turning now to
The differential inputs 1801 are labeled “IN+” and “IN−”. The differential amplifiers 1815A, 1815B, 1815C have been created using transistors 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, and 1906 to provide the maximum delay path 1810. For the purposes of illustration,
Optional capacitors can be added in the loads of each delay amplifier to increase delay. At high speeds, the natural parasitic capacitance is generally sufficient, and advantages may be realized from an area perspective by omitting such supplemental capacitors.
Transistors 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, and 1916 form the adjustable selection circuit 1820 with outputs at the resistor 1937 and the resistor 1938. That is, in an exemplary embodiment, the element 1820 of
The current steering device (of the adjustable selection circuit 1820) that provides the adjustable selection is a differential amplifier that comprises the transistors 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910. That is, the transistors 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910 partition the complementary gains between the amplifier 1824 and the amplifier 1826.
The control lines 1950 and 1951, respectively labeled “Vcntrl+” and “Vcntrl−”, connect to two DACs, a reference DAC 1588 and the vernier DAC 1580. In an exemplary embodiment, the reference DAC 1588 and the vernier DAC 1580 are essentially identically copies of one another. The labeling of the vernier DAC as “1580” assumes that the circuit 1530 of
The optional equalizer section 1830 is a differential amplifier comprised of the transistors 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, and 1921; the resistance 1941; and the load resistors 1939 and 1940. The element 1941 can be considered a degeneration resistor and as a part of the frequency response shaping that creates an equalizing function.
The equalizer section 1830 provides a boosting function with a zero as set forth by the following equation (in which “Cz” is the parasitic capacitance associated with the transistors 1918 and 1919 and “Rz” is the resistance 1941):
ω=2/(Rz*Cz).
As illustrated in the schematic of
In an exemplary embodiment, the output driver 1840 comprises the transistors 1922 and 1923. As discussed above, the output driver 1840 and the equalizer 1830 help assure the output signal has sufficient amplitude and acceptable rise time. The output driver 1840 and the equalizer 1830 can be eliminated from the circuit 1800 if the amplitude and rise time out of the adjustable selection circuit 1820 are sufficient.
The exemplary circuit embodiment 1800 of
As discussed above, the adjustable selection circuit 1820, which can be characterized as a current steering device, is controlled by the two DACs, 1580 and 1588, that are connected to the same reference voltages. Using a common reference voltage provides a high degree of noise immunity and process tolerance to the control circuitry.
The large common-mode rejection of the current steering device 1820, coupled with the differential DAC topology, rejects the common-mode noise that might be present on the voltage supply lines or the reference lines. Circuit simulations can verify or help analyze such noise rejection. The differential DAC topology also provides an electronically programmable vernier for the delays.
The same reference DAC 1588 can provide input to the coarse temporal alignment module 1530A, the fine temporal alignment module 1530B, the variable delay module 1530C, and the delays of the FIR filter 1560. Meanwhile, each set of these delay devices 1530A, 1530B, 1530C, 1560 can have a dedicated vernier DAC 1580, 1582, 1584, 1586 to electronically trim the delay for optimal performance for different applications or to compensate for process, voltage, or temperature variation. In other words, the vernier DACs 1580, 1582, 1584, 1586 make dynamic timing adjustments in response to changing conditions, such as noise variations. The FIR delay vernier 1586 is particularly useful in accommodating different data rates, since FIR delay is typically tuned to an integer fraction (e.g. 1 or ½) of a unit interval in a crosstalk cancellation system.
Turning now to
As discussed in further detail below, the circuit 1530 selects the number of operational delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C that are providing signal delay at any given time in the coarse and fine temporal alignment modules 1530A, 1530B. While
Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, the block diagram of
Moreover, the block diagram of
The input signal 2005 feeds the bypass amplifiers 2020A, 2020B, 2020C, 2020D in parallel. The switches 2030A, 2030B determine whether the delay elements 1800B, 1800C will receive input from a preceding delay element 1800A, 1800B or from an associated bypass amplifier 2020B, 2020C.
