The present application relates in general to an apparatus, and to a method of using an apparatus to simulate the consumption of the volatile components of oil by an engine. The apparatus can be engine based, but preferably is an non-engine based exhaust component rapid aging system (NEBECRAS).
An automotive catalytic converter is an emissions control device that may be incorporated into the exhaust system of a motor vehicle between the exhaust manifold and the muffler. The catalytic converter contains one or more catalysts, such as those based on platinum, palladium, or rhodium, that reduce the levels of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gas, thereby reducing the amount of these pollutants which would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere from the vehicle. In a typical commercial catalytic converter, HC and CO in the exhaust are oxidized to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, and NOx are reduced to nitrogen (N2).
As a result of recent regulatory initiatives, motor vehicle emissions control devices, including catalytic converters, are now required to have longer useful lives. US regulatory authorities such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) now require automotive emission control elements to function up to 150,000 vehicle miles. This requirement, coupled with tighter emission standards, places severe demands on catalytic converters and other exhaust emissions control devices. Catalytic converters lose efficiency primarily by two mechanisms. High exhaust temperatures can cause thermal damage, and a number of components introduced into the typical automotive internal combustion engine exhaust, e.g. from the lubricating oil, can act as poisons to the catalyst present in the converter.
In order to accommodate these stringent EPA requirements, it is important to develop methods for accelerated aging that adequately simulate the impact of various engine operating modes, and various oil components. A method is needed to simulate the consumption of the volatile components of oil in order to adequately and efficiently assess the impact of such consumption on the aging of a catalytic converter.
A non-engine based exhaust component rapid aging system (NEBECRAS) comprising a combustor in fluid communication with an air supplier, a fuel supplier, a volatilized oil supplier, and a catalytic converter, said combustor being adapted to provide substantially continuous and effective stoichiometric combustion of a feedstream to produce an exhaust product.
The present application provides an apparatus and a method for simulating the impact of volatile oil components on a catalytic converter. The apparatus can be an engine based apparatus or a non-engine based apparatus. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus is a non-engine based exhaust component rapid aging system (NEBECRAS), most preferably a FOCAS® rig.
As used herein, the term “catalytic converter” means a full scale emissions control device suitable for incorporation into the exhaust system of a motor vehicle between the exhaust manifold and the muffler. “Extended driving conditions” refers to the equivalent of at least about 50,000 vehicle miles, preferably up to 100,000 vehicle miles, more preferably up to 150,000 vehicle miles.
A preferred NEBECRAS for use in the method is the “FOCAS® rig,” described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030079520, application Ser. No. 10/213,890 published May 1, 2003, incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, the FOCAS® rig comprises: (1) an air supply system (20, 30, 40) to provide air for combustion to the burner, (2) a fuel system (10, 12, 14) to provide fuel to the burner, (3) a burner system (60) to combust the air and fuel mixture and to provide the proper exhaust gas constituents, (4) a heat exchanger (70) to control the exhaust gas temperature, (5) an oil injection system (110), and (6) a computerized control system (190). The foregoing components are described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030079520.
The FOCAS® rig was developed to evaluate the long term effects of the individual variables on the long term performance of the catalyst. The FOCAS® rig is capable of producing a simulated exhaust gas with a composition and temperature corresponding to that produced by the internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle. The burner system in the FOCAS® rig comprises a nozzle and swirl plate (18) which is effective even at a stoichiometric air to fuel ratio (AFR) of producing a feedstream flowpath comprising an air shroud effective to prevent flame from attaching to the nozzle during combustion of the fuel. The swirl plate (18) is effective to substantially continuously and effectively stoichiometrically combust the feedstream while preventing the flame from remaining in constant contact with an inner wall of the combuster tube.
In the present application, a volatilization subsystem is integrated into the oil injection system of the NEBECRAS, preferably into a FOCAS® rig, to simulate the consumption of the volatile components of oil, and the system thereafter evaluates the impact of the consumption of these volatile components of oil on the aging of the catalytic converter.