For example, switch 2030B selects the output of bypass amplifier 2020B or the output of the delay element 1800A. In an exemplary embodiment, exactly one of the bypass amplifiers 2020A, 2020B, 2020C, 2020D is enabled at any one time. Thus, the amplifiers 2020A, 2020B, 2020C, 2020D and the associated switching devices 2030A, 2030B, 2030C, which are typically solid state transistor elements, can be viewed as a bank or a set of signal routing elements.
The emulation channel turns off, deactivates, or removes power from any delay element 1800A, 1800B, 1800C that is not actively in a state of delaying the input signal. Turning off the delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C in such conditions not only reduces power consumption, but also helps create the switches 2030A, 2030B, 2030C, 2030D.
The following table provides an exemplary scheme for selecting and controlling the level of time delay. More specifically, this table depicts which delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C are enabled for specific bypass amplifier and delay settings.
For maximum delay, all the delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C are active and the bypass amplifiers 2020B, 2020C, and 2020D are not active, while the amplifier 2020A feeds delay 2010A. In this scenario, the signal propagates in series through each of the delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C.
For minimum delay, bypass amplifier 32020D is selected, and all the delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C are turned off. In this scenario, the signal bypasses or flows around all three delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C.
In one exemplary embodiment, the bypass amplifier 2020A between the input 2005 and the first delay element 2010 can be eliminated. However, such elimination will result in the incremental signal delays having unequal time delays. The incremental signal delay is typically the composite delay of the bypass amplifier and its associated delay element.
Turning now to
For discussion purposes, the circuit 2050 will be discussed with reference to the delay-1 element 1800A and the associated bypass-1 amplifier 2020B. The bypass amplifier 2020B works in conjunction with the delay element 1800A to select or to bypass the delay element 1800A.
The circuit ports 2100A and 2100B provide an interface to the delay element 1800A. The circuit ports 2110A and 2110B provide an interface to the bypass amplifier 2020B. Meanwhile, the ports 2165 and 2175 receive enable signals, respectively for the delay element 1800A and the bypass amplifier 2020B.
Common loads 2160A and 2160B are shared between the delay element 1800A and the corresponding bypass amplifier 2020B. Transistors 2100A and 2100B represent the differential output of the delay element 1800A.
The transistors 2120 and 2130 form the current mirror for current source 2135. The transistors 2110A and 2110B represent or provide the function of the differential bypass amplifier 2020B. The transistors 2140 and 2150 are the current mirror for the current source 2155.
To enable the delay 1800A and disable the bypass amplifier 2020B, the transistor 2125 should be turned off by a low voltage on the port 2170, and transistor 2145 should be turned on with a high voltage on the port 2165. Turning off the low voltage on the port 2170 results in current flowing through the transistors 2100A and 2100B. Applying a high voltage on the port 2165 pulls down the current mirror voltage to the transistor 2140, which will turn off the transistors 2110A and 2110B.
To enable the bypass amplifier 2020B and disable the delay element 1800A, a high voltage is applied to the port 2170 and a low voltage is applied to the port 2165. This method of using current-mode switching to select the delay path generally offers superior performance and bandwidth as compared to using MOS switches as the bypass elements.
Turning now to
While a 5-tap FIR filter 1560 is shown, the number of taps can be varied according to application parameters. The mixed-signal delay elements 1530a, 1530b, 1530c, 1530d, 1530e connect to the five tap coefficient amplifiers 2210A, 2210B, 2210C, 2210D, and 2210E.
A delay element 1530e is placed at the end to preserve the uniformity of the tap delays, and is not strictly required. The tap-weight amplifiers 2210 are differential variable gain amplifiers that operate by current steering. In an exemplary embodiment, the tap-weight amplifiers 2210 can be viewed as variations of a Gilbert cell.
The tap coefficients 2210A, 2210B, 2210C, 2210D, and 2210E are each controlled by an individual DAC 2220 and a common reference DAC 1588. Each tap coefficient 2210A, 2210B, 2210C, 2210D, and 2210E is a function of the differential voltage of the corresponding tap coefficient DAC 2220A-E and the reference DAC 1588. The tap coefficients can be positive or negative.
The coefficient DACs 2220A-E and the reference DAC 1588 can be essentially identical copies of the same circuit and can have essentially identical reference voltages. Sharing a common architecture helps provide immunity to common mode noise and power supply noise.
The reference DAC 2230 can be shared with the delay elements 1530a, 1530b, 1530c, 1530d, 1530e, if desired. The outputs of all the tap coefficient amplifiers are combined in a summing node 2240. The summation process occurs by summing the output currents of the tap coefficient amplifiers 2210A-E in a differential load that is commonly shared by all the tap coefficient amplifiers 2210A-E. The output 2250 of the FIR filter 1560 from the summation node 2240 provides the output of the emulation channel 1510.
While
In one exemplary embodiment, a crosstalk cancellation device may contain more or fewer temporal alignment devices than the coarse, fine, and variable temporal alignment blocks 1530A, 1530B, 1530C discussed above and illustrated in
In another variation, the number of taps in the FIR filter 1560 could be less or more than exemplary numbers discussed above. In yet another variation, an optional variable gain amplifier can be placed after the FIR summation node 2240. Such an amplifier can facilitate controlling the emulation channel output amplitude without changing the tap coefficients 2210A, 2210B, 2210C, 2210D, and 2210E. However, the addition of a variable gain amplifier after the summation node 2240 may generally lower available bandwidth.
Embodiments of the system 1510 of
The FIR filter coefficients 2220A, 2220B, 2220C, 2220D, 2220E have been respectively set to a normalized (1 0 0 0 −1). With these values, the circuit 1510 processes a single 5 Gbs input pulse to create two output pulses. The two output pulses include a first pulse 2410 and an inverted second pulse 2420, respectively rising above and falling below a baseline 2430 as shown in
In this scenario, the FIR filter 1560 effectively functions as a high-pass filter. More generally, the variable tap coefficients 2220A, 2220B, 2220C, 2220D, 2220E can be set so that the FIR filter 1560 may provide a wide range of different filter responses, thereby providing flexibility and supporting a range of applications.
In one exemplary embodiment, the circuit 1530 of
An embodiment of the emulation circuit 1510 has also been fabricated as an integrated circuit in 0.13-μm CMOS. That version had six coarse selectable delays of approximately 160 ps, two fine selectable delays of approximately 85 ps, and a five-tap FIR filter with delays of approximately 95 ps, respectively and generally corresponding to the elements 1530A, 1530B, 1530C, and 1560 as illustrated in
As discussed above, eye diagrams provide a visual indication of signal quality. The level of openness of an “eye” in an eye diagram correlates with the level of signal quality or integrity. That is, a noisy, distorted, or closed eye in an eye diagram typically indicates signal impairment. An eye diagram can reveal impairments such as jitter, timing problems, noise, etc.
For the illustrated test, the FIR filter coefficients 2220A, 2220B, 2220C, 2220D, 2220E have been respectively set to a normalized (0 0 1 0 0). This open eye diagram 2800 shows that signal integrity is desirably preserved as the signal propagates through the emulation channel 1510.
Turning now to
In an exemplary embodiment, Process 2900, or selected steps therein, can occur at the system 1800 of
At Step 2910, a signal delay device, for example the circuit 1530, receives a control signal on the control line 2005 that specifies a desired level of signal delay. The control signal may specify or define an absolute delay, a target delay, a relative delay, a time, an incremental change in time delay, or an instruction to increase or decrease a time delay, for example. The control bus 1570 can feed the control line 2005 or can comprise the control line 2005.
At Step 2920, a bank or a set of switching elements 2030A, 2030B, 2030C assume a state according to the control signal. That is, each of the switching elements 2030A, 2030B, 2030C, which can be viewed as routing elements, is set to direct the flow of electricity through one of two or more paths. For example, the switches 2030A, 2030B, 2030C can have a state as set forth in the table described above.
At Step 2930, if the switching elements 2030A, 2030B, 2030C are set to one state, the signal flows through all of the delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C. In this situation, the delay of each of the delay elements 1800A, 1800B, 1800C is accumulative, and the transmitted signal is delayed by a relatively large amount of time. In this state, the switches 2030A, 2030B, 2030C (which are typically solid state and comprise transistors) are connected in a series configuration. For this configuration, the switch 2030A has the opposite state from that illustrated in
As Step 2940, if the control signal has set the switches 2030A, 2030B, 2030C to the second state, the signal routes around or bypasses at least one delay element 1800A and routes through at least one other delay element 1800B, 1800C.