Although the FOCAS® rig is preferred, it will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art that any functional and effective NEBECRAS could be adapted for use in accordance with the principles described herein, and that an engine based rig also could be altered to incorporate the volatilization sub-system described herein.
The Oil Injection System
In a preferred embodiment, the method and apparatus take advantage of the oil injection system (110) which is part of the FOCAS® rig. The current oil injection system (110 in
A schematic of the proposed volatilization sub-system integrated into the current system is shown in
Referring to FIG. 4, a preferred gas injection probe 318 is ⅛ inch stainless steel tubing comprising an inlet probe which branches to form three probe arms. The probe arms preferably are welded shut at their terminal ends.
Probe 318 has openings 401 through which the combined nitrogen/exhaust gas stream is released into the oil. The openings 401 preferably are random, and the inlet probe preferably comprises fewer openings than any of the probe arms. In a most preferred embodiment, the inlet probe has about ¼ the number of openings as the number of openings in the probe arms. Referring again to
The reservoir 311 preferably comprises a sealable opening, such as a threaded seal cap, preferably about a 1½ inch fill cap which is maintained closed during use. The combination of nitrogen and volatilized oil flows through the volatilized oil injection tubing 321 to the oil injection nozzle 111. In a preferred embodiment, the oil injection tubing 321 is engaged with an outlet 322 comprising an outlet tap 324 protected on the reservoir side by a cover 326.
As seen in
In order to maintain a correct balance of bulk-P consumption to volatile-P consumption, the volatile-consumption (V-C) factor for the OPEST II test approach, and the real phosphorus depletion curve are determined. In order to determine these values, the system is run for a period of time and the phosphorus content of the oil is analyzed. Because removing samples from the plenum will modify the overall volume of oil, which also should modify the volatile-phosphorus (P) consumption rate, several tests are run for a varying number of hours. A fresh oil charge is made at the beginning of each test. Preferably, tests are run to the following number of hours: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 20. For each test point, the phosphorus content of the oil is measured. The data provides information on volatile consumption and phosphorus depletion, and provides the data to determine the real V-C factor and the P-depletion curve. Using this information, the procedure can be adjusted, and an oil change schedule can be created.
Creating the Oil Change Schedule
Assuming that about 60 percent of the phosphorus (P)-consumption in an engine under normal operating conditions is volatile P-consumption, the mass of volatile-P that should be consumed during a 200 hour OPESTII aging procedure (on 0.011P oil) will be related to the mass of P consumed by bulk consumption. The mass of P consumed by bulk oil consumption during a 200-hour aging procedure where 6 quarts of oil are consumed is:
6 Qts. Oil×820 g/Qt.×0.0011=5.4 g Bulk-P
Based on this bulk consumption, the volatile consumption could be:
During the OPEST II test, the FOCAS® rig consumes 30 grams of bulk oil per hour. This produces a Bulk-P consumption rate of:
If we would like 60 percent of the total P-consumption to be Volatile-P, then based on the FOCAS® bulk oil consumption, we need:
Based on the published Selby-Nock test, the volatiles-collecting bench procedure runs the following conditions:
Selby, T., “Development and Significance of the Phosphorus Emission Index of Engine Oils,”13th International Colloquium Tribology—Lubricants, Materials, and Lubrication Technische Akademie Esslingen, Stuttgart/Ostfildern, Germany. Jan. 15–17, 2002.
The Selby-Noak test produces a range of mass of volatile-Phosphorus emission, but the average is about 2 mg. If we assume the value of 2 mg/hour to be a reasonable emission rate for that mass of oil, at the given temperature in one hour, then we can calculate the conditions we need for the OPEST II test.
The Selby-Noak test uses 65 grams of oil and produces about 2 mg of volatile P in one hour. This gives us a scaling factor, let's call it the volatile consumption factor (V-C factor) of:
If we assume volatility is linear (i.e., more oil produces more volatile P, in proportion to the V-C factor), then the volatilization container would need to hold about 2 quarts of oil. The real V-C factor will set the volume of the volatile reservoir.