At Step 2950, a controller, such as the module 505 of
Turning now to
In an exemplary embodiment, Process 3000, or selected steps therein, can occur at the system 1800 of
Moreover, Process 3000 and Process 2900 can execute in parallel with one another, Process 3000 can feed Process 2900, or Process 2900 can feed Process 3000. Process 3000 can be viewed as an example of a method feeding a signal through two signal paths, each having a different delay, and creating a weighted sum of the outputs of the two signal paths.
At Step 3010, the emulation channel 1510 directs a first portion of a sample signal through a delay line 1810 while directing a second portion for transmission over a through line 1805. In other words, the sample signal, in whole or in part, transmits through two signal paths 1805, 1810 that provide different amounts of delay. The delay path 1810, which can be viewed as a delay line, has at least one delay element 1815A, 1815B, 1815C, 1815N. Thus, the transmission time for the signal to propagate through the delay path 1810 is greater than the transmission time for the signal to propagate through the through path 1805.
At Step 3020 the adjustable selection circuit 1820 receives the respective signals from the delay path 1810 and the through path 1805, with the signal of the through path arriving in advance of the delay-path signal.
At Step 3030, the adjustable selection circuit 1820 applies complementary weighting factors to the delayed signal and the through-path signal and combines the result. Thus, the adjustable selection circuit 1830 applies a first gain to the signal from the through path 1805 and a second gain to the signal from the delay path 1810. As discussed above with reference to
At Step 3040, the adjustable selection circuit 1820 receives a control signal, comprising a weighting specification, via the control line 1822. The control signal sets the relative weights or gains that the adjustable selection circuit 1820 applies to the outputs of the delay path 1810 and the through path 1805.
A controller, such as the module 505 of
In summary, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention can apply analog and digital signal processing (or analog signal processing under digital control) to a sample of a digital signal (or to a signal pulse or to some other signal). The signal processing can shape and delay the sample to create a representation of a signal effect. The represented signal effect could be crosstalk or some other phenomenon, for example.
Although a system in accordance with the present invention can comprise a circuit that cancels, corrects, or compensates for crosstalk imposed on one communication signal by another signal, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is not limited to this application and that the embodiments described herein are illustrative and not restrictive. Furthermore, it should be understood that various other alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described here may be employed in practicing the invention. The scope of the invention is intended to be limited only by the claims below.
This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/334,864, entitled “Method and System for Crosstalk Cancellation” and filed Jan. 19, 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/334,864 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,915, entitled “Method and System for Crosstalk Cancellation,” filed Aug. 5, 2004, and granted as U.S. Pat. No. 7,050,388 on May 23, 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by references. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,915 claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/494,072, entitled “Method for Crosstalk Cancellation in High-Speed Communication Systems” and filed Aug. 7, 2003. The entire contents of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/494,072 are hereby incorporated herein by reference. This application also claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/710,573, entitled “High Speed, Mixed-Signal Adjustable Filter and Emulation Channel” and filed Aug. 23, 2005, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by references This application is related to U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 10/108,598, entitled “Method and System for Decoding Multilevel Signals,” filed on Mar. 28, 2002, and U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 10/620,477, entitled “Adaptive Noise Filtering and Equalization for Optimal High Speed Multilevel Signal Decoding,” filed on Jul. 15, 2003. The entire contents of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/108,598 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/620,477 are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2632058 | Gray | Mar 1953 | A |
| 3445771 | Clapham et al. | May 1969 | A |
| 3571725 | Kaneko et al. | Mar 1971 | A |
| 3599122 | Leuthoki | Aug 1971 | A |
| 3633108 | Kneuer | Jan 1972 | A |
| 3714437 | Kinsel | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3806915 | Higgins et al. | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3977795 | Buschmann | Aug 1976 | A |
| 4201909 | Dogliotti et al. | May 1980 | A |
| 4287756 | Gallagher | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4288872 | Tamburelli | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4349914 | Evans | Sep 1982 | A |
| 4363127 | Evans et al. | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4386339 | Henry et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4387461 | Evans | Jun 1983 | A |
| 4393499 | Evans | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4410878 | Stach | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4464771 | Sorensen | Aug 1984 | A |
| 4470126 | Haque | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4475227 | Belfield | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4479266 | Eumurian et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4521883 | Roché | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4580263 | Watanabe et al. | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4584720 | Garrett | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4618941 | Linder et al. | Oct 1986 | A |
| 4646173 | Kammeyer et al. | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4651026 | Serfaty et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4751497 | Torii | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4830493 | Giebeler | May 1989 | A |
| 4847521 | Huignard et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4864590 | Arnon et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4873700 | Wong | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4912726 | Iwamatsu et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4942593 | Whiteside et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4953041 | Huber | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4959535 | Garrett | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4978957 | Hotta et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5007106 | Kahn et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5008957 | Klyono | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5012475 | Campbell | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5067126 | Moore | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5072221 | Schmidt | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5111065 | Roberge | May 1992 | A |
| 5113278 | Degura et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5115450 | Arcuri | May 1992 | A |
| 5121411 | Fluharty | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5128790 | Heidemann et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5132639 | Blauvelt et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5151698 | Pophillat | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5181034 | Takakura et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5181136 | Kavehrad et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5184131 | Ikeda | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5208833 | Erhart et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5222103 | Gross | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5223834 | Wang et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5225798 | Hunsinger et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5237590 | Kazawa et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5243613 | Gysel et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5252930 | Blauvelt | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5282072 | Nazarathy et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5283679 | Wedding | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5291031 | MacDonald et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5293406 | Suzuki | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5300930 | Burger et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5321543 | Huber | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5321710 | Cornish et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5327279 | Farina et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5343322 | Pirio et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5351148 | Maeda et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5355240 | Prigent et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5361156 | Pidgeon | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5371625 | Wedding et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5373384 | Hebert | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5376786 | MacDonald | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5382955 | Knierim | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5387887 | Zimmerman et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5408485 | Ries | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5413047 | Evans et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5416628 | Betti et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5418637 | Kuo | May 1995 | A |
| 5424680 | Nazarathy et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5428643 | Razzell | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5428831 | Monzello et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5436752 | Wedding | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5436756 | Knox et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5444864 | Smith | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5450044 | Hulick | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5481389 | Pidgeon et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5481568 | Yada | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483552 | Shimazaki et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5504633 | Van Den Enden | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5510919 | Wedding | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5515196 | Kitajima et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5528710 | Burton et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5541955 | Jacobsmeyer | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5548253 | Durrant | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5557439 | Alexander et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5574743 | van der Poel et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5589786 | Bella et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5606734 | Bahu | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5612653 | Dodds et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5617135 | Noda et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5621764 | Ushirokawa et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5625360 | Garrity et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5625722 | Froberg et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5644325 | King et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5648987 | Yang et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5670871 | Man et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5675600 | Yamamoto | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5678198 | Lemson | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5689356 | Rainal | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5691978 | Kenworthy | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5692011 | Nobakht et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5699022 | Tovar | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5706008 | Huntley, Jr. et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5721315 | Evans et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5723176 | Keyworth et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5751726 | Kim | May 1998 | A |
| 5754681 | Watanabe et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5757763 | Green et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5761243 | Russell et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5764542 | Gaudette et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5774505 | Baugh | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5783630 | Evans et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5784032 | Johnston et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5790595 | Benthin et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5798854 | Blauvelt et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5801657 | Fowler et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5802089 | Link | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5812578 | Schemmann et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5825211 | Smith et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5825257 | Klymyshyn et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5825825 | Altmann et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5828329 | Burns | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5835848 | Bi et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5839105 | Ostendorf et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5841841 | Dodds et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5844436 | Altmann | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5848139 | Grover | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5850409 | Link | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5850505 | Grover et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5852389 | Kumar et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5859862 | Hikasa et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5861966 | Ortel | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5872468 | Dyke | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5878390 | Kawai et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5880870 | Sieben et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5883910 | Link | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5887022 | Lee et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5889759 | McGibney | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5896392 | Ono et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5912749 | Harstead et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5920600 | Yamaoka et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5923226 | Kakura et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5942576 | Evans et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5943380 | Marchesani et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5943457 | Hayward et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5949926 | Davies | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5959032 | Evans et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5959750 | Eskildsen et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5965667 | Evans et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5968198 | Hassan et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5978417 | Baker et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5983178 | Naito et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5985999 | Dominguez et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995565 | Tong et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5999300 | Davies et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6002274 | Smith et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6002717 | Gaudet | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6009424 | Lepage et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6011952 | Dankberg et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6021110 | McGibney | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6028658 | Hamada et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6031048 | Evans et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6031866 | Oler