At this Volatile-P rate, assuming that the P-depletion is linear (which it probably is not), the Phosphorus from a two quart sample would be depleted in about 40 hours. See
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many modifications may be made to the present application without departing from the spirit and scope of the application. The embodiment described herein is meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the application, which is defined in the claims.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/213,890 filed Aug. 6, 2002, incorporated herein by reference, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/310,345 filed Aug. 6, 2001.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
1102510 | Irish | Jul 1914 | A |
3030773 | Johnson | Apr 1962 | A |
3131749 | Davis | May 1964 | A |
3176751 | Gerlitz | Apr 1965 | A |
3430443 | Parnell et al. | Mar 1969 | A |
3503715 | Haensel | Mar 1970 | A |
3630024 | Hopkins | Dec 1971 | A |
3685740 | Sheperd | Aug 1972 | A |
3694135 | Dancy et al. | Sep 1972 | A |
3818846 | Reese | Jun 1974 | A |
3890088 | Ferri | Jun 1975 | A |
3906718 | Wood | Sep 1975 | A |
3916619 | Masai et al. | Nov 1975 | A |
4035137 | Arand | Jul 1977 | A |
4054418 | Miller et al. | Oct 1977 | A |
4118171 | Flanagan et al. | Oct 1978 | A |
4270896 | Polinski et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
4383411 | Riddel | May 1983 | A |
4651524 | Brighton | Mar 1987 | A |
4845940 | Beer | Jul 1989 | A |
4878380 | Goodman | Nov 1989 | A |
5085577 | Muller | Feb 1992 | A |
5140814 | Kreutmair et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
5149261 | Suwa et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
5267851 | Washam et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
5288021 | Sood et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
5320523 | Stark | Jun 1994 | A |
5339630 | Pettit | Aug 1994 | A |
5396794 | Nichols | Mar 1995 | A |
5493171 | Wood, III et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
5529048 | Kurihara et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5553450 | Schnaibel et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5584178 | Naegeli et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
5592924 | Audisio | Jan 1997 | A |
5626014 | Hepburn et al. | May 1997 | A |
5693874 | De La Cruz et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5713336 | King | Feb 1998 | A |
5826428 | Blaschke | Oct 1998 | A |
5860277 | Schnaibel et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
5899062 | Jerger et al. | May 1999 | A |
5974787 | Lemire et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5974788 | Hepburn et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5998210 | Hepburn et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6071113 | Tsubouchi et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
6269633 | Van Nieuwstadt | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6298729 | Locker | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6301875 | Backlund et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6378359 | Dobson et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6382182 | Green | May 2002 | B1 |
6490858 | Barrett et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
6586254 | Kumar | Jul 2003 | B1 |
6594990 | Kuenstler | Jul 2003 | B2 |
6713025 | Ivanescu | Mar 2004 | B1 |
20010054281 | Adams et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
20030012700 | Carnahan | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030079520 | Ingalls et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
20040007056 | Webb et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040025580 | Webb et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040237636 | Bartley | Dec 2004 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
918699 | Jul 1949 | DE |
3020030 | Dec 1981 | DE |
000895024 | Feb 1999 | EP |
000961013 | Dec 1999 | EP |
2674333 | Sep 1992 | FR |
2329853 | Jul 1999 | GB |
2356826 | Jun 2001 | GB |
51-111927 | Oct 1976 | JP |
56-49820 | May 1981 | JP |
04-72410 | Mar 1992 | JP |
06-264740 | Sep 1994 | JP |
07-198127 | Aug 1995 | JP |
11-159386 | Jun 1999 | JP |
11-270808 | Oct 1999 | JP |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20040028588 A1 | Feb 2004 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
60310345 | Aug 2001 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 10213890 | Aug 2002 | US |
Child | 10458023 | US |