et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6031874 | Chennakeshu et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6034996 | Herzberg | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6035080 | Henry et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6041299 | Schuster et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6052420 | Yeap et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6072364 | Jeckeln et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6072615 | Mamyshev | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6078627 | Crayford | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6084931 | Powell, II et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091782 | Harano | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6093496 | Dominguez et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6093773 | Evans et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6108474 | Eggleton et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6111477 | Klymyshyn et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6118563 | Boskovic et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6118567 | Alameh et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6127480 | Dominguez et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6140416 | Evans et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6140858 | Dumont | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6140972 | Johnston et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141127 | Boivin et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141387 | Zhang | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6148428 | Welch et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6151150 | Kikuchi | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154301 | Harvey | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6163638 | Eggleton et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6169764 | Babanezhad | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6169912 | Zuckerman | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6181454 | Nagahori et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6191719 | Bult et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6201916 | Eggleton et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6208792 | Hwang et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6211978 | Wojtunik | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6212654 | Lou et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6214914 | Evans et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6215812 | Young et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6219633 | Lepage | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6222861 | Kuo et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6226112 | Denk et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6236963 | Naito et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6259836 | Dodds | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6259847 | Lenz et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6268816 | Bult et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6271690 | Hirano et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6271944 | Schemmann et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6281824 | Masuda | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6288668 | Tsukamoto et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6289055 | Knotz | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6289151 | Kazarinov et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6295325 | Farrow et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6297678 | Gholami | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6298459 | Tsukamoto | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6304199 | Fang et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6311045 | Domokos | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6313713 | Ho et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6314147 | Liang et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6317247 | Yang et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6317469 | Herbert | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6341023 | Puc | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6356374 | Farhan | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6388786 | Ono et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6411117 | Hatamian | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6421155 | Yano | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6445476 | Kahn et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6473131 | Neugebauer et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6501792 | Webster | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6539204 | Marsh et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6560257 | DeSalvo et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6665348 | Feher | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6665500 | Snawerdt | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6718138 | Sugawara | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6751587 | Thyssen et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6816101 | Hietala et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6819166 | Choi et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6961019 | McConnell et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 7035361 | Kim et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7050388 | Kim et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 20010024542 | Aina et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20020086640 | Belcher et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020167693 | Vrazel et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020196508 | Wei et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020196510 | Hietala et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030002121 | Miyamoto et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030008628 | Lindell et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030030876 | Takei | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030053534 | Sivadas et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030058976 | Ohta et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030063354 | Davidson | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030067990 | Bryant | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030097601 | Glas et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20040012433 | Kim et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040196085 | Shen | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040197103 | Roberts et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040213354 | Jones et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040218756 | Tang et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20050030884 | Kim et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050069063 | Waltho et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 527 966 | Sep 1994 | EP |
| 0 584 865 | Mar 2000 | EP |
| 2 223 369 | Apr 1990 | GB |
| 2 306 066 | Apr 1997 | GB |
| 62082659 | Oct 1988 | JP |
| 1990000063162 | Nov 1991 | JP |
| 04187738 | Jul 1992 | JP |
| 08079186 | Mar 1996 | JP |
| WO 9945683 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO 0141346 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO 02067521 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02082694 | Oct 2002 | WO |
| WO 02091600 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| WO 03071731 | Aug 2003 | WO |
| WO 03077423 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| WO 03092237 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| WO 2004008782 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004045078 | May 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004088857 | Oct 2004 | WO |
| WO 2005018134 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005050896 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006065883 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070064923 A1 | Mar 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60494072 | Aug 2003 | US | |
| 60710573 | Aug 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10911915 | Aug 2004 | US |
| Child | 11334864 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11334864 | Jan 2006 | US |
| Child | 11509112 | US